unit 6 Cross-Gender Communication跨文化交際復習指導資料

1、Unit 6Cross-Gender Communication Learn the differences of sex and gender;Learn the differences of feminine and masculine communication cultures;Learn to understand cross-gender communication.ObjectivesContentsLead-in 1Text Study2Practice33Summary44Homework51. Lead-inHow could you explain to Li Huas

2、parents about the relationship between Li Hua and John? How could you explain to John Li Huas parents behavior?Case 1 Ive not considered marriage mentThe case shows man and womans different attitudes toward their relationship, and the parents attitudes regarding childrens love and marriage in Chines

3、e culture.To John, six months of dating does not necessarily lead to marriage.In Li Huas eyes, it is the time for her to bring John home to meet her parents.As for Li Huas parents, shaped by Chinese traditional thought patterns, they treat John as a future son-in-law and ask him many questions conce

4、rning his background and marriage plans. This leads to great misunderstanding and conflictIn fact, there is nothing wrong with either Li Huas parents or Johns attitudes. They are behaving according to their own cultures and thought patterns. If John, Li Hua or her parents had better understood each

5、others culture beforehand, this meeting would have ended on a happy note. Case 2 Can we talk about us?Question: Could you explain why Ben was reluctant to have a talk with his fiancee (未婚妻)?Comment: This case shows a common type of clash in cross-gender communication. For women, their relationship i

6、s a popular topic, while for men, it is not a focus. Generally, men use talk to solve problems rather than to enhance their relationship. Therefore, the suggestion “Can we talk about us? ” produces different responses from men and women. Woman usually thinks if they are talking with each other, then

7、 everything is going smoothly. For Ben, Annas suggestion to talk about their healthy relationship is pointless. For Anna, Bens reluctance and lack of interest in talking simply hurt her feelings. Case 3 Feeling Left-outQuestion:Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria witho

8、ut waiting for him?Comment:In public, the norms of expressing ones feeling and affections toward the opposite sex varies across culture. In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public, but not between the opposite sexes

9、, especially in front of the friends. Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and kissing. This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors. Similarly, Chen Liangs behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.

10、2. Text Study Please read Sex and Gender in your textbook from page 119 to 120 and answer the following questions.What is sex? And what is gender?2. What is the difference between sex and gender?Sex and Gender Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females.Sex is static and canno

11、t be changed.Gender Gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between males and females.Gender is a social and cultural creation.Gender emphasizes more on different roles males and females play in society.Gender is more dynamic and can be constructed in the life time.Boyish;

12、 tomboy; sissy; gay; lesbian Gender Gender = sex + culture + role in societySex is a male or female signal based on biology;Gender is a feminine or masculine signal based on social roles and status.Gender Culture Gender culture refers to the different systems of beliefs, values and behaviors held by

13、 people of different sex in a society.Males and females are treated differently since the early stage of life.Behave like a girl.As a girl, she should have accepted it.Girls are girls.Boys are boys.Be a man, no tears.Gender Role If she were a boy, she would become an excellent statesman.Gender role

14、refers to the expected role for a male or female to play in a society.The shaping of gender roles in most Asian cultures are heavily influenced by Confucian philosophy.Male-dominated Society In AsiaMen: ruler, protector, breadwinner (養(yǎng)家糊口的人);Women: homemaker, child-raiser;In Latin AmericaThe place f

15、or females should be at home.In Africa Gains（收益） are very hard for females to make in both politics and business in Africa.Confucian Philosophy 儒家哲學Men are believed superior than women.They are responsible for passing family names. Male offspring (子孫、后代). Girls were confined to the inner quarters (r

16、ooms or buildings for people to live in) of the house where they receive instructions in womanly behavior and tasks, such as domestic duties, embroidery (刺繡)and cooking. Sexism(性別歧視) in Language Vocabulary:host-hostess; hero-heroine; prince-princess; ManPhrases:King and queen Man and wife 夫婦Man of l

17、etter 有學問的人Man of the world 閱歷豐富的人Word Meaning:He is a professional.他是從事專門職業(yè)的人。 She is a professional.她是一個應召女郎。He is fast.他動作敏捷。She is fast. 她行為不檢點。Cross-gender Communication Cross-gender communication occurs when there is communication between people from different sex. Misunderstandings in CGCWe n

18、ever go out. Thats not true. We went out last week.Everyone ignores me. Im sure some people notice you.Nothing is working. Are you saying it is my fault?I want more romance. Are you saying I am not romantic? Indicate sexual identitiesSex is determined by genetic codes that program biological feature

19、s.Man womanMale female Gender is more complex than sex.masculine and feminineSex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced by society.sexgenderbiologicalpermanentindividual propertysocially constructedvaried over time and across culturessocial and relational qualityPlease read

20、Feminine and Masculine Communication Cultures in your textbook from page 120 to 123 and answer the following questions.What are the basic rules of boys or girls interaction?What are the differences between feminine and masculine communication culture? Girls interaction (unstructured, cooperative)Be

21、cooperative, collaborative, and inclusiveDont criticize or outdo others.Pay attention to others feelings and needs and be sensitive Boys interaction(more structured, individualized)Assert yourself.Focus on outdoors.Be competitive.Summary Girls games occur within a gender culture that emphasizes coop

22、eration, sensitivity toward others, and experience more than outcome.Boys games emphasize achievement, both for the team and for the individual members.Differences between Feminine and Masculine Communication CultureFeminine Talk1.Use talk to build and sustain rapport with others.2. Share yourself a

23、nd learn about others through disclosing3. Use talk to create symmetry or equality between peopleMasculine Talk1. Use talk to assert yourself and your ideas.2. Personal disclosures can make you vulnerable3. Use talk to establish your status and power4. Matching experiences with others shows understa

24、nding and empathy5. To support others, express understanding of their feelings.6. Include others in conversation by asking their opinions and encouraging them to elaborate.4. Matching experiences is a competitive strategy to command attention.5. To support others, do something helpful6. Dont share t

25、he talk stage with others, wrest it from them with communication. Interrupt others to make your own points.7. Keep the conversation going by asking questions and showing interest in others ideas.8. Be responsive. Let others know you hear and care about what they say.9. Be tentative so that others fe

26、el free to add their ideas.10. Talking is a human relationship in which details and interesting side comments enhance depth of connection7. Each person is on her or his own; its not your job to help others join in.8. Use responses to make your own points and to outshine others.9. Be assertive so oth

27、ers perceive you as confident and in command.10. Talking is a linear sequence that should convey information and accomplish goals.Four ExamplesWhat counts as support?Tricky feedbackExpressing careId rather do it myself.Differences in Communication styles MenDirect Interrupt more, swear more and argu

28、e moreTalk to express authority and confidenceValue power and competencyOffer solutionsEstablish their status in a group Differences in Communication styles (see Table 6.3) Women Indirect Ask more questions, support more and agree moreTalk to reach agreement, show their understanding or sympathyEsta

29、blish and maintain or reinforce harmonious relationshipRoots of Gender DifferencesMales and females are inborn different from each other.Family communication, particularly between mothers and children/ parental influence Recreational interaction among children Interactions with other people such as

30、peers, teachersLearn from medias, books, history, cultureplay house; jump rope Football; Basketball Mother-daughter interaction: same sex Daughter can observe and learn directly from Mother.Females can develop their gender identities from imitating their mothers. Confide; Share and express feelingsD

31、efine self in relation to others Cooperative ; sensitiveMother-son interaction: different sex Son cannot imitate Mother.Son has to develop a gender identity by differentiating from the mother and establish selfhood. Independent; reserved Define self independent of othersComments What counts as suppo

32、rt?Ritas purpose of talking to Mike isnt only to tell him about her concert for her friend but also to communicate and connect with Mike. She wants him to respond to her feelings, because that will enhance their sense of closeness. However, Mike views communication as an instrument to accomplish thi

33、ngs, so he tries to help by giving advice that will solve the problem. To Rita, it seems he entirely disregards her feelings. She doesnt feel close to Mike, which is her primary purpose of talking with him. Rita might welcome some advice, but only after Mike responds to her feelings.Tricky feedback.

34、Here, the problem arises when Drew translates Roseannes feedback according to rules of communication in masculine culture. Women learn to give lots of response cues verbal or nonverbal behaviorsto indicate interest and involvement in the conversation, because that is part of using communication to b

35、uild relationships with others. Masculine culture, however, focuses on outcomes more than processes, so men tend to use feedback to signal specific agreement or disagreement. When Drew hears Roseannes “Ums”, “Uh huhs ”, and “Yeses”, he assumes she is agreeing. According to feminine culture, however,

36、 Roseanne is only showing interest and being responsive, not signaling agreement. Expressing care.In feminine culture, talking is a wayprobably the primary way to express and expand closeness. For women, dialog creates a bond. Masculine socialization, in contrast, stresses doing things and shared ac

37、tivities as primary ways to create and express closeness. A man is more likely to express his feelings for a woman by doing something concrete for her. (e.g. washing her car and fixing an appliance) or doing something with her (e.g. skiing, going to a concert and playing tennis) than by talking expl

38、icitly about feelings. By realizing that actions speak, women can avoid feeling hurt by partners who prefer activities. In addition, women who want to express care in a way that men understand might consider what can be done for or with the men, rather than what to say. Id rather do it myself.In thi

39、s case, Jays unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is a sign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously, men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost on the road while women do not hesitate to ask strangers for

40、 help. What we have discussed about gender identity helps us understand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the first relationship, connections with others are generally sought and welcomedeven the casual connection made in asking for directions. In contrast, men keep aw

41、ay from their first relationship to develop identity, so relationships have an undertone of dangerthey could jeopardize independence. So Jays refusal to ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this diffe

42、rence between them, Jays behavior will continue to baffle her.Six Principles Suspend judgement.Recognize the validity of different communication stylesProvide translation cues.Seek translation cues.Enlarge your own communication styleSuspend judgementSummary Male and female are inborn different from each other.The differences between them are also cultural.Males and