《英語國家概況》Unit2AmericanHistory課件

1、American HistoryThe United States National EmblemUnit 2 American HistoryI. America in the Colonial EraII. The American War of IndependenceIII. The American Civil WarIV. America in the 20th CenturyV. America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America (1607-1776) Indians1The discovery of America

2、2Early Colonial Era 3Word bankthe Bering Strait 白令海峽Caribbean 加勒比海Genoese（意大利西北部城市）熱那亞conquistador 西班牙征服者，征服者Christopher Columbus 克里斯多夫.哥倫布Amerigo Vespucci 亞美利哥.維斯普奇Jamestown 詹姆斯敦Plymouth 普利茅斯Indians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus reached America On Oct. 12,

3、 1492The new continentIn 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands.Columbus believed that he had reached India and called the native people Indians.Amerigo Vespucci discovered the continent of South America, the continent was named after him.Relations of American Indians with European se

4、ttlersfriendship hostilityAmerican Indians helped the early Europeans to surviveThe first Thanksgiving in North America.American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations, as a result of interests in land and cultural conflictsWhy did the early settl

5、ers come to America?OpportunityIt drew English merchants who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wildness.It drew carpenters, bakers, tailors and other skilled workmen who could not find job in England.It drew the poor and the homeless from farmlands and villages.It drew many Englis

6、h in search of religious freedom. In 1620, a tiny ship called the “May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to pu

7、rify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution. The Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesThe first English colony in America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607; known as the mother

8、stateBetween 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. The 13 coloniesDelaware 特拉華Pennsylvania 賓夕法尼亞New Jersey 新澤西州Georgia 喬治亞Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts 麻薩諸塞 Maryland 馬里蘭 South Carolina 南卡羅來納 New Hampshire 新罕布什爾 Virginia 弗吉尼亞New York 紐約North Carolina

9、北卡羅來納Rhode Island 羅德島The American War of Independence What were the causes of the War of Independence? Britains colonial policyThe economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.How was the

10、War of Independence started?The “Boston Tea Party”In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, several dozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party”.The start of the warIn 1775, about 1

11、,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize the military supplies of the American militia. When they arrived at Lexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot was fired and the War of Independence began. Where theres oppression, theres revolution.Colonists slogan“No taxati

12、on without representation” 無代表權拒絕交稅。早在殖民地時期，同樣是英王臣民的美洲居民在倫敦的議會里就沒有正式代表。既然沒有議會代表權殖民地人民就拒絕向英國交稅。 PS：Colonists resisted to pay taxes which became an important cause of independence war. 殖民地人民拒絕交印花稅、茶葉進口稅是獨立戰(zhàn)爭的重要原因。Points of American War of IndependenceBoston Tea Party （1773） 波士頓傾茶事件Shots in Lexington （

13、1775） 列克星頓槍聲George Washington 喬治 華盛頓Declaration of Independence（1776）獨立宣言A great victory at Saratoga 薩拉托加大捷 Yorktown campaign（1781） 約克鎮(zhèn)戰(zhàn)役 Treaty of Paris（1783） 巴黎條約 The first Continental Congress1774Date: September 1774Place: PhiladelphiaDelegates: from 12 colonies except GeorgiaResult: passed Decla

14、ration of Rights and GrievancesThe second Continental Congress1775Date: May, 1775Place: PhiladelphiaResult: The Congress founded a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. The Declaration of Independence Shots in Lexington來克星頓槍聲（1775年4月）The First Shot of Lexingtonthe war broke outEst

15、ablish the army建軍（1775年）When? in mid-1775Where? in Philadelphia （費城） the Continental Congress Who? patriot representatives of the 13 colonies of AmericaWhat? appointed George Washington as commander in chief of the Continental ArmyGeorge Washington喬治華盛頓（George Washington，1732年2月22日 1799年12月14日）美國第一任

16、總統(tǒng)，被尊稱為美國國父，1793年連任，在兩屆任期結束后，他自愿放棄權力不再續(xù)任，隱退于弗農山莊園。華盛頓學者們則將他和亞伯拉罕林肯并列為美國歷史上最偉大的總統(tǒng)。 Form a state建國 （ 1776年7月4日）The Declaration of Independence (July4,1776)Announcing the birth of the United StatesThe content of the Declaration of IndependenceFive chapters1 Foreword2 Preface3 Accused King George III4 D

17、enounce British5 ConclusionThe Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed（賦予） by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.我們認為下面這些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者賦

18、予他們若干不可剝奪的權利，其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.為了保障這些權利，人類才在他們之間建立政府，而政府之正當權力，是經被治理者的同意而產生的。The Declaration of Independenceand accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more

19、disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is thei

20、r duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. 過去的一切經驗也都說明，任何苦難，只要是尚能忍受，人類都寧愿容忍，而無意為了本身的權益便廢除他們久已習慣了的政府。但是，當追逐同一目標的一連串濫用職權和強取豪奪發(fā)生，證明政府企圖把人民置于專制統(tǒng)治之下時，那么人民就有權利，也有義務推翻這個政府，并為他們未來的安全建立新的保障。Whats the significance of The Declaration of Independence?You can think

21、 it from the following aspects.Philosophy influencePractical influenceHistoric influenceYorktown CampaignOn October 19,1781, the British General Cornwallis （康沃利斯）together with his several Thousand soldiers, surrendered to George Washington. The war ended in victory for the Americans.The British surr

22、endered at Yorktown on October 19, 1781 Treaty of Paris（1783年）The treaty was signed in Paris in 1783.British recognized American independence. The peace treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom, and sovereignty (主權) of the 13 states.Whats the influence of the War of Independence?It had great in

23、ternational influence. The colonies in Spanish America rose up one after another to overthrow Spanish colonial rules.The French RevolutionAfter the War of Independence, capitalism got a chance for freer development.Territorial expansionIn 1788, 13 colonies become the United States of AmericaBy 1796,

24、 a few more states have been created.America buys Louisiana from France in 1803The Louisiana Purchase （1803）By 1837, new states have been created around the Mississippi.By 1850, Oregon and California become states.1843: One thousand people travel to Oregon1848: USA wins Texas in the Mexican War1849:

25、 California gold rush1862: A new law gives free land to settlersHomestead Act （1862） First page of the Homestead Act of 1862 . The law was passed (1862) by the the U.S.Congress, under which settlers might each acquire up to 64 hectares of public land for a nominal fee ( 10), on condition of five yea

26、rs residence on, and cultivation of, the plot of the land. By 1912, all states except Alaska and Hawaii have been created.The Civil War (18611865)slavery n. 奴役abolition n. 廢除；廢止secede v. 脫離；退出Gettysburg 葛底斯堡 Abraham Lincoln 亞伯拉罕 . 林肯 Emancipation Proclamation 解放宣言Word bankDo you know the origin of A

27、merican slavery system?Discuss with your partner美國奴隸制度的起源：1）1619年，一個荷蘭人把20個黑人運入美國拍賣，這20個黑人成了第一批的黑人奴隸。2）在美國開國初期，美國南方各州，已經有200萬的黑奴（1860年為350萬）。他們成為種植經濟的重要勞動力。黑奴是種植園主私人財產的一部分，可以繼承、買賣?？梢宰龇N植園主女兒的嫁妝。North capitalist economy 1.There is a growing demand for labor to work in factories.2.Northerners supported

28、 the abolition of slavery, because they wanted to get slaves from the South.3.They asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.South Agricultural economy (plantations)1.The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black Afri

29、can slaves.2.Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.3.The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.The causes of The Civil War1) The different economic systems in the north and the south2) The slavery problem in the

30、south （即奴隸制度與自由勞動制度）3) The political conflicts between north and southThe direct cause of the warLincoln was elected as the president of America.The Civil War (1861-1865) Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of

31、America in 1861.“Republican”林肯當選總統(tǒng)之前的簡歷：1816年 他的家人被趕出居住的地方，他必須撫養(yǎng)他們1831年 經商失敗1832年 競選州議員但落選1832年 丟了工作想就讀法學院，但進不去1833年 借錢經商，但年底破產，接著他花了17年把債還清1834年 再次競選州議員贏了1836年 完全精神奔潰、臥病在床6個月1838年 爭取成為州議員的發(fā)言人沒有成功1840年 爭取成為選舉人失敗1843年 參加國會大選落選1846年 再次參加國會大選這次當選1848年 尋求國會議員連任失敗1849年 想在自己的州內擔任土地局長的工作被拒絕1854年 競選美國參議員落選1

32、856年 爭取副總統(tǒng)的提名得票不到100張1858年 再度競選美國參議員再度落敗1860年 當選美國總統(tǒng)The process of The Civil WarIn 1861, the Civil War was began.In 1863, Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation , which granted freedom to all slaves.In July 1863, the turning point of the war came at Gettysburg.In April 1865，the Civil War was e

33、nded.Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all person

34、s held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recogn

35、ize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. “1863年元月1日起，凡在當?shù)厝嗣裆性诜纯购媳妵娜魏我恢葜畠?，或一州的指明地區(qū)之內，為人占有而做奴隸的人們都應在那時及以后永遠獲得自由；公眾國政府行政部門，包括海陸軍當局，將承認并保障這些人的自由，當他們或他們之中的任何人為自己的自由而作任何努力時，不作任何

36、壓制他們的行為。Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政府將不致從地球上消失The war resolved two fundamental issues.1) Slavery was abolished .2) America became a single, indivisible (不可分割

37、的) nation.Reconstruction era (1865 1877)The 13th Amendment, ratified in December 1865, ended slavery in the United States.South responded by creating white terrorist society KKK (Ku Klux Klan)The Gilded Age 1865 to 1890KKKThe Ku Klux Klan was originally founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in

38、 the southern states after the Civil War to oppose social change and black emancipation by violence and terrorism. Members disguise themselves in white robes and hoods, and often use a burning cross, as a symbol of their organization. Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction , and it focused on

39、 putting down the freed slaves (奉行白人至上主義，美國種族主義的代表性組織)WWI and the US The United States in the 1920sThe Great Depression and the New DealWWII and the USAmerican History (1900-1945) New Deal President Franklin D. Roosevelt: a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the Unit

40、ed States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformRoosevelt in 1933 32nd President of the United States The New Deal was a series of domestic

41、programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1936, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is Relief for the une