四級 長篇閱讀(匹配題)方法篇

1、長篇閱讀考察的核心是“找匹配”，即要把文后的選項句與文中的來源段落匹配起來。這種考法其實并不要求你一定要把選項句和文章都完全看懂，而是要能敏銳地意識到選項句中的信息在文中的出現(xiàn)與對應。由于這個部分的做題時間可能相對緊張，因此做題步驟和要點很重要。下面我們來整理一下。閱讀文章標題、題注等，獲取全文話題長篇閱讀的文章與選詞填空和仔細閱讀文章最不同的，在于長篇閱讀的文章有標題。有些可能還有小標題、題注（大標題下、正文之前的一兩句話，常為斜體）。在正式開始看選項、看文章之前，記得把大小標題、題注信息快速閱讀一下，看完它們，你就能了解文章的話題了；之后的閱讀和解題也有了大方向。閱讀選項，標注選項定位詞然

2、后，我們先將文后的十個選項句閱讀一遍。注意，這一步的目的并不是要記住十個句子所有的信息，我們也不可能把十個句子都背下來。但是我們希望能在每個句子中都挑選出一至兩組定位詞，方便我們待會掃讀文章時快速注意到句子的出現(xiàn)和對應。毫無疑問地，定位詞應該要具有如下特點：穩(wěn)定：這個詞最好要在文中能以原樣重現(xiàn)醒目：這個詞最好要容易在文中被發(fā)現(xiàn)、識別獨特：這個詞最好不要在文中出現(xiàn)太多次下面我們總結(jié)常見的幾類選項句中效果較好的定位詞。數(shù)字、時間例如：Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercen

3、t.（四級大綱樣題-47）這句話中的時間概念mid-1970s和數(shù)字percent就是很好的定位詞。在文中肯定會重現(xiàn)，而且容易識別。這樣，當之后在掃讀文章，看到某段中出現(xiàn)這兩個概念時，就可以初步確定這個句子的來源。人名、地名、機構(gòu)等大寫專有名詞、合成詞等例如：Aroundtheworld,governmentsencouragethemodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.（四級大綱樣題-53）這句話中的合成詞university-basedscience就是很好的定位詞，本身是比較專業(yè)的概念不易被替換，合成詞

4、的形式也使得其比較容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)。掃讀文章時若發(fā)現(xiàn)某個段落含有這個詞，則很可能該段即是這句話的來源。以上這兩類，在原文中出現(xiàn)時往往都會是原樣的形式，因為這些詞都不容易被用其它詞或說法進行同義改寫、替換。另外，它們形式上也都較醒目，在文章中出現(xiàn)時，比較容易被識別。由于這兩類詞一般是作為論據(jù)或舉例使用，因此出現(xiàn)頻率也不會太高。4.其它方便尋找的名詞、動詞、形容詞若是沒有前兩類詞的，則可以考慮選項句中其它的實詞，特別是名詞及名詞性詞組，這些詞被替換的可能性較小，相對容易原樣重現(xiàn)；類似地，不易被替換的動詞、形容詞也可以考慮。D例如：Aroundtheworld,governmentsencourageth

5、emodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.（四級大綱樣題-53）這句話中除了university-basedscience之外，名詞詞組industrialapplication也是很好的定位詞。這兩個詞構(gòu)成的這個說法比較專業(yè)，被替換的可能性小。另外，優(yōu)先考慮與文章話題相關度小的詞或詞組；因為與文章話題相關度大、或是意思差距近的詞或詞組很可能在文中出現(xiàn)很多，對確定來源段意義不大。例如：Americanuniversitiespreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersby

6、givingthemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.（四級大綱樣題-46）這句話中的Americanuniversities雖然是大寫專有名詞，但定位價值很小。注意到這篇文章的大標題即是UniversityBranchOut，可知全文都與美國大學有關，那么這個概念很可能在許多段落、甚至每個段落都出現(xiàn)，不利于我們確定要某個確定段落。相比之下，internship這個比較專業(yè)的名詞概念難被改寫，則是更有效的定位詞。口5.具有態(tài)度或方向的表達選項句中的某個詞或詞組若是帶有明顯態(tài)度或傾向的，把其凸顯的態(tài)度或傾向也標注出來（正或是負）。這也有助于待會兒確

7、定選項句與段落的對應。6.最高級、絕對性表達等選項句中若有形容詞、副詞的最高級的，文中必然也會有最高級。而最高級說法一般只有如下三種可能：最高級本身、most+形容詞、形容詞-est，都是比較容易被看到的。一些程度很深、帶有絕對性意味的詞也類似，在文中必須有類似詞或詞組出現(xiàn)、且易被注意到。三、掃讀全文，確定選項句的來源段落D完成對選項的閱讀和標注之后，便可以展開對文章的閱讀。閱讀文章時，按照文章的自然行文順序，逐段往下閱讀即可。記住：你并不需要看懂每句話、每個詞，你需要時刻關注的，是剛才選項句中所標注的定位詞是否在某個段落中出現(xiàn)了！有可能是它本身重現(xiàn)，也有可能是被同義替換為近義詞或表達重現(xiàn)。例

8、如剛才提至“的Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercent.（四級大綱樣題-47）這句話最終出現(xiàn)在原文C段中，對應的是C段的Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateofpercent.可以看至U，句子中的anannualrateofpercent（%的年度比率）在原文中完全重現(xiàn)了。而sincethemid-1970s（從7

9、0年代中期開始）在原文中則對應同義的overthepastthreedecades（過去三十年），overseasstudents（海外學生）在原文中則對應同義的studentsleavinghometostudyabroad（離開家庭去海外學生的學生），enroll（注冊人數(shù)）和increase（增加）分別對應number（數(shù)量）和grow（增長）。一旦看到某段落重現(xiàn)了某選項句所標注的定位詞，要馬上將此選項句的說法帶入該段落中，確定此選項句的所有信息是否在該段落中全部得到體現(xiàn)。一定要確認此段落確實包括了此選項句的所有信息，才可能將選項句和段落對應起來。也就是說，不要只看到定位詞重現(xiàn)、就草率地

10、確定來源段！這樣很容易走入出題人設置的陷阱。比如剛才提到的Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercent.（四級大綱樣題-47）有些同學可能會將enrollment選為定位詞，這未嘗不可（盡管從定位價值上，明顯這句話中其它兩個數(shù)字更好）。然后你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，enrollment這個詞原樣出現(xiàn)在了H段中。H段中有這樣一句話：changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekin

11、gadmissionto.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,Singaporeandthe。但是明顯，這句話除了有enrollment這個詞外，其它說法與選項句47都完全不同。事實上H段也沒有任何與選項句47重合的信息。因此，H段并非是選項句47的來源段落。口D總的來說，幾個步驟中，對選項定位詞的確定無疑最為關鍵；這決定了之后在掃讀文章時，你是否能快速、高效地看準選項所出自的段落。而定位詞的選擇事實上在仔細閱讀的做題步驟中也是很關鍵的一個環(huán)節(jié)。請你在閱讀到下面仔細閱讀的解題要點時，還要再好好復習一下哦。D附：

12、長篇閱讀大綱樣題SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarki

13、ngthecorrespondingletteronAnswerheet.UniversitiesBranchOut.A)Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmai

14、ntaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.B)Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebec

15、omemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebene

16、fitofallhumanity.C)Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateofpercent,from800,000in1975tomillionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelo

17、pingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentofth

18、eundergraduatesatAmericasbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesinthe.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.D)Universitiesarealsoencoura

19、gingstudentstospendsomeoftheirD)undergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(實習)abroa

20、dtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.E)Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanotherc

21、ountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghaisFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility

22、.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendvideoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;XusYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainin

23、gfromaworld-classscientistandhis.team.F)Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基礎設施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniv

24、ersity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCamb

25、ridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.G)Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,

26、butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwould

27、bebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.H)AmericanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreH)foreignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adj

28、ustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissionto.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,Singaporeand

29、the.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenationswell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatfore

30、ignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistorystrengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍視)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeign