初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題講解

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題講解專題一 冠詞an apple on the treethe apple on the table什么是冠詞？一、冠詞的定義 冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨(dú)使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。冠 詞(一)定冠詞的用法定冠詞the與指示代詞this，that同源，有“那(這)個(gè)”的意思，但較弱，可以和一個(gè)名詞連用，來(lái)表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。1特指雙方都明白的人或物。Take the medicine.把藥吃了。2上文提到過的人或物。He bought a house. Ive been to the house.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。3指世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的

2、事物，如：the sun；或用于對(duì)兩個(gè)人或事物比較時(shí)起特指作用的比較級(jí)前。He is the taller of the two boys.兩個(gè)男孩中他較高點(diǎn)。4與單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，如：the dollar“美元”；或與形容詞或分詞連用表示一類人，如：the rich“富人”；the living“生者”。5用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)及形容詞only, very, same 等前面。Where do you live？I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二層。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.那正是我要找

3、的東西。6與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，指整個(gè)群體。They are the teachers of this school.(指全體教師)他們是這所學(xué)校的全體老師。They are teachers of this school.(指部分教師)他們是這所學(xué)校的老師。7表示所有，相當(dāng)于物主代詞，用在表示身體部位的名詞前。She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)等專有名詞前。the Peoples Republic of China 中華人民共和國(guó)the United States 美國(guó)9用在表示西洋樂器的名詞之前，但中國(guó)樂器前不加

4、the。play the piano 彈鋼琴10用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示“一家人”或“夫婦二人”。the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫婦)11用在慣用語(yǔ)中。in the morning/afternoon/evening，in the end，by the way，at the age of，at the moment等。12用于方向名詞或表示江河、山脈、海峽等專有地理名稱前。in the southeast of，at the back of，the Red Sea13用在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示年代，也指人的大約歲數(shù)。The young girl is in the twentie

5、s.這個(gè)年輕的女孩大約二十幾歲。The war broke out in the forties.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生在40年代。(二)不定冠詞的用法1不定冠詞用來(lái)表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量，其意思和“one”差不多。What can I do for you, madam？要點(diǎn)什么，女士？I want an orange skirt for my daughter.我想為我女兒買條橘黃色的裙子。2泛指人或事物的某一類，尤其是作表語(yǔ)時(shí)要用a單數(shù)名詞，而不用the單數(shù)名詞。The dog is an honest animal to human beings.狗是對(duì)人類忠誠(chéng)的動(dòng)物。3用于表示時(shí)間、速度、價(jià)格等意

6、義的名詞前，有“每一”之意，相當(dāng)于every。How much is the meat? 肉多少錢？Its eight yuan a kilo. 每公斤8塊錢。4泛指某人或某物。A boy is looking at you. 一個(gè)男孩在看你。5用在某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前，表示“一份，一場(chǎng)”等。Would you like a drink? 你想喝杯飲料嗎？6用于可視為一體的兩個(gè)名詞前。a knife and fork 一副刀叉7用于某些習(xí)語(yǔ)中，如：a little/few/bit，in a hurry，catch a cold，have a good time，have a rest，af

7、ter a while，in a word8用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)后，如：quite/half/rather/many/sucha(an)名詞Hes quite a famous artist. 他是個(gè)很有名的藝術(shù)家。注意：1不定冠詞a/an的區(qū)別a用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前，an用在以元音音素開頭的單詞前，判斷一個(gè)單詞是元音開頭還是輔音開頭，要根據(jù)其讀音，而不是根據(jù)首字母。如：an honest boy，a useful book There is an “f” in the word “five”. 在“five”中有字母“f”。我們可以這樣來(lái)記憶：不見元音不加an，不看字母看發(fā)音。2.以u(píng)開頭的單

8、詞，要注意區(qū)別。如：an umbrella，an unusual story，an unhappy boy，a university，a useful book(三)零冠詞的用法1在專有名詞前不加冠詞，如國(guó)名、省名、城市名、街名、公園名等。Sanya is in Hainan Province. 三亞在海南省。2一日三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和學(xué)科名詞前不加冠詞。They like playing football after school. 他們喜歡放學(xué)后踢足球。I like English very much. 我非常喜歡英語(yǔ)。3表示節(jié)日、季節(jié)、星期、月份的名詞前不加冠詞，但若特指某年的某月、某季節(jié)，

9、則需要在月份、季節(jié)前加the。Today is Friday /July 14th. 今天是星期五/7月14日。It is summer now. 現(xiàn)在是夏天。Yesterday was March 8th，Womens Day. 昨天是3月8日婦女節(jié)。4表示稱呼或頭銜的名詞前，不加冠詞。This is Professor Wang. 這是王教授。He is captain of the team. 他是隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。5在有物主代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞等作定語(yǔ)的名詞前，不用冠詞。His birthday is September 8th. 他的生日是9月8日。6不可數(shù)名詞前一般不用冠詞。Which d

10、oes he like better, fish or chicken?他更喜歡哪一個(gè)，魚還是雞？7泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞。Animals live in the forest. 動(dòng)物生活在樹林里。8與by連用的交通工具前不用冠詞，但與take或介詞連用時(shí)，名詞前要加冠詞。They often go to school by bus. 他們通常坐公共汽車去上學(xué)。take a bus，in a boat，on the bike9在某些固定的詞組或習(xí)語(yǔ)中，不用冠詞。face to face，watch TV，step by step，at first/last, in trouble/dange

11、r，on/in time，go to school/work，at noon/night注意： 1. 有定冠詞與無(wú)定冠詞的區(qū)別2序數(shù)詞前面用定冠詞與不定冠詞的區(qū)別“the序數(shù)詞”表示“第幾”；“a序數(shù)詞”表示“又一，再一”。如：The cake is delicious，and I would like a_second one.蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一塊。3a number of與the number of的辨析A number of students like playing computer games.許多學(xué)生喜歡玩電腦游戲。The number of the students is a

12、bout 1,500 in our school.我們學(xué)校學(xué)生的人數(shù)大約是1500。a number of 意思是“許多”，相當(dāng)于a lot of；the number of意思是“的數(shù)目，的數(shù)量”，當(dāng)它作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：4在句型“動(dòng)詞人介詞the人體部位”中要用the，而不用物主代詞。如：take sb. by the hand 抓住某人的手hit sb. on the head打某人的頭pat sb. on the shoulder拍某人的肩hit sb. in the face打某人的臉5當(dāng)名詞被其他詞修飾時(shí)，不定冠詞a或an的位置應(yīng)注意：(1)當(dāng)名詞被such，half

13、，what，many修飾時(shí)，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。如：He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.他離開得如此匆忙以至于忘了關(guān)門。It took me half an hour to write the letter.寫那封信花了我半個(gè)小時(shí)。(但在美國(guó)，半個(gè)小時(shí)也可以說成a half hour。)What an interesting book it is!這是多么有趣的一本書??！Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.許多人到大城市去打工了。冠 詞總結(jié)：練一練1On

14、March 11, 2013 _earthquake hit Japan.Aan Ba C/ Dthe2What are you going to be when you grow up, Sam?_ teacher like you.AA BAn CThe D/3Photography can be _excellent hobby for kids.A/ Ba Can Dthe4Did you get there by _bike?No, I took _taxi.Aa；a B/；a Cthe；the Da；the5Have you seen _pen? I left one here t

15、his morning. Is it _black one? I think I saw it somewhere.Athe；the Ba；a Cthe；a Da；the6There is _“u”and _“h”in the word hour.Aan；an Ba；a Can；a Da；an7.Its not _good idea to drive for four hours without _break.Aa；a Ba；the Cthe；a Dthe；the8.Whos_boy in red，do you know? Oh.Hes_friend of Tom.Athe；a Ban；the

16、 Ca；the Dthe；anThank you！專題二 名詞bookgirlhappinessbookshop他們有什么相同點(diǎn)？思考：一、名詞的定義名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞。二、名詞的分類（1）名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞。1、專有名詞：個(gè)人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有名稱，如：China，Shanghai，Lilei等。具體說來(lái)，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、節(jié)日、書名、電影名以及某些抽象名詞等。如：Jim吉姆，China中國(guó)，July七月，F(xiàn)riday星期五，Christmas圣誕節(jié)，English英語(yǔ)注意：專有名詞的首字母通常要大寫。1）個(gè)體名詞：2）集體名詞：3）物質(zhì)名詞：4

17、）抽象名詞：某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如fighter，gun，country，cup，desk，student等。一般可數(shù)，有單復(fù)數(shù)形式。若干個(gè)體組成的集合體，如family，team，police，class等。一般可數(shù)，有單復(fù)數(shù)形式。無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如cotton，tea，air等。一般不可數(shù)，沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)，品質(zhì)，感情等抽象概念。如health，happiness，love，work，life等。一般不可數(shù)，沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。2、普通名詞：指表示一類人或東西或抽象概念的名詞。名詞可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞：book，chair集體名詞：people，family物質(zhì)名詞：ra

18、in，water，sunshine抽象名詞：happiness，love，knowledge二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.規(guī)則變化(1) 一般情況加詞尾 -s，如 book-books, desk-desks,penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys等。其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀s，在元音和濁輔音后讀z。如:mapmaps， boyboys等。(2) 以 s, x, sh, ch 等結(jié)尾的名詞，通常加詞尾 -es，如：bus -buses, box -boxes, dish-dishes，match-matches（比賽），watch-watches等。(3) 以y 結(jié)尾的名詞，

19、其復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成要分兩種情況：a.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，將 y 改為 ies；如： city-cities,baby-babies,factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies等。b.以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加詞尾-s：如：toy / toys, holiday / holidays boyboys,daydays等。(4) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v加es:如： wife-wives, knife-knives（小刀），Leaf-leaves（樹葉）；life-lives(生命)，scarf-scarves(圍巾

20、)記住以下10個(gè)要把f或者fe改成v加es的單詞：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(樹葉)，thief(賊)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。但roof-roofs(屋頂),belief-beliefs(信仰)是例外！(5) a.以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞,加詞尾es；如tomato- tomatoes； potato-potatoes,hero(英雄)-heroes b. 以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞，加詞尾s；如radioradios（收音機(jī)）；piano-pianos但注意photophotos（

21、相片）2.不規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成方法例詞形式不變(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)sheepsheepdeerdeerChineseChineseJapaneseJapanese變內(nèi)部元音字母footfeettoothteethgoosegeese manmenmousemice詞尾加-en/-renchildchildrenoxoxen3.“某國(guó)人”的復(fù)數(shù)有三種類型：(1)Chinese、Japanese 的單復(fù)數(shù)同型，不需要加“s”;(2)Englishmen、Frenchman ，復(fù)數(shù)要把“man”變?yōu)椤癿en”；(3)其他各國(guó)人以an、ian 結(jié)尾的均直接加“s”:如Americans、Australians 、

22、Indians注意：German是Germans!4.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式有兩種(1)將主體詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，如：sisterinlawsistersinlaw(嫂子) boy classmateboy classmates(2)將復(fù)合詞中兩個(gè)詞都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，此種復(fù)合詞中第一個(gè)詞須是man或 woman，如：man worker men workerswoman teacher women teachers5.特殊情況(1)有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：Clothes, shorts，pants，goods，glasses(眼鏡)(2)有些名詞以s結(jié)尾，但不是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：news，maths，physic

23、s，politics(3)有些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式表示不同的含義，如：room(空間)a room(房間)work(工作)works(著作)(4)不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞本身不可數(shù)，但可借助單位量詞表示一定的數(shù)量，如：a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一則新聞/一張紙還可用much，little，a little，a large amount of，some，any，no，lots of，plenty of等來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞，如：much money，some milk (5)數(shù)詞名詞形容詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，中間的名詞不能用復(fù)數(shù)形式而須用單數(shù)形式

24、，如：He is a fouryearold boy.他是個(gè)4歲的男孩。 a fivefootdeep hole一個(gè)五英尺深的洞三、名詞所有格1）構(gòu)成：A. 一般詞尾+ s.如：the teachers office,Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother.B. 以 s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只+ ，如：workers rest room.C. 不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s，如：childrens toys.D. 復(fù)合名詞只在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加 s，如： my sister-in-laws brother.E. 表示共同所有的幾個(gè)名詞，只在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加s，如： This i

25、s Tom, James and Dicks room.F. 表示各個(gè)所有關(guān)系的幾個(gè)名詞，在每個(gè)名詞后分別加s，如： Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south.G. 名詞短語(yǔ)只在最后一個(gè)詞后加 s，如： a quarter of an hours talk.1、s 所有格：2）用法：A. 名詞所有格主要用于表示有生命的名詞，表示所屬關(guān)系： Lei Fengs dairy.B. 用于表示時(shí)間的名詞： todays paper.an hours drive.Fridays work.C. 用于表示地理、國(guó)家、城市等名詞： the country

26、s plan.the farms fruit.Chinas population.D. 用于表示由人組成的集體名詞：our partys standE. 用于表示度量、價(jià)值的名詞：two dollars worth of books.a pounds weight.2、of所有格：1）凡不能用s 屬格的情況可用 of 屬格表示所屬關(guān)系： the City of New York.a map of China.2）表示無(wú)生命的東西的所有格形式：名詞of所有者，如： the name of the zoo動(dòng)物園的名字3）雙重所有格：即ofs或of名詞性物主代詞，如： a book of my da

27、ughters 我女兒的一本書 The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。1.名詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。2.名詞作定語(yǔ)，一般用單數(shù)形式。如： girl students(女學(xué)生) paper flowers(紙花)3.名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，個(gè)別情況用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))四、名詞的句法功能總結(jié)：自我檢測(cè)1.For my homework I have to write a(n) _about the wonders of the world.Amusic BpictureCcomposit

28、ion Dexam2.I have great _ in learning math and Im so worried.Could you help me?Sure.Id be glad to.Atrouble Binterest Cjoy Dfun3.Mrs Black, could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter?With pleasure.Remember that the letter should be written in the formal _.Avalue Bstyle Ceffec

29、t Dmood4.Im going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit.OK.Thanks for your _.Aoffer BinformationCmessage Dorder5.These natural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the _immediately.Aamusement BdevelopmentCenvironment Dgovernment6.Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in

30、 a poor mountain village last year.She said she would never forget some pleasant _ while working there.Aexperiments Bexpressions Cexperiences Demotions7.Excuse me, where can I exchange _？Theres a bank on the second floor.Abooks Bfood CmoneyDstamps8.Im sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired.Th

31、eres no _ for this while you are at work.Acause Bexcuse Cmatter Dchoice9.John wants to be a _， so he often helps sick people in the hospital.Areporter Bdoctor Cscientist Dcook10.The two cities have reached an _to develop science and technology.Aeducation Bexcitement Cagreement Dinvention11.Could you

32、 tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?Sorry, I know nothing about him.We are_.Afriends BneighborsCclassmates Dstrangers12.I dont think looking after children is just _ work.Awoman Bwomans Cwomen Dwomens13.Im not sure about the meaning of the word.Youd better look it up in a _.Alet

33、ter Bdictionary Cpostcard DnoticeThank you！專題三 代詞一、代詞的定義 代詞是代替名詞及其名詞作用的短語(yǔ)及句子的詞。什么是代詞？ittheythatsomeherhimselfneitherothersa little思考二、代詞的分類及用法 人稱代詞是用來(lái)指人或物的代詞，人稱代詞有主格、賓格。主格作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)，一般用來(lái)做動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。1.人稱代詞放在動(dòng)詞、介詞后面作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一定要用其賓格形式。2.當(dāng)幾個(gè)不同的人稱代詞作主語(yǔ)，排列順序通常是： 單數(shù)為：you，he/she and I 即你、他/她、我（二三一人稱單數(shù)順序） 復(fù)數(shù)為：we

34、,you and they 即我們、你們、他們 /她們（一二三人稱復(fù)數(shù)順序）A.人稱代詞 物主代詞是用來(lái)表示所有人與物的關(guān)系的。1.分類 2.用法 形容詞性物主代詞放在名詞前，不能單獨(dú)使用；名詞性物主代詞用來(lái)代替名詞。區(qū)別：名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞 人稱分類 第一人稱 第二人稱 第三人稱 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形容詞性 名詞性 my ouryour your his her its their mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs B.物主代詞 反身代詞指動(dòng)作反射到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身或進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，一般用來(lái)做動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)

35、作返回到動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身，即主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)是指同一人或物，或者指同一些人或物。常與反身代詞連用的動(dòng)詞有enjoy,dress，hurt，help，teach及介詞by,in,for,of等. 人稱分類 第一人稱第二人稱 第三人稱 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)myself ourselves yourself yourselveshimself themselvesherself itself C.反身代詞 過得愉快 自學(xué) 請(qǐng)隨便吃 自言自語(yǔ) 獨(dú)自 傷了某人自己 不要客氣 陶醉沉浸于 自己穿衣服 照顧自己 enjoy oneself learn by / teach oneself help oneself to st

36、h. say to oneself by oneself hurt oneself make oneself at home lose oneself in dress oneself look after oneself2.反身代詞常見固定搭配1.Jackie Chen won an Oscar after _ 56-year-old long career in the film industry.A.heB.him C.his D.himself 2.After chatting happily with the new student in my class,I gave her my

37、 QQ number and she gave me _.A.she B.hers C.her D.herself3.Everyone makes mistakes in his or her life.The important thing is not to repeat _.A.itB.herC.himD.them4.Andyis not _ today. Whats wrong? He was caught in the rain this morning and doesnt feel well now.A.himself B.heC.himD.his5.The Rio 2016 O

38、lympic torch(火炬) began _ 95-day journey in Brazil on May 3rd. A.itB.itsC.itsD.itself練一練CBDABD.指示代詞 定義：專門用來(lái)指人或物的一類代詞，稱為指示代詞。這類詞有：this,that,those,these,such,some,it。用法？用于指代前面講過的或者后面將要講到的事物。this,these 較近that,those 較遠(yuǎn)it的用法例句1.This is not my book.It is Jims.2.Whats this? -Its a pencil.3.Somwone is knocki

39、ng at the door.Please go and see who it is.4.Whats the time now? -Its ten oclock.5.Whats the weather like today? -Its sunny. 6.How far is it from your school to your home?指代前面提到過的事物用來(lái)代替指示代詞this或that指嬰兒或不明身份的人指時(shí)間或季節(jié)指天氣指距離It is + adj. (+for/of sb.) +to do sth. Its ones turn to do sth. Its time (for sb

40、.) to do sth./for sth.Its said that It takes sb. some time to do sth.It is/has been+ 時(shí)間段 + since + 從句(過去時(shí))It seems that . 看起來(lái)好像It seems that he is quite happy.Its +adj.+that 從句Its necessary that you should be present at the meeting.7.作形式主語(yǔ),常用于下列句型中8、作形式賓語(yǔ)某人發(fā)現(xiàn)/認(rèn)為/感覺到做某事是的 find sb. think feel9、用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“

41、It is /was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that /who +其他成分”中 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. + it + adj. to do it, one, that 作代詞的區(qū)別(1)I have many books. Which_ do you like?(2)The book is mine. _ is very interesting.(3)The weather in Beijing is much colder than_in Hainan.例如:it指上文提到過的事物，同類且同物。one泛指上下文提及的同類事物中的一個(gè)，同

42、類而不同物。that常用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，代替前面提到的名詞，避免重復(fù)。oneItthat1.My star sign is Virgo and my characteristics are similar to_ described in that book.A.themB.that C.it D.those 2.Do you think _ acceptable for a group of women to dance to loud music on the square near your house.A.it B.that C.this D.its3.The population of

43、 our city has increased _ 40%,compared with _ of 3 years ago.A.by;thatB.to;thoseC.with;onesD.of;it4.This bookon idoms is interesting.Id like _ . Where did you buy it? In the bookstore near my home. A.it B.thisC.thatD.one5.A new study shows that shouting at children may have results that go beyond _

44、of beating them. A.itB.thoseC.onesD.that練一練DAADB主 格賓格所有格指人who whomwhose指物 whatwhose指人或物 whichwhoseE.疑問代詞(連接代詞 )F.關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,asG.不定代詞1)定義：2)種類： 英語(yǔ)中不定代詞有：some (something,somebody,someone,somewhere）,any (anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere),no (nothing,nobody,no one),every(everything,ev

45、erybody,everyone,everywhere),all,each,both,much,many,(a) little,(a) few,other(s),another,none,one,either,neither 不定代詞是不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞。 不定代詞是英語(yǔ)所有代詞中最重要的一類，也是英語(yǔ)考試中最?？嫉囊活?，應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.some和any的比較 2.指兩者和三者的不定代詞。注：each (常與of連用) 做主謂用單， 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體every(形容詞)+單數(shù)名詞作主謂語(yǔ)用單，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體兩者或以上的每一個(gè)人或物三者或以上每一個(gè)人或物 注意：在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或征求意見

46、的句子中，通常要用some而不用any。 用于兩者：both,either,neither。 用于三者：all,any,none,every3.(a) few 與 (a) little 當(dāng)前面由only 修飾，常用 a few或 a little .a little 可表示“有點(diǎn)，稍微”肯定否定可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)a few一些few幾乎沒有不可數(shù)名詞a little一點(diǎn)兒little幾乎沒有eg : Would you please buy some salt for me,Tony?There is little left.4.other,the other,another,others,the

47、others 的用法意義用法other另外的常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，但如果前面有the，this，that，some，any，no，one，my，your，his等則可與單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用。the other兩者中的另一個(gè)常與one連用，構(gòu)成“one.the other.”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，表示“其余的部分”。others泛指別的人或物泛指別的人或物（但不是全部），不能作定語(yǔ)；常與some連用，構(gòu)成“some.others”。the others特指其余的人或物是the other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指其余所有的人或物。another另一個(gè)指三者或三者以上的另一個(gè)1.There are fi

48、fty students in Class One.Twenty of them are boys;_ are girls.A.the otherB.the others C.others D.another 2.I turned to bookshops and libraries looking for information and found _ .A.none B.both C.one D.neither3.Everyone knows Canada is the second largest country in the world. That is ,it is larger t

49、han _ country in Asia.A.anyB.any otherC.otherD.another4._ of money will go to the Red Cross to help those who need help. A.Many B.MuchC.A littleD.A few5. Recycling is one way to protect the environment;reusing is _ . A.otherB.the otherC.anotherD.others練一練BAABC 指人 肯定句 someone somebody否定或疑問句 anyone an

50、ybody通用 everyone everybody no one nobody指物肯定句 something 否定或疑問句 anything通用 everything nothing2. 復(fù)合不定代詞 no one,nobody,none,的用法no one與nobody用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后不能接of短語(yǔ)，用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)單數(shù)；none既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后通常接of短語(yǔ)，用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)只能用單數(shù)，若指復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則謂語(yǔ)可用單數(shù)（較正式）也可用復(fù)數(shù)（用于非正式文體）。Exercises（自我檢測(cè)題）1.Though it rained heavily

51、, _ were still playing on the playground.A. they B. them C. their D. themselves 2 . He thought_a little difficult to work out this maths problem.A. there B. it C. this D. that3. Sorry I have forgotten _ telephone number.A. yours B. him C. you D. his4-_ is your sister? -She is a nurse. A. What B. Whi

52、ch C. How D. Who5. _ one do you like, the blue one or the red one? A. What B. Which C. That D. This ABDAB 6. They all lost _ in the beautiful music. A. them B. themselves C. their D. theirs 7. Listen to me. I have_ to tell you. A. anything new B. something new C. new something D. nothing new 8. -Are

53、 these two books interesting? -Yes, _ of them are interesting. A. both B. all C. either D. neither9. Which would you like, a cup of tea or a glass of milk? -_, thanks. I think Ill just have a glass of water.A. None B. Neither C. Both D. Either 10.The film isnt interesting. _ people like it.A. Few B.

54、 A little C. A few D. Little BBABA11.Wow! What a nice computer! -My parents bought it for my sister and me. Its_.A.ours B. hers C. mine D. theirs12. The old woman kept one black dog and two white _.A. one B. ones C. those D. those13.She is too busy to help us finish the work. Lets do it _. A.herself

55、 B. myself C. ourselves D. itself14. The students were all tired, but _of them stopped to have a rest. A. none B. each C. either D. neither15. There are many trees on _side of the street. A. either B. both C. all D. everyABAAAThank you!專題四 數(shù)詞定義：表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞叫做數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞有兩種：表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫做基數(shù)詞，如：one，two，three.

56、，ninetyfour等；表示順序先后的數(shù)詞叫做序數(shù)詞，如：first，second，third.，fifteenth等。There are five people in my family. We live on the sixth floor in a tall building.我家有五口人。我們住在一座高樓的第六層?；鶖?shù)詞(一)基數(shù)詞的表示方法1基數(shù)詞112是獨(dú)立的詞，1319都是以teen結(jié)尾的詞。(1)112要逐個(gè)記：1 one /wn/ 2 two /tu/3 three /ri/ 4 four /f/5 five /faIv/ 6 six /sIks/7 seven / sev

57、n/ 8 eight /eIt/9 nine /naIn/ 10 ten /ten/11 eleven /I levn/ 12 twelve /twelv/(2)1319都以teen結(jié)尾，都是雙重音：13 thirteen /, tin/ 14 fourteen /,f tin/15 fifteen /,fif tin/ 16 sixteen /,siks tin/17 seventeen /,sevn tin/18 eighteen /,eI tin/19 nineteen /,naIn tin/2基數(shù)詞2090整十位數(shù)都是以ty結(jié)尾。20 twenty / twentI/ 30 thirt

58、y / tI/40 forty / ftI/ 50 fifty / fIftI/60 sixty / sIkstI/ 70 seventy / sevntI/80 eighty / eItI/ 90 ninety / naIntI/注：1319的teen/tin/都是重讀音，而2090的ty/tI/都是非重讀音節(jié)；/tin/為長(zhǎng)音，而/tI/為短音。3基數(shù)詞2199都是由“幾十”和“幾”合起來(lái)構(gòu)成，詞中間加連字符(但音標(biāo)里不加連字符)，并分別重讀。21 twentyone /,twentIwn/23 twentythree /,twentIri/34 thirtyfour /,tIf/45 f

59、ortyfive /,ftIfaIv/56 fiftysix /,fIftIsIks/67 sixtyseven /,sIkstIsevn/4基數(shù)詞101999，先說“幾百”，再加“and”，再加末兩位數(shù)。How many days are there in a year? 一年有多少天？_. 三百六十五天.51,000以上的數(shù)，先從后向前數(shù)，每三位加“，”，第一個(gè)“，”前為thousand，第二個(gè)“，”前為million，第三個(gè)“，”前為billion(美式)或thousand million(英式)。Can you write the number _?你會(huì)寫數(shù)字85,626嗎？Yes,

60、it is 85,626. 會(huì)寫，它是85,626。Three hundred and sixtyfiveeightyfive thousand，six hundred and twentysix6百(hundred)，千(thousand)，百萬(wàn)(million)等詞與數(shù)字或a(n)連用時(shí)，詞尾不可加“s”。The computer was cheap. _那臺(tái)電腦很便宜，我只花了兩千元.7百(hundred)，千(thousand)，百萬(wàn)(million)等詞與介詞of連用時(shí)，須用復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示不確定數(shù)目，其前不可與數(shù)字連用。How many people went to Beijing