Writing-an-Academic-Paper-學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作課件

1、Writing an Academic Paper (2) - Introduction, Quoting & ParaphrasingWriting an Academic Paper (2) Differences between an Abstract & an Introductionabstractintroductionlength150-250 words1/10 -1/8 of the totalmain purposesummarize the research (esp. the objective and the main findings / conclusion),

2、NOT to introduce the research areaintroduce the research by presenting its context or backgroundDifferences between an AbstracComposition of an Introduction from general to specificLiterature review or theoretical preliminaries of the researchA statement of the problem(s)Aims and objectives of the r

3、esearchTheoretical & practical significance of the researchComposition of an IntroductionSwales Moves in Writing an IntroductionMove 1: Establishing a research territory (確立研究領(lǐng)域) a. by showing that the general research area is important, interesting, problematic or relevant in some way (optional)b.

4、by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area (obligatory)Move 2 : Establishing a niche (設(shè)置合適的究研地位) by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way (obligatory)Move 3: Occupying the niche (占據(jù)研究地位) a. by outli

5、ning purposes or stating the nature of the present research (obligatory)b. by announcing principal findings (optional)c. by indicating the structure of the research paper. (optional )Swales Moves in Writing an InTips of Writing an Introduction DOConsult the Guide to Authors for word limit“Set the sc

6、ene”O(jiān)utline “the problem” and hypothesesEnsure that the literature cited is balanced, up to date and relevant (the more relevant, the more space it deserves and the later it appears.) Define any non-standard abbreviations and jargon DONTWrite an extensive review of the fieldCite disproportionately y

7、our own work, work of colleagues or work that supports your findings while ignoring contradictory studies or work by competitorsDescribe methods, results or conclusions other than to outline what was done and achieved in the final paragraphOveruse terms like “novel” and “for the first time” - Elsevi

8、er Author WorkshopTips of Writing an IntroductioSentence Patterns in an IntroductionRecently there has been an growing interest in . has generated wide interest in . has been studied extensively in recent years.Many researches have focused on , as opposed to .Many scholars have done researches on .M

9、any investigations have recently turned to .Although considerable research has been done on , much less is known as to .A questions remains whether .However, a key problem in . is . remains unexplored.Sentence Patterns in an IntrodQuotingput exact word(s) in quotation marksuse ellipsis (省略號) for wor

10、ds left out “In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a secondary activity neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of general interest to the public” (Gentzler 1993: 34).no ellipsis at the beginning & end of each quotationQuotations should be included in

11、 your sentence and fit grammatically into your sentence. INCORRECTEverything we do is an experience of a kind (Kenny 1996: 45). CORRECTIt can be argued that everything we do is an experience of a kind (Kenny 1996: 45). Quotingput exact word(s) in quParaphrasingrestate others ideas without copying wo

12、rd for wordmore generally used than quoting as it enables you to comment on, evaluate and summarize informationcan be used with quotations (i.e. you can quote within a paraphrase)should be also referenced (because you are using someone elses ideas or information)not enclosed by quotation marks or in

13、dentation (縮進)Paraphrasingrestate others idUnacceptable Paraphrasing = Plagiarismuse phrases from the original source without enclosing them in quotation marksemulate (模仿) sentence structure even when using different wordingemulate paragraph organization even when using different wording or sentence

14、 structure - Statement on Plagiarism. Department of Biology, Davidson College /dept/plagiarism.htmlUnacceptable Paraphrasing = Pl Original (Gratz, 1982):Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Resta

15、tement 1:Gratz (1982) showed that bilateral vagotomy resulted in anincrease in tidal volume but a depression in respiratory frequencysuch that total ventilation did not change.This sentence is identical to the original except that theauthor is attributed. It is a word-for word copying, without any c

16、hanges and without quotation marks.- Ronald K. Gratz. Using Others Words and Ideas. Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal (Gratz, 1982):Original (Gratz, 1982):Bilateral vagotomy

17、resulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Restatement 2:Gratz (1982) showed that bilateral vagotomy produced anincrease in tidal volume and a depression in respiratory frequencyso that total ventilation did not change.C

18、hanging a few words does not alter the fact that thissentence, especially the sentence structure, is still substantially the same as the original.- Ronald K. Gratz. Using Others Words and Ideas. Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk

19、%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal (Gratz, 1982):Original (Gratz, 1982):Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Restatement 3:Gratz (1982) showed that following vagotomy the snak

20、es lungvolume increased but their respiratory rate was lowered. As aresult, their breathing was unchanged.Dropping the adjective bilateral alters the sense of theexperimental technique. Lung volume is not the same astidal volume and breathing is not the same as totalventilation. Paraphrase should not change the meaning of the source.- Ronald K. Gratz. Using Others Words and Ideas. Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal (Gratz, 1982):Original (Gr