英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)第一章課件

1、Chapter I Introduction1.1 The English Vocabulary1.2 The Structure of English Words Chapter I Introduction1.1 The Teaching ObjectivesHave a good understanding of English lexicology, its aims and meaningsLearn some general information about English vocabularyLearn the structure of English wordsTeachin

2、g ObjectivesHave a goodTeaching focusDefinition of “a word”Definition of morphemesDefinition of allomorphsTypes of morphemesfree morphemebound morphemeTeaching focusDefinition of “a1.1 The English vocabularyAn International languageEnglish as L1:Britain, U.S.A.,Ireland, Australia, Newzealand,Canada,

3、 South Africa etc.Population:340 million1.1 The English vocabularyAn IEnglish as L2:India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar (Burma)，Singapore，Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana，Namibia，Jamaica，Bermuda，MalaysiaPopulation: ? MillionsEnglish as FL:Population: 750 millionsEnglish as L2: Oxford English DictionaryN

4、umber of English vocabulary:414,829 (1928); 500,000 (1989) 2 millions of word increasing rate: 850 per yearCf: German 185,000 French 100,000How much vocabulary did literary masters have?Shakespear: 24,000Milton: 16,000 English educated people: 25,000 Chinese educated people: 5000 Oxford English Dict

5、ionaryHow much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?most frequently used coverage of reading materials1,000 80.5% 2,000 89%3,00093%4,00095%5,00097% P.3-4 tableHow much vocabulary should a CFour levels of vocabularySpeaking Active vocabularyWritingReading Passive vocabulary GuessFour levels of vo

6、cabularyActivity Read the following paragraphand see which words belong to which level of vocabulary:The United States Thursday paid tribute to Afghans who turned out to vote in the countrys crucial presidential election despite an intimidation campaign by the Taliban. U.S. officials say its too ear

7、ly to assess the credibility of the election. Activity Read the following paEnglish lexicologyThe study of English vocabularyExercises:To be done after classEnglish lexicology 1.2 The Structure of English WordsLead-in What is a word?An elusive notionhave has had ？ friend friends ？entry詞條in a diction

8、ary - lexeme 詞位word form 詞形：詞的不同形狀lexical unit 詞匯單位：一個(gè)詞形跟一個(gè)意義的結(jié)合 1.2 The Structure of Definition:A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.Definition:classification of words according to syntactic functionFunction wordsdeterminer, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary verb

9、, interjection. Content wordsnoun, verb, adjective, adverb.classification of words accordMorphological Structure of English WordsOutlineMorphemes 詞素A. basic information about morphemesB. Allomorphs 詞素變體Classification of Morphemes 詞素分類A. Free morphemes & bound morphemesB. Roots & affixes Morphologica

10、l Structure of EngMorphemes 詞素A. basic information about morphemesQ: What is the morpheme?A: The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.詞素是語(yǔ)言中最小的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)義結(jié)合體。(P13)Morphemes 詞素Q: Whats the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”?詞

11、：能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的、最小的語(yǔ)音語(yǔ)義結(jié)合體詞素：不一定能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用Example試分析：denationalization共有幾個(gè)詞素？nationnation+alnation+al+izede-nation+al+izede-nation-al-iz-ation 使非國(guó)有化,使私營(yíng)化Q: Whats the difference betweA word may be analyzable into one or more morphemes. 1. What is the difference between a morpheme like de- and a phoneme(音素) like /

12、k/ and /ju:/?Phonemes have no meaning while morphemes do.2. Is a morpheme identical with a syllable(音節(jié))?No, because syllable has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in lady, crocodile, etc.A word may be analyz

13、able into B. Allomorphs 詞素變體A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. 如：books, pigs, horses共同詞素是什么？曲折詞素-(e)s。有三種不同發(fā)音：/-s, -z, -iz/B. Allomorphs 詞素變體這三種形式都是同一曲折詞素-s的變體，稱為詞素變體。An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.More examples給下列動(dòng)詞加上后

14、綴使其變?yōu)槊~：InventExpand, omitJustify, modernizeDescribe這三種形式都是同一曲折詞素-s的變體，稱為詞素變體。Invention, expansion, omission, justification, modernization, description這幾個(gè)都是詞素變體。Invention, expansion, omission請(qǐng)?jiān)谝韵聠卧~前加前綴，使其具有“不”的意思：Perfect, balance, mobileResponsibleLogicalFlexible, excusable im-, ir-, il- 都是in-的詞素變體請(qǐng)

15、在以下單詞前加前綴，使其具有“不”的意思：Classification of Morphemes 詞素分類兩種分類方法（P13）從可否獨(dú)立使用來(lái)看：A. Free morphemes & bound morphemes 自由詞素&粘著詞素從所含的語(yǔ)義來(lái)看：B. Roots & affixes 詞根&詞綴Classification of Morphemes 詞A. Free morphemes & bound morphemes自由詞素：Man, faith, read, etc.粘著詞素：un-, -ly, -ish, toler-, etc.B. Roots & affixes 詞根&詞綴

16、Roots: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. (P13)Work, workable, worker, worked, working中詞根是workA. Free morphemes & bound morp詞根 自由詞根 粘著詞根自由詞根（P15）自由詞根又叫做“簡(jiǎn)單詞”。數(shù)量不多，但使用頻率高；是英語(yǔ)詞匯中最穩(wěn)定、最具生命力的詞。粘著詞根粘著詞根大多源自希臘語(yǔ)或拉丁語(yǔ)，不能獨(dú)立使用。詞根 自由詞根觀察下面幾個(gè)單詞，找出

17、共同詞根：revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid拉丁詞根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live復(fù)興，復(fù)活；維生素；十分重要的；生機(jī)勃勃的，活潑的；生動(dòng)的觀察下面幾個(gè)單詞，找出共同詞根：Affixes 詞綴Definition: Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Affix inflectional affixes 曲折詞綴 derivational affixe

18、s 派生詞綴inflectional affixes 曲折詞綴(P14)曲折詞綴只表達(dá)一定的語(yǔ)法范疇，是詞的語(yǔ)法功能的標(biāo)記。It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.Affixes 詞綴曲折詞綴大致只有以下幾種：1. plural marker 復(fù)數(shù)標(biāo)記2. genitive case 所有格3. the verbal ending 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)詞綴4. er and est 比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)標(biāo)記derivational affixes 派生詞綴derivational affixes prefixes