《英語應(yīng)用文寫作》寫作基礎(chǔ)知識課件

1、英語應(yīng)用文寫作英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件（Sentences）（Paragraphs）（Essay）(Basic Writing Skills) 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件1.1.1.英語基本句型 （Basic Elements of a Sentence）英語句子的主要構(gòu)成成份有：S = Subject 主語V = Verb 動詞 O = Object 賓語 C = Complement 補語 A = Adverbial 狀語英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件英語的七種基本句型：SV: 主謂SVO: 主謂賓SVC: 主謂補SVA: 主謂狀SVOO: 主謂（間接）賓（直接）賓SVOC: 主謂賓補SVOA:

2、主謂賓狀 此外還有比較常用的There be 句型， 表示“存在，有”英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Your dinner seems ready. ( )I must send my parents a Christmas card. ( )That class interested me. ( )My school is on the next street. ( )Many students find that book very helpful. ( )You may put your umbrella under the table. ( )She was smiling. ( )We h

3、ave made her the head of our group. ( )同步練習Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.SVCSVOOSVOSVASVOCSVOASVSVOC英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件1.1.3.有效句子(Effective Sentences) 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件完整的句子 (Completeness)清晰的句子 (Clarity)簡潔的句子 (Conciseness)平行結(jié)構(gòu)的句子（Parallelism) 5. 靈活多變的句子 (Variety)英語應(yīng)用

4、文寫作多媒體課件1.寫完整的句子 (Completeness) 一個完整的句子既包括結(jié)構(gòu)上的完整，也包括意義上的完整。(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)上的完整英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Wrong: Friendly people, another thing I like about college.Correct: Friendly people, thats another thing I like about college. Wrong: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly. Because they know how

5、to listen.Correct: Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly because they know how to listen. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件None of the following sentences are complete. Make necessary corrections to make them complete.1. I dislike dogs because very smelly (氣味難聞). 2. The dogs always noisy and try

6、to jump on me when I go to visit.-I dislike dogs because they are very smelly.-The dogs are always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit them.3. Ways of naming new babies different around the world. -Ways of naming new babies are different around the world.同步練習英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件4. In Guangzhou is

7、 hotter than in Beijing. 5. Dogs love to play with sticks. For example, go to get a stick if you throw it.-In Guangzhou, it is hotter than in Beijing.-Dogs love to play with sticks. For example, they go to get a stick if you throw it.-Its too cold in this room.6. Is too cold in this room.7. Because

8、we dont have enough time to take care of a pet.8. A book that you like.- That is a book that you like. -Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet, we dont keep one.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件2.寫清晰的句子 (Clarity) 寫作要注意句子的清晰度。以下幾種情況妨礙文章的清晰，影響讀者的理解。 (1) 缺乏必要的細節(jié)。 簡潔盡管重要，但必要細節(jié)的缺乏也會使讀者產(chǎn)生誤解甚至不知所云。例如：a. He love

9、s sports much more than his sister.b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities.c. The city has about one million.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件a句既可理解為“他比妹妹更喜歡運動”，也可以理解為“他喜愛運動勝過喜愛他妹妹”。為了使意義清晰明了，應(yīng)該在該句的后半部補上相應(yīng)的謂語：修改： He loves sports much more than his sister does. 或：He loves sports much more than he

10、loves his sister.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件b. When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities. b句中的a person和you 指代不明。應(yīng)改為：When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.(泛指) 或：When you get married, you take on new responsibilities. (特指) c. The city has about one million. c句中，“one million

11、”究竟指什么，缺乏必要的細節(jié)說明，應(yīng)改為： 修改： The city has a population of one million.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件(2) 缺乏連貫性。 一個完整的意思被不必要地切割成幾個句子，這樣一連串的短句由于未能體現(xiàn)出相互間的關(guān)系，讀起來費解，妨礙思維。 為了使句子連貫，應(yīng)注意不要將聯(lián)系密切的詞分開；應(yīng)圍繞一個中心意思，多用修飾語（如分詞短語、介詞短語、從句等）。例如： Some people can not distinguish between colors .they are said to be color-blinded. 此句將其中一句改成定語從句應(yīng)

12、該為：Some people who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件b. He found the kitchen window open. He put a ladder against the window. He climbed in.此句子可改為：Finding the kitchen window open, he put a ladder against it and climbed in.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 語態(tài)和主語的隨意轉(zhuǎn)換。He was runn

13、ing very hard in the race and his ankle was broken. 應(yīng)改為： He was running very hard in the race and broke his ankle.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件b. The teacher left the classroom after the lecture was finished. 應(yīng)改為： The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture. 或： Having finished the lecture, the teach

14、er left the classroom.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件c. She reviewed the lessons and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.應(yīng)改為： She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 人稱和數(shù)的隨意轉(zhuǎn)換。 a. If one has talents, we will be likely to succeed. 應(yīng)改為： If one has talents,

15、one will be likely to succeed. 或: If we have talents, we will be likely to succeed.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件b. If a person is selfish, they will have few friends. 應(yīng)改為：b. If a person is selfish, he will have few friends.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 代詞指代不明。The pollution in this area is serious; they should do something about it.應(yīng)

16、改為： The pollution in this area is serious; the government should do something about it.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件同步練習:Correct the following sentences if necessary There are always a lot of good news over the radio.Each of the plans has its advantage.Either you or I are to clean the room.All those who want to go o

17、n the trip should get his equipment ready immediately.is amtheir英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件5. Paid little attention to his table manners.6.The teacher giving such a hard exam.-He paid little attention to his table manners. (add a subject)- The teacher is giving such a hard exam.(add a helping verb)英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件7.Wh

18、en only five years old, my father took me to a circus(雜技團)._ When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father._ When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.8. A car drove down the street decked with ribbon. （用緞帶裝飾起來的）_ A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.(M

19、isplaced modifier誤置修飾語）英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件3.寫簡潔的句子 (Conciseness) 簡潔就是用盡可能少的詞表達盡可能充分的意思。在不改變句子意義的情況下，在能用詞的地方，不用短語；在能用短語的地方不用句子。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件比較下列兩個句子：a. He expresses a number of clever expressions much to the audiences delight.He delighted the audience with his clever expressionsb. This morning I went to the

20、classroom, when I got there, I saw many people in the classroom.This morning I went to the classroom and saw many people there.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件要想使句子簡潔應(yīng)注意以下幾點：(1) 避免重復意義相同的詞。a. It was blue in color.b. It was small in size.c. In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.d. Mary is a quiet and careful woma

21、n. 以上劃線部分都屬于意義重復，應(yīng)去掉。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 又如： He gave many reasons for his failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.應(yīng)改為： He gave many reasons for his failure, but none of them was convincing. Example英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件(2) 避免使用累贅的詞。累贅的詞指的是拖泥帶水，啰啰唆唆的詞或詞組。例如：She was told of the fact that eating junk food

22、might harm her health.b. Mrs. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.c. There are some students who cheat in exams.以上劃線部分都是累贅的詞，應(yīng)去掉。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件同步練習 The chairman will give up his job next year because of old age.-The chairman will retire next year.The woman who is dresse

23、d in black over there is the person who is now in charge of our sales department.-The woman in black over there is the manager of our sales department.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件同步練習1.She spends her free time reading, listening to music, and she works in the garden.She spends her free time reading, listening to mu

24、sic and working in the garden.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件2. The teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it. The teacher told us that we should read our text and write a short review of it. Or: The teacher told us to read our text and write a short review of it.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件3. Mr.

25、 Butler is a man of wide experience and who is very popular with his co-workers. Mr. Butler is a man of wide experience and great popularity among his co-workers. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 4. Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or staying indoors? Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or stay indoors?

26、英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件5. Please clean the kitchen, the heat must turn down, and lock the doors.Please clean the kitchen, turn down the heat, and lock the doors.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件6. The manager told Henry that he had only two choices: to work harder or leaving the company.The manager told Henry that he had only two

27、choices: to work harder or to leave the company. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件7. My best friend is honest, clever, and works hard. My best friend is honest, clever, and hard-working.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件8. After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and wanted to eat.After the long trip, I was tired out, thirsty, and hung

28、ry.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件5.寫靈活多變的句子 (Variety) 要使文章生動吸引人，寫作時要經(jīng)常變換句型和句子結(jié)構(gòu)。(1) 句子開頭多樣化英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 分詞或分詞短語開頭。a. We reached our destination exhausted.應(yīng)該為：Exhausted, we reached our destination.b. I finished my homework and began to review the lessons.應(yīng)該為： Having finished my homework, I began to review the lessons.

29、英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 形容詞開頭。He was intelligent and hard-working, and he graduated with honors.應(yīng)該為： Intelligent and hard-working, he graduated with honors.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 介詞短語開頭。a. The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help.應(yīng)該為： In despair, the girl turned to her friends for help.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 不定式

30、短語開頭。a. He worked hard day and night to pass the exams.應(yīng)該為：To pass the exams, he worked hard day and night.b. He spoke slowly and emphatically to make everything clear.應(yīng)該為： To make everything clear, he spoke slowly and emphatically. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件(Paragraphs)英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Topic Sentence (general)Support

31、ing Sentence No.1 (specific)(explanation, example, or more details) Supporting Sentence No.2 (specific)Supporting Sentence No.3 (specific)Concluding Sentence (general)英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件主題句 (Topic Sentence)主題句在英語段落中起著舉足輕重的作用。英語段落的主題句大多位于句首，但也有居于中間或末尾的。主題句位于句首，開段明義，讓讀者很快就能了解作者要說明的問題。例如：英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 Lets Spe

32、ak for OurselvesMost of us depend too much on preprinted greeting cards to express our feelings on special occasion. Instead of making an effort to say what we feel, we communicate almost exclusively through words written by professional card writers. We send preprinted cards for birthday, anniversa

33、ries, congratulations, major holidays, and numerous other events. We use these cards to express love, longing, regrets, and congratulations. Most of these cards communicate their messages-our messages-through corny (平淡的)rhymes or silly jokes. What an improvement it would be if we purchased cards tha

34、t were blank inside and took the time to write our own words, or if we telephoned or sent a handwritten note. Our words might not be as slick（靈巧的）or funny as store-bought sentiments, but they would certainly be more genuine.Topic SentenceSupportingSentencesConclusionExample英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件II.根據(jù)下列段落，選擇恰當

35、的主題句： My first visit was in the summer of 1974,to see the worlds Fair. The second time was in 1976, to see friends. The last time I visited New York just last month, when I went there to look for a job. Maybe soon I will be a resident of New York instead of a visitor. I have made three visits to New

36、 York I have visited New York four timesI will live in New York soon Key: a.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 III.將下列句子改寫成簡潔明晰的主題句：In general, I usually go to cinema on weekend .In my opinion, my favorite movie is Gone with the WindI often think if I made a speech before others who listen to, it is hard for me to do so.

37、I usually go to cinema on weekend .Gone with the Wind is my favorite movie It is hard for me to made a speech before others.Making a speech before others is hard for me.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件1.2.2 段落的特征 （Qualities of Effective Paragraph） 1. 段落的統(tǒng)一性(Unity)。 2. 段落的連貫性(Coherence)。 3. 段落的完整性(Completeness)。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多

38、媒體課件1.段落的統(tǒng)一性 (Unity) 一個好的段落通常只有一個中心思想。段落的統(tǒng)一性體現(xiàn)在用這個中心思想來統(tǒng)帥全段內(nèi)容，段落中的其他句子則都應(yīng)圍繞這一主題，一切與主題無直接關(guān)系的句子都必須刪除例如：英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 Sample 1: Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. With a TV set in the family, people dont have to pay for expensive seats at the

39、 theatre, the movies, or the opera. All they have to is to push a button or turn on a knob, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind. 此段的主題句即段首句是本段的中心（This paragraph is about the convenience and cheapness of television）全段圍繞這一中心展開，符合段落的統(tǒng)一性原則。再如：Sample 1英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 An educated ma

40、n is a tolerant man. He respects the opinions of his friends. For example, Dr. Reynolds likes old things. He likes old paintings.He enjoys old books. He owns old furniture. Some people dont like any old thing . They dont like old paintings. They dont enjoy old books. They always buy modern furniture

41、. Dr. Reynolds never criticizes them. He respects peoples differences. He understands human nature. He is a wise and kind man. 這種“主題句加例證” 的寫作格式是取得統(tǒng)一性的常用方法。Sample 2英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件2. 段落的連貫性(Coherence)。 一個好的段落除了內(nèi)容要統(tǒng)一、完整外，還要結(jié)構(gòu)連貫。連貫性指的是段落的結(jié)構(gòu)是否有條理。一個段落內(nèi)的各句應(yīng)該有邏輯地、自然地銜接在一起，成為一個完整的整體。只有這樣，讀者才能跟上作者的思路，明白他講的意思。達到

42、連貫性的一個重要策略是使用合適的連接詞。 例如：英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 Sample 1: The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings. Until the 1960s, getting there was only a dream. Some thought that people could never reach the moon. Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar(月亮的)surface in 1969. Moon landings have become ro

43、utine(日常事務(wù)) to the general public.本段沒有加連接詞，比較下段加連接詞的效果。Example英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings；however until the 1960s, getting there was only a dream. Although some thought that people could never reach the moon, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar(月亮的)s

44、urface in 1969. After that moon landings have become routine(日常事務(wù))to the general public. 經(jīng)過兩段的比較可以看出，加了連接詞的段落，段落內(nèi)句與句之間銜接和諧、條理清晰、層次分明、通順流暢?？梢妼W會正確使用連接詞對段落的協(xié)調(diào)連貫是非常重要的英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件II. Arrange the following sentences into paragraphs according to their logical order.(將下列各組句子依邏輯順序排列成意義連貫的段落。) A change of cr

45、op and the use of a good fertilizer will keep the land in good condition. If we do not give it any fertilizer, the plants will be weak. The same crop ought not to be grown in the same place every year; it is better to have a different crop. All soil needs food. Animal waste is the best food for the

46、soil; but chemical fertilizers are also very useful. - - - - 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Cross out 2 irrelevant sentencesJoe and I decided to take the long trip wed always across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie

47、. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 3.段落的完整性(Co

48、mpleteness) 這里段落的完整性指整個段落在意義上的完整性。段落的中心思想必須得到充分的討論，一個觀點必須得到足夠的事實支持，方可進入下一段落。換言之，寫了主題句以后還必須回答與之相關(guān)的問題。否則，這個段落就是不完整的。例如： 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to workyou produce som

49、ething rather than more anxiety or depression.英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it. It is not alwa

50、ys true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you cant swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “help!”英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件（the paragraph will be much be

51、tter if the three reasons are further developed.)英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 Nowadays more and more students take part-time jobs. As far as I am concerned, its very good. The reasons are as follows; Firstly, by doing part-time jobs, students can relieve the financial burden of their parents. The tuition nowadays i

52、s very expensive and some students from poor families have difficulty affording it. Of course, not all students worry about their fees. Some students who do part-time jobs just want to earn more pocket money so that they can buy more things they like. 英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件第三節(jié) （Essay） 一篇文章有若干個段落，它們構(gòu)成一個整體，表達一個

53、主題。文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與段落結(jié)構(gòu)相似，段落由主題句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句組成；文章的結(jié)構(gòu)也是三個部分：開頭(Introduction)、正文(Body)和結(jié)尾(Conclusion)。文章的開頭、正文和結(jié)尾與段落中的主題句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句基本上作用相同。因此，一篇文章在形式上是段落的擴展。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Title of the EssayDevelopingParagraphOpening ParagraphGeneral statementThesis statementConcluding ParagraphDevelopingParagraphDevelopingParagraphDeve

54、lopingParagraph英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件 下面一篇題名為“Punctuality”（守時）文章，分別說明文章三大部分的關(guān)系。英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Punctuality When you are waiting in front of a theatre or at a train terminal, you will realize how important punctuality is. Punctuality is really a virtue, especially in a busy city like Shanghai. Perhaps if everybody

55、 were punctual, there would be less suffering and sorrow.Para.1 是本文的開頭段(Introduction)。在此段中，作者表明了該文將談及“守時的實質(zhì)”（Punctuality is really a virtue.）以及“守時的好處” （if everybody were punctual, there would be less suffering and sorrow.）它在全文中起了“開宗明義”即“啟”的作用，是全文的主題所在。Para.1英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Para.2 Punctuality is the main

56、 constituent of good character. A person, who always arrives in time for his appointment, shows real consideration for others. On the other hand, a person who is always late, shows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not worthy to make friends with.Para.3 Some people often say that they ca

57、nnot always be punctual since traffic is so heavy these days. I think traffic congestion交通堵塞cannot be excuse for being late. As everybody knows that we might meet a unexpected congestion on the roads, we should leave a bit earlier for the appointment to ensure that we would not be late. Para. 2Para.

58、3英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Para.4 Some people always have a lot of excuses for coming late. When they finally arrive, they keep on saying sorry to their friends and then explain. The excuse is not always traffic cngestion, sometimes they complain that they have met a friend on the road or hae helped a blind man t

59、o cross the road. Some also like to blame their watches, the clocks at home or in the office. To such people, we cannot help but say sorry that we have come too early.Para.5 Yet after all such smart fellows will soon find that gradually their friends become fewer and fewer. Perhaps at that time, the

60、y would realize how import punctuality is. 段落（25）四段是正文部分，段2進一步說明守時的必要性，指出“守時是構(gòu)成優(yōu)良品德的要素”，它對開頭段起了“承”的作用。段3和段4的主題開始轉(zhuǎn)到批評種種不守時的現(xiàn)象和借口；段5則指出了不守時可能帶來的后果，這三段在全文中起了“轉(zhuǎn)”的作用。Para.4Para.5英語應(yīng)用文寫作多媒體課件Para.6 To be or not to be punctual is a habit. So when we are young, we should try to be punctual every time and ne