交通工程專業(yè)外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)英文文獻(xiàn)

20122012中英文翻譯RoadDesign專 業(yè)：交通工程英文原文TheBasicsofaGoodRoadWehaveknownhowtobuildgoodroadsforalongtime.ArchaeologistshavefoundancientEgyptianroadsthatcarriedblockstothepyramidsin4600Later，theRomansbuiltanextensiveroadsystem,usingthesameprinciplesweusetoda。Someofthesearestillinservice.IfyoufollowthebasicconceptsofroadyouwillcreatearoadthatwillThecommandmentsofagoodroadare：GetwaterawayfromtheroadBuildonafirmfoundation(3）Usethebestmaterials(4）Compactalllayersproperly（5)Designfortrafficloadsandvolumes（6）Designformaintenance（7)Paveonlywhenready（8)Buildfromthebottomup（9）Protectyourinvestment(10)KeepgoodrecordsGetwaterawayfromtheroadWecan’toveremphasizetheimportanceofgooddrainage。Engineersestimatethatatleast90ofaroad’sproblemscanberelatedtoexcesswaterortopoorwaterdrainageToowaterinanylayerofaroad’sstructurecanweakenthatlayerleadingtofailure。Inthesurfacelayer,watercancausecracksandpotholesInlowerlayersitunderminessupportcausingcracksandpotholes.Acommonsignofwaterinanasphaltroadsurfaceisalligatorcrackinganinterconnectedpatternofcracksformingsmallirregularshapedpiecesthatlooklikealligatorskin.Edgecracking,frostandspringbreakupofpavementsalsopointmoistureproblems.Topreventtheseproblemsrememberthatwater:flowsdownhillneedstoflowsomeplaceisaproblemifitisnotflowingEffectivedrainagesystemsdivertdrainanddisposeofTodothistheyuseinterceptorditchesandslopes，roadcrownsandditchandculvertsystems.Divert—Interceptorditcheslocatedbetweentheroadandhighergroundalongtheroad,thewaterfromreachingtheroadway.Theseditchesmustslopesotheycarrywaterawayfromtheroad。DrainCreatingacrownintheroadsoitishigheralongthecenterlinethanattheedgesencourageswatertoflowofftheroadTypicallyapavedcrownshouldbe1?4higherthantheshoulderforeachfootofwidthfromthecenterlinetotheedge.Forgravelsurfacesthecrownshouldbe1?2higherperfootofwidthForthisflowpathtoworktheroadsurfacemustberelativelywatertight.RoadshouldersalsomustbeslopedawayfromtheroadtocontinuetheflowawaySuperelevations（banking)attheoutsideofcurveswillalsohelpdraintheroadsurface。DisposeAditchandculvertsystemcarrieswaterawayfromtheroadstructureDitchesshouldbeatleastonefootlowerthanthebottomofthegravelroadlayerthatdrainstheroadway。Theymustbekeptcleanandmustbeslopedtomovewaterintonaturaldrainage.IfwaterstaysintheditchesitcanseepbackintotheroadstructureandundermineitsDitchesshouldalsobeprotectedfromerosionbyplantinggrass,orinstallingrockandothererosioncontrolmeasuresErosioncandamageshouldersandditches,clogculverts,undermineroadbeds，andcontaminatenearbystreamsandlakes.Evaluateyourditchandculvertsystemtwiceayeartoensurethatitworks.Inthefall,cleanoutleavesandbranchesthatcanblockflowInspringcheckforandremovesiltsfromplowingandanydeadplantmaterialleftfromthefall。BuildonafirmfoundationAroadisonlyasgoodasitsAhighwaywearsoutfromthetopdownbutfallsfromthebottomTheroadbasemustcarrytheentirestructureandthetrafficthatusesit.Tomakeafirmfoundationyoumayneedtostabilizetheroadbedwithchemicalstabilizers,largestonecalledbreakerrun,orgeotextilefabricWhenyourunintoconditionswhereyoususpectthatthenativesoilisunstable,workwithanengineertoinvestigatethesituationandanappropriatesolution。UsethebestmaterialsWithallroadmaterialsyou“paynoworpaylater.”Inferiormaterialsmayrequireextensivemaintenancethroughouttheroad'slife.TheymayalsoforceyoutoreplacetheroadCrushedaggregateisthebestmaterialforthebasecourse.ThesharpanglesofthecrushedmaterialinterlockwhentheyareThissupportsthepavementandtrafficbytheloadfromparticletoparticle.Bycontrastroundedparticlesactlikeballbearings,movingunderloads。Angularparticlesaremorestablethanroundedparticles。Asphaltandconcretepavementmaterialsmustbeofthehighestquality,designedforconditions,obtainedfromestablishedfirms，andtestedtoensureitmeetsspecifications.CompactalllayersIngeneral,themoredenselyamaterialiscompactedthestrongeritisCompactionalsoshrinksoreliminatesopenspaces(voids)betweenparticles.ThismeansthatlesswatercanenterthestructureWaterinsoilcanweakenthestructureorleadtofrostheavesThisisespeciallyimportantforunsurfaced（gravel)roads.Usegravelwhichhasamixofsizes（well-gradedaggregate)sosmallerparticlescanfillthevoidsbetweenlargeronesGoodcompactionofasphaltpavementlengthensitslife.DesignfortrafficloadsandvolumesDesignforthehighestanticipatedloadtheroadwillcarry.Aroadthathasbeendesignedonlyforcarswillnotstanduptotrucks.Onetruckwith9tonsonasinglerearaxledoesasmuchtoaroadasnearly10,000cars.Ruralroadsmaycarrylogmilktrucks,firedepartmentpumpertrucksorequipmentIfyoudon’tknowwhatspecificloadstheroadwillcarryagoodruleofthumbistodesignforthelargestpieceofhighwaymaintenanceequipmentthatwillbeusedontheroad.Awell-constructedandmaintainedasphaltroadshouldlast20yearswithoutmajorrepairsorreconstructionIndesigningausetrafficcountsthatprojectnumbersandsizesofvehicles20yearsintothefuture.Theseareonlyprojectionsatbestbuttheywillallowyoutoplanfortrafficloadingsthrougharoad’slife.DesignformaintenanceWithoutmaintenancearoadwillrapidlydeteriorateandfail.Designyourroadssotheycaneasilymaintained.Thismeans:adequateditchesthatcanbecleanedregularlyculvertsthataremarkedforeasylocatinginthespringenoughspaceforsnowafteritisplowedofftheroadpropercrossslopesforsafety，maintenanceandtoavoidsnowdriftsroadsidesthatareplantedortreatedtopreventerosionroadsidesthatcanbemowedsafelyAruleofthumbforadequateroadwidthistomakeitwideenoughforasnowplowtopassvehiclewithoutleavingthetravelledway。Markculvertswithapostsotheycanbelocatedeasily.PaveonlywhenreadyItisnotnecessarytopaveallyourroadsimmediately.Thereisnothingwrongwithawell-builtandwellmaintainedgravelroadiftrafficloadsandvolumedonotrequireapavedsurfacehundredvehiclesperdayistherecommendedminimumtojustifypaving.Don’tassumethatlayingdownasphaltwillfixagravelroadthatisfailing.Beforeyoupave，makesureyouhaveanadequatecrushedstonebasethatdrainswellandisproperlycompacted.Therecommendedminimumdepthofcrushedstonebaseis10”dependingonsubgradesoils.Aroadpavedonlywhenitisreadywillfaroutperformonethatisconstructedtooquickly.êBuildfromthebottomupThiscommandmentmayseemobvious,butitmeansthatyoushouldn'ttopdressorresurfaceroadiftheproblemisinanunderlyinglayer.Beforeyoudoanyroadimprovementlocatethecauseofanysurfaceproblems.Chooseanimprovementtechniquethatwilladdresstheproblem。ThismaymeanrecyclingorremovingallroadmaterialsdowntothenativesoilandrebuildingeverythingDoinganyworkthatdoesn’tsolvetheproblemisawasteofmoneyandeffort.êProtectyourinvestmentTheroadsystemcanbeyourmunicipality'sbiggestinvestment.Justasahomeneedspaintinganewroof，aroadmustbemaintained.Wisconsin’ssevereclimaterequiresmoreroadmaintenancethaninmilderplacesDotheseimportantmaintenanceactivities:Surface-grade，shape，patch,sealcracks，controldust,removesnowandDrainage—cleanandrepairditchesandculverts；removeallexcessmaterialRoadside—cutbrush,trimtreesandroadsideplantings,controlerosionTrafficservice-cleanandrepairorreplacesignsDesignroadswithadequateditchessotheycanbemaintainedwithamotorgrader.Cleanandgradeditchestomaintainproperpitchandpeakefficiency。Aftergrading,removeallexcessmaterialfromtheshoulder.KeepgoodrecordsYourmaintenancewillbemoreefficientwithgoodrecordsKnowingtheroad’sconstruction,lifeandrepairhistorymakesitmucheasiertoplanandbudgetitsfuturerepairsRecordscanalsohelpyouevaluatetheeffectivenessoftherepairmethodsandmaterialsyouused。Goodrecordkeepingstartswithaninventoryofthesystem.Itshouldincludethehistoryandsurfaceconditionoftheroadway,identifyandevaluateculvertsandbridges,noteditchconditionsshoulders，signs，andsuchstructuresasretainingwallsandguardrails.UpdateyourinventoryeachyearorwhenyourepairorchangearoadsectionApavementmanagementsystemcanhelpusetheserecordsandplanandbudgetroadimprovements.ResourcesTheBasicsofaGoodRoad＃17649，UW—Madison，15min。videotape。PresentstheTenCommandmentsofaGoodRoadVideotapesareloanedfreethroughCountyExtensionoffices。AsphaltPASERManual(39pp），ConcretePASERManual（48pp）,GravelPASERManual(32pp).ThesebookletscontainextensivephotosanddescriptionsofroadsurfacestohelpyouunderstandtypesofdistressconditionsandtheirAsimpleprocedurefortheconditionhelpsyoumanageyourpavementsandplanrepairs。Roadware,acomputerprogramwhichstoresandreportspavementconditioninformation.DevelopedbytheTransportationInformationCenterandenhancedbytheWisconsinDepartmentTransportation,itusesthePASERratingsystemtoprovidefive-yearcostbudgetsandroadwayrepair/reconstructionprioritylists.WisconsinTransportationBulletinfactsheets,availablefromtheTransportationInformationCenter(T。I.C。）.RoadDrainageNo4Describesdrainageforroadwaysshoulders,ditchesculverts.GravelRoads,No.5.Discussesthecharacteristicsofagravelroadandhowtomaintainone.

UsingSaltandSandforWinterRoadNo6Basicinformationandpracticaltipsonhowtousede-icingchemicalsandsand。Culverts-ProperUseandInstallation,No。15.Selectingandsizingculverts,designing，installingandmaintainingthem。GeotextilesinRoadConstruction/MaintenanceandErosionControl，No.16.Definitionsandcommonapplicationsofgeotextilesroadwaysandforerosioncontrol.T。I.C.workshopsareofferedatlocationsaroundthestate.Crossroads,an8—pagequarterlynewsletterpublishedbytheT.I。Ccarrieshelpfularticles，workshopinformation，andresourcelists.Formoreinformationonanyofthesematerials,contacttheT。I.C.at800/442—4615。中文譯文一個(gè)良好的公路的基礎(chǔ)長(zhǎng)久以來我們已經(jīng)掌握了如何鋪設(shè)好一條道路的方法,考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石塊鋪設(shè)道路,后來，羅馬人使用同樣的方法建立了一個(gè)龐大的道路系統(tǒng),這種方法一直沿用到今天。其中的某些道路依然發(fā)揮著作用。,十點(diǎn)要求：(1）盡量做好道路的排水(2）路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固(3)選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材料（4）鋪設(shè)的層次要緊湊合理(5)設(shè)計(jì)好道路的最大車輛荷載（6）做好設(shè)計(jì)維護(hù)(7)準(zhǔn)備工作做好才能鋪設(shè)(8）鋪設(shè)從下往上開始（9）預(yù)算好您的投資(10)保持良好的記錄盡量做好道路的排水我們?cè)谠趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)排水的重要性也不為過，工程師估計(jì)，至少有90％的道路的問題可能與過量的道路積水或劣質(zhì)的排水設(shè)施有關(guān)。過多的水積攢在道路的結(jié)構(gòu)層內(nèi)，這樣會(huì)減弱結(jié)構(gòu)層與基層的穩(wěn)定性，從而導(dǎo)致路基的破壞。在道路的面層，水分可能引起路面開裂和裂縫內(nèi)積水。在基層將引起基層的支撐能力下降導(dǎo)致基層的破壞，會(huì)出現(xiàn)裂縫和坑洞。積水的一個(gè)共同的標(biāo)志是瀝為了防止此類的問題持續(xù)：水順邊坡下流排到必要的地方如果水分不能排出就會(huì)引起問題。有效的排水系統(tǒng)，水分的排出和處置.為此，他們利用攔截溝渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，溝渠和涵洞系統(tǒng)..排水——1/4“每個(gè)中心線的寬度從ft1/2高".路肩還必須遠(yuǎn)離公路傾斜，繼續(xù)承載著流走。Superelevations在曲線外（也將有助于drainthe路面。處理-,道路排水巷道底低.如果在溝渠的水留它可以滲透回道路結(jié)構(gòu)和削弱.肩膀和溝渠，堵塞涵洞，破壞路基，并污染附近的河流和湖泊。每年兩次，以確保它可以工作。到了秋天，樹葉和樹枝清理掉在春天，檢查并清除耕耘任何死去的植物材料，從秋天離開淤泥。2．路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固,穩(wěn)定路基，大石頭叫,選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材料“劣質(zhì)材料可能需要在整個(gè)公路的生命進(jìn)行大規(guī)模粒球軸承，在外力作用下的運(yùn)動(dòng)。瀝青混凝土路面材料必須是最高質(zhì)量的公司從成立的條件下獲得的，