2022年考研考博-考博英語-遼寧大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號84

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-遼寧大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

TheSpaceAge（

）inOctober1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunched,bytheSovietUnion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.initiated

B.originated

C.embarked

D.commenced

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。initiate意為“開始，發(fā)起，創(chuàng)始”，指首創(chuàng)某事，但并不意味著將某事進(jìn)行到底；originate意為“起源于，來自，產(chǎn)生”；embark意為“上船，著手，從事”一般開始指新的、困難的會令人激動的事；commence意為“開始發(fā)生，開始，著手”，尤指重大的事件及歷史時(shí)期的開始。

句意：1957年10月蘇聯(lián)第一顆人造衛(wèi)星的發(fā)射開啟了太空時(shí)代。

2.單選題

The（）ofthewordisunknown,butitiscertainlynotfromGreek.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.origin

B.generation

C.descent

D.cause

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)origin“起源、來源”，往往與過去的活動、風(fēng)俗、事件等有關(guān)；B選項(xiàng)generation“產(chǎn)生、發(fā)生”，通常經(jīng)過生產(chǎn)、操作等過程；C選項(xiàng)descent“遺傳，派生，世系”；D選項(xiàng)cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那個(gè)詞的起源雖不為人所知，但肯定不是來自希臘語。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.翻譯題

Putthefollowing3ChinesesentencesintoEnglishand3EnglishsentencesintoChinese.

事實(shí)上，與普通高校畢業(yè)生相比，名校畢業(yè)生由于享受更好的資源、受到更好的教育，所以他們也就更有創(chuàng)造力和生產(chǎn)力。而且，從知名高校畢業(yè)的學(xué)生會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無論在心理上還是在學(xué)術(shù)上都更突出一些，因而也更加自信，這就形成了良性循環(huán)。

幾周以前，英國食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)局(FSA)發(fā)表了一份報(bào)告。報(bào)告評估了有機(jī)生產(chǎn)的水果、蔬菜、肉類、蛋類和奶制品等與非有機(jī)生產(chǎn)的同類食品營養(yǎng)水平的差異。這是一項(xiàng)完整而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯?。通過研究他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在營養(yǎng)成分上，有機(jī)和非有機(jī)食品間的差距可以忽略不計(jì)。

根據(jù)心理學(xué)家克里斯托弗?彼得森的觀點(diǎn)，自尊與幸福度和生活滿意度有關(guān)。我們尊心越強(qiáng)，幸福度和生活滿意度就越高。它要求我們對自己的自尊有清醒的認(rèn)識，但不要期待自己會十全十美。要原諒自己犯下的錯(cuò)誤，并盡快擺脫消極的態(tài)度。

Theobesityisanationalhealthcrisis,onethat—quiteliterally—weighsonusall.Itcostslives.Itcostsdollars.Andinthecontextofourcurrenthealth-reformdebateinWashington,it’stimewetookaction,asanationandasindividuals,toaddressthiscost.Whileinfectiousdiseasewasadisasterthreateningourgrandparents'generation,chronicdiseaseiskillingusandharmingourwell-being—andobesityistherootcause.Thegrowthinobesityisstronglylinkedtoheartdisease,hypertension,andtheexplosionofdiabetesthatourcountryiscurrentlyexperiencing.

Thecontextofleadershipischanging,andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmoderncompaniesanddemocracies,powerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditionalhierarchiesarebeingundermined,makingsoftpowerevermoreimportant.Butthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasion.Instead,thereshouldbeasynthesisofthesetwoviews.TheconclusionofThePowertoLead,stressesacombinationofhardandsoftpower,whichiscalledsmartpower,isthebestapproach.

ForEmilyDickinsontherearethreeworlds,andshelivedinallofthem,makingthemthesubstanceofeverythingthatshethoughtandwrote.Therewastheworldofnature,thethingsandthecreaturesthatshesaw,heard,feltabouther;therewasthe"estate"thatwastheworldoffriendship;andtherewastheworldoftheunseenandunheard.Fromheryouthshewaslookeduponasdifferent.Shewasdirect,impulsive,original,andthedrollwitwhosaidunconventionalthingswhichothersthoughtbutdarednotspeak,andsaidthemincomparablywell.Thecharacteristics,whichmadeherinscrutabletothosewhoknewher,continuetobewilderandsurprise,forshelivedbyparadoxes.

【答案】Asamatteroffact,thegraduatesfromeliteschoolsaremorecreativeandproductivethanthosefromcommonschools,asbetterresourcesandeducationareavailablefortheformer.Furthermore,whatcontributestothebetterdevelopmentisthatthegraduatesfromeliteschoolsaremoreconfident,becausetheyfindthemselvesoutstandingbothinmentalityandinacademy.

Afewweeksago,theFoodStandardsAgency(FSA)intheUKissuedareportevaluatingnutrientlevelsinorganicversusnon-organicfoodslikefruits,vegetables,meats,eggs,anddairyproducts.Itisacomplete,rigorouspieceofresearch.Andtheyfoundthat,intermsofnutritionalcontent,thedifferencesbetweenorganicandnon-organicfoodsarenegligible.

Thepsychologist,ChristopherPeterson,suggestthatself-esteemisrelatedtohappinessandlifesatisfaction.Thestrongertheself-esteemis,themorehappinessandlifesatisfactionyouwillachieve.Wearerequiredtohaveareasonableunderstandingthatself-esteemdoesnotmeanalwaysbeingperfectandweshouldforgiveourmistakesandgetridofthenegativeattitudeassoonaspossible.

肥胖是一場全國性的健康危機(jī)，并且毫不夸張地說，它對我們大家都很重要。它危險(xiǎn)生命、消耗金錢。目前在華盛頓進(jìn)行的醫(yī)療改革談?wù)撝?，現(xiàn)在是我們作為一個(gè)國家和個(gè)人采取行動解決這一問題的時(shí)候了。雖然傳染病曾威脅我們祖父母一代，但慢性疾病正在折磨著我們，侵蝕著我們的幸福，而肥胖是根本原因。肥胖的增長與我國目前正在經(jīng)歷的心臟病、高血壓和糖尿病的爆發(fā)密切相關(guān)。

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力發(fā)揮作用的環(huán)境正在發(fā)生改變，因此過去強(qiáng)調(diào)硬實(shí)力的理論正逐漸過時(shí)。在現(xiàn)代企業(yè)和民主國家，權(quán)力日益擴(kuò)散，傳統(tǒng)的等級制度正在受到破壞，使軟實(shí)力變得更加重要。但是那并不意味著高壓政治現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該讓位于勸導(dǎo)手段。相反，應(yīng)該綜合這兩種觀點(diǎn)?！额I(lǐng)導(dǎo)的力量》這本書的結(jié)論強(qiáng)調(diào)稱為巧實(shí)力的軟硬實(shí)力的結(jié)合才是最好的方法。

對艾米麗?狄金森來說，存在三種世界，她生活在這三種世界之中，使它們成為她思想和寫作的材料。一種是自然的世界，為她所看、所聽、所感受到的事物和生物；一種是友情的世界，是屬于“個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)”；還有一種看不見、聽不見的世界。從她年輕的時(shí)候起，人們就認(rèn)為她與眾不同。她直率、沖動、獨(dú)樹一幟。另外，她還是一位愛打趣的才女，是那種能說出別人想說去敢說說的不合常規(guī)的想法，而且說得非常好。這些使她不為所知曉她的人所理解的性格特征繼續(xù)令人迷惑和驚訝，因?yàn)樗钤诿苤小?/p>

4.翻譯題

4.Whenpeoplefaceachallengetheysometimestalkabouttakingadeepbreathtofindcourageorstrength.Infact,theword“inspire”literallymeans“tobreathein”.Butevenwiththeinspirationofothers,it’sunderstandablethatwesometimesthinktheworld’sproblemsaresobigthatwecandolittletohelp.Onourown,wecannotendwarsorwipeoutinjustice,butthecumulativeimpactofthousandsofsmallactsofgoodnesscanbebiggerthanweimagine.

【答案】【參考譯文】

4.遭遇挑戰(zhàn)的人們有時(shí)會說，深吸一口氣，拿出勇氣和力量。事實(shí)上，“鼓舞”的字面意思就是“吸氣”?？杉幢闶艿剿斯奈?，我們有時(shí)還是發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)世界的問題太大，我們所做的不過杯水車薪，這是可以理解的。就我們自己而言，我們無法結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭，掃蕩不公，可成千上萬微不足道的善行累加起來，卻能產(chǎn)生我們想象不到的影響。

5.單選題

Youhavetothawthemeatbeforeitcanbecooked.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tenderize

B.defrost

C.season

D.braise

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。thaw意為“(結(jié)冰后)解凍，融化，融解”；tenderize意為“使嫩，使軟化”；defrost意為“（給……）化霜，（使）解凍”；season意為“加調(diào)料調(diào)味，加作料”；braise意為“燉，燜”。

句意：烹飪?nèi)庵?，你得先解凍它?/p>

6.單選題

Manypeoplethinkofdesertsas（

）regions,butnumerousspeciesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtolifethere.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.barren

B.virgin

C.void

D.wretched

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。barren意為“貧瘠的，不毛的”；virgin意為“未開發(fā)的，原始狀態(tài)的”；void意為“無效的，空的”；wretched意為“不幸的，悲慘的”。but前后的內(nèi)容含義轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再根據(jù)人們通常對desert（沙漠）的印象是廣闊無垠的荒地，因此選A。

句意：許多人認(rèn)為沙漠是不毛之地，但是許多種類的植物和動物已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了那里的生活。

7.單選題

Thecorporationexpectsonly（）increasesinsalesnextyeardespiteayearlongefforttoreviveitsretailingbusiness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.modest

B.predictable

C.dynamic

D.expanding

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)modest“適度的，謙虛的”；B選項(xiàng)predictable“可預(yù)言的”；C選項(xiàng)dynamic“動態(tài)的，動力的，有活力的”；D選項(xiàng)expanding“擴(kuò)大的，擴(kuò)展的”。句意：盡管用過去一年的時(shí)間去努力恢復(fù)零售市場，但是公司僅僅期盼業(yè)績（）增長即可。題干中的despite表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此空格所填單詞應(yīng)該與despite所引導(dǎo)的句子產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果相反，正常情況下，付出了努力必然期盼有回報(bào)，所以這里應(yīng)填與increase意思相反的詞匯。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.翻譯題

Informulatinghypotheses,acommonerroristheuncriticalacceptanceofapparentcommonsensebutuntestedassumptions.Thusinthefieldofpsychology,itwasformanyyearsautomaticallyassumedthatthemaincauseofforgetfulnessistheintervaloftimeelapsingbetweensuccessiveexposurestoalearningstimulus.Experimentation,however,wassubsequentlyundertaken,andseveralotherfactors,suchasmotivationandthestrengthoreffectivenessofthestimulus,turnedouttohaveanevermoreimportantbearingontheproblem.Asomewhatsimilarerrorarisesfromneglectofmultiplecauses.Thustwoeventsmaybefoundtobeassociated,e.g.whentheincidenceofadiseaseinasmokyindustrialsectorofacityissignificantlyhigherthanthatinthesmoke-freezones,aresearchworkermightinferthattheexistenceofthediseaseisduetothesmokinessoftheareawheninfactitmightequallywellbefoundinotherreasons,suchastheunder-nourishmentoftheinhabitantsorover-crowding.

【答案】【參考譯文】在提出假設(shè)的過程中，一個(gè)常見的錯(cuò)誤是不加批判地接受表面上是常識但未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的假設(shè)。因此，在心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，多年來不經(jīng)思索地認(rèn)為健忘的主要原因是消逝在連續(xù)受到學(xué)習(xí)刺激之間的時(shí)間間隔。但是后來的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明了還有其他幾個(gè)因素在這個(gè)問題中起重要的作用，比如動機(jī)和刺激的強(qiáng)度和效力。一個(gè)有些類似的錯(cuò)誤源自忽視原因的多樣性。因此，兩個(gè)事件可能會被發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)聯(lián)，例如，當(dāng)一種疾病的發(fā)病率在煙霧彌漫的城市工業(yè)區(qū)明顯高于無煙區(qū)域時(shí)，研究人員可能會推論疾病的存在是由于該地區(qū)的煙霧的關(guān)系，而事實(shí)上可能是由于其他的同樣可以造成這種疾病的原因，比如居民的營養(yǎng)不良或過分擁擠。

9.單選題

Whocanshedlightonthereasons?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.turnon

B.explain

C.dissipate

D.appeal

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。shedlighton意為“闡明，解釋，將……弄明白”；turnon意為“打開”；explain意為“講解，解釋”；dissipate意為“驅(qū)散，消失”；appeal意為“上訴，申訴，呼吁”。

句意：誰能解釋原因呢？

10.單選題

Betweenabout1910and1930,newartisticmovementsinEuropeanartweremakingthemselvesfeltintheUnitedStates.AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewartontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgallery"291”(namedafteritsaddressontheFifthAvenue)ofthephotographerAlfredStieglitz.ButthemostimportantinthespreadofthemodernmovementsintheUnitedStateswasthesensationalArmoryShowof1913heldinNewYork,inwhichtheworksofmanyoftheleadingEuropeanartistswereseenalongwiththeworksofanumberofprogressiveAmericanpainters.

SeveraloftheAmericanmodernistswhowereinfluencedbytheArmoryShowfoundtheurbanlandscape,especiallyNewYork,anappealingsubject.Comparedwiththeworksoftherealistpainters,theworksofAmericanmodernistsweremuchfurtherremovedfromtheactualappearanceofthecity.Theyweremoreinterestedinthe“feel”ofthecity,moreconcernedwiththemeaningbehindappearance.However,boththepaintersofthe"AshCanSchool"andthelaterrealistswerestilltiedtonineteenthcenturyorearlierstyles,whiletheearlymodernistssharedintheinternationalbreakthroughsoftheartofthetwentiethcentury.

ThegreatestofthesebreakthroughswasCubism,developedmostfullyinFrancebetween1907and1914,whichbroughtaboutamajorrevolutionsincetheRenaissance.InCubismnaturalformswerebrokendownanalyticallyintogeometricshapes.Nolongerwasacleardifferentiationmadebetweenthefigureandthebackgroundofapainting.Theobjectsrepresentedandthesurfaceonwhichtheywerepaintedbecameone.TheCubistsabandonedtheconventionalsinglevantagepointoftheviewer,andobjectsdepictedfrommultipleviewpointswereshownatthesametime.

1.Withwhattopicisthepassageprimarilyconcerned?

2.WhichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasameansthroughwhichAmericanartistslearnedaboutnewmovements?

3.WhydoestheauthormentionAlfredStieglitz?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasamajornewmovementinthetwentieth-centuryart?

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingwasafavoritesubjectforAmericanmodernists?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThedevelopmentofCubism.

B.ModemartmovementsintheUnitedStates.

C.ContemporaryartistsintheUnitedStates.

D.Theinfluenceofphotographyonlandscapepainters.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Lessonsfromsuccessfulartists

B.Theexhibitionsatthegallery"291"

C.TripstoEurope

D.TheArmoryShowof1913

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Todemonstratethatphotographywasthemajorinfluenceinmodemart.

B.Tocomparehimtootherartistsofthetime.

C.Topointoutthatmanyartistslearnedtheircraftbystudyingwithhim.

D.Togiveanexampleofsomeonewhohadaninfluenceonmodernart.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Renaissance

B.Cubism

C.Therationaltradition.

D.Impressionism.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Portraitsoffamouspeople

B.Countryscenes

C.Citylandscapes

D.Picturesofbuildings’interiors

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了20世紀(jì)的美國藝術(shù)運(yùn)動，因此B選項(xiàng)“美國現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)運(yùn)動”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“立體派的發(fā)展”主要體現(xiàn)在第三段中；文章沒有講當(dāng)代藝術(shù)家，故C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)代美國藝術(shù)家”不正確；D選項(xiàng)“攝影對風(fēng)景畫家的影響”在第二段中稍有提及，過于片面。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewartontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgallery"291”ofthephotographerAlfredStieglitz.ButthemostimportantinthespreadofthemodernmovementsintheUnitedStateswasthesensationalArmoryShowof1913heldinNewYork（美國藝術(shù)家在巴黎之行和攝影家AlfredStieglitz的著名紐約畫廊291的展覽中熟悉了新的藝術(shù)。但是在美國現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動傳播中最重要的是1913年在紐約舉行的轟動一時(shí)的軍械庫展覽）可知美國藝術(shù)家通過巴黎之行、291畫廊展覽和1913年的軍械庫展覽了解運(yùn)動，只有A選項(xiàng)“成功藝術(shù)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)”沒有提及，因此選A。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewartontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgallery"291”ofthephotographerAlfredStieglitz.（美國藝術(shù)家在巴黎之行和攝影家AlfredStieglitz的著名紐約畫廊291的展覽中熟悉了新的藝術(shù)）可知此處是列舉幾個(gè)隊(duì)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)有影響的例子，因此選D。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的ThegreatestofthesebreakthroughswasCubism,developedmostfullyinFrancebetween1907and1914,whichbroughtaboutamajorrevolutionsincetheRenaissance.（其中最大的突破是1907年至1914年在法國發(fā)展充分的立體派，這引發(fā)了文藝復(fù)興以來的一場重大革命）可知選B。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的SeveraloftheAmericanmodernistswhowereinfluencedbytheArmoryShowfoundtheurbanlandscape,especiallyNewYork,anappealingsubject.（幾個(gè)受軍械展影響的美國現(xiàn)代主義者發(fā)現(xiàn)了城市景觀是一個(gè)非常吸引人的話題，尤其是紐約）可知選C。

11.單選題

Internationalfinancialissuesaretypically（）bytheUnitedStatesmediabecausetheyaretootechnicaltomakesnappyheadlinesandtooinaccessibletopeoplewholackabackgroundineconomics.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.neglected

B.criticized

C.overrated

D.repudiated

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)neglected“被忽視的”；B選項(xiàng)criticized“被批判的”；C選項(xiàng)overrated“被高估的”；D選項(xiàng)repudiated“被拒絕的”。句意：國際金融問題通常被美國的媒體所（），因?yàn)檫@些問題過于專業(yè)而不能給出一個(gè)生動活潑的標(biāo)題來，而且是非常難于被缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)背景的讀者來理解。由too...to可知，國際金融問題因?yàn)樘^專業(yè)而不好給出一個(gè)生動活潑的標(biāo)題，所以空格應(yīng)填的選項(xiàng)是由于文章標(biāo)題而不能給出impressive的效果。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Eventhoughhewasguilty,the（

）judgedidnotsendhimtoprison.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.merciful

B.impartial

C.conscientious

D.conspicuous

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。merciful意為“仁慈的，寬恕的，溫和的”；impartial意為“公正的，不偏不倚的”；conscientious意為“一絲不茍的，認(rèn)真的”；conspicuous意為“明顯的”。由前面eventhough（即使，縱然）引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的guilty和主句中的didnotsendhimtoprison表示thejudge是仁慈的，因此選A。

句意：即使他有罪，仁慈的法官也沒有把他送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。

13.翻譯題

中國政府承諾將通過引進(jìn)區(qū)域氣候改善項(xiàng)目，關(guān)閉小煤窯和發(fā)電廠以及繼續(xù)對商業(yè)排放進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的舉措，來進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色環(huán)保的目標(biāo)。在中央及各地方政府的努力下，2008年中國在節(jié)能減排方面取得一定成效。2月份國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的年度報(bào)告顯示，2008年中國的能耗下降了4.59%，略高于統(tǒng)計(jì)局之前降幅約4.21%的估計(jì)。但是數(shù)據(jù)顯示兩大污染物SO2和COD同2005年的水平相比，分別下降了7%和5%。根據(jù)十一五計(jì)劃，到2010年，工業(yè)用水的需求量將比2005年下降20%，而森林覆蓋率將占到全國面積的20%，比2005年上漲18.2%。

【答案】【參考譯文】TheChinesegovernmentpromisestofurtherachievethegoalofgreenandenvironmentalprotectionthroughintroducingprojectsforimprovingregionalclimate,shuttingdownsmallcoalminesandpowerplantsandalsocontinuingtoexperimentwithcommercialemissions.Undertheeffortsofthecentralandlocalgovernments,Chinahasmadecertainachievementsintheaspectofenergyconservationandemissionsreductionin2008.TheannualreportmadebytheNationalBureauofStatisticsinFebruaryshowedthatChina’senergyconsumptiondroppedby4.59%in2008,slightlyhigherthanthedeclineofabout4.21%previouslyestimatedbytheNationalBureauofStatistics.ButthedataindicatedthattheemissionamountofthetwomajorpollutantsSO2andCODfellby7%and5%respectivelycomparedwiththosein2005.Accordingtothe11thfive-yearplan,by2010,thedemandforindustrialwaterwillbe20%lowerthanthatin2005,buttherateofforestcoveragewillaccountfor20%ofthenationalterritoryarea,rising18.2%thanthatin2005.

14.單選題

Bymovingtheradarbeamaroundslowlyincircles,wecan（

）thesurroundings.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.explore

B.expose

C.exploit

D.expand

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。explore意為“勘查，探測”；expose意為“揭露，揭發(fā)”；exploit意為“利用，開采”；expand意為“擴(kuò)大，增加”。由句中的“theradar（雷達(dá)）”可知其作用是用來探測，因此選A。

句意：通過將雷達(dá)波束緩慢地繞著圈移動，我們可以探測周圍環(huán)境。

15.單選題

Frostbittenfingersandtoesshouldbetreatedwithlukewarmwater.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.frigid

B.tepid

C.boiling

D.steamy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。lukewarm意為“微溫的，溫和的，不熱情的”；frigid意為“寒冷的，嚴(yán)寒的”；tepid意為“不冷不熱的，微溫的，不熱情的”；boiling意為“熾熱的，沸騰的，激昂的”；steamy意為“蒸汽的，充滿水汽的”。

句意：凍傷的手指和腳趾應(yīng)該用溫水處理。

16.翻譯題

Peertutoringisaneffectivewaytoimprovelearningforboththetuteeandthetutor,andnoonedoubtsthevalueofthisstrategyformeetingindividualneedswithinaclassroom.However,ittakesmorethansimplypairingoffstudentstomakepeertutoringresultinimprovedlearning.

Althoughyouarelikelytouseinformaltutoringpracticesinyourclassroomeveryday(e.g.askingonestudenttohelpanotherstudentwithaproblem),establishingaformalizedtutoringprogramrequiresmoreinvolvedplanning.Thefollowingstrategiescanhelpyoucreateandsustainaneffectiveprogramwithinyourclassroom.Aswithmostinitiatives,ifyoucanworkwithyourbuildingadministratorandotherteacherstoestablishaschool-widetutoringprogram,youwillbeabletoservetheneedsofallstudentsmoresuccessfully.Typically,trainingwillbeminimalandwillincludebasicinstructioninmodeling,promptingresponsesfromtutees,usingcorrectivefeedbackandpraise/reinforcement,alternatingteachingmethodsandmaterials(i.e..,usingmultisensorymethods),andrecordingandreportingprogress.Ifthisisaschool-wideinitiative,classroomteachersorevenparentsorparaprofessionalscantrainstudentswhowilltutoraspartofanextracurricularserviceactivity.

【答案】【參考譯文】同伴教學(xué)是一種對受教者和施教者的學(xué)習(xí)都有改進(jìn)的有效方法，沒有人懷疑這種策略在課堂里滿足個(gè)人需求的價(jià)值。然而，要想讓同伴輔導(dǎo)提高學(xué)習(xí)效果，僅僅把學(xué)生配對是不夠的。

雖然你可能每天在你的課堂里使用非正式的輔導(dǎo)實(shí)踐（例如，要一位學(xué)生去幫助另一位學(xué)生解決問題），但是建立一個(gè)正式的輔導(dǎo)課程卻需要更復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)。下面的策略可以幫助您在課堂里創(chuàng)建并維持一個(gè)有效的輔導(dǎo)課程。與大多數(shù)的倡議一樣，如果您能與大樓管理員和其他教師共同去建立一個(gè)全校性的輔導(dǎo)課程，那么您將能夠更成功地滿足所有學(xué)生的需求。

通常，培訓(xùn)是小規(guī)模的，并且包括建模的基本指令，提示來自受教者的回應(yīng)，使用矯正反饋和稱贊/強(qiáng)化，交替教學(xué)方法和材料（如使用多感官的方式），記錄和報(bào)告進(jìn)展。如果這是一次全校性的倡議，那么將輔導(dǎo)作為部分課外服務(wù)活動的課堂老師，甚至家長或輔導(dǎo)專職人員都可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生。

17.單選題

Fiftyvolunteerswerealphabeticallydividedintotwoequalgroups,GroupAtoparticipateina7weekexerciseprogram,andGroupBtoavoiddeliberateexerciseofanysortduringthose7weeks.Onthedaybeforetheexerciseprogrambegan,all50menparticipatedinastep-test.Thisconsistedofsteppingupanddownona16-inchbenchat30stepsaminutefor5minutes.Oneminuteaftercompletionofthestep-test,thepulserateofeachsubjectwastakenandrecorded.Thisservedastheprotestfortheexperiment.Forthenext7weeks,subjectsintheexperimentgroup(GroupA)rodeanexercycle(amotor-drivenbicycle-typeexercisemachine)for15minuteseachday.Theexerciseschedulecalledforriderstoriderelaxedduringthefirstday’sride,merelyholdingontothehandlebarsandfootpedalsasthemachinemoved.Then,forthenext3days,theyroderelaxedfor50secondsofeachminute,andpushed,pulled,andpedaledactivelyfor10secondsofeachminute.Theratioofactiveridingwasincreasedeveryfewdays,sothatbythethirdweekitwashalfofeachminute,andbytheseventhweektheriderswereperforming15solidminutesofactiveriding.

Attheendofthe7weeks,thestep-testwasagaingiventobothgroupsofsubjects,andtheirpulsestaken.Thepost-exercisepulseratesofsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupwerefoundtohavedecreasedanaverageof30heartbeatsperminute,withthelowestdecrease28andthehighestdecrease46.Thepulseratesofsubjectsinthecontrolgroupremainedthesameorchangednomorethan4beats,withanaveragedifferencebetweentheinitialandfinaltestsofzero.

1.Thestep-testwasgiven（

）.

2.Whenwerepulseratestaken?

3.Theexerciseschedulewasplannedsothattheamountofactiveriding（

）.

4.WhatdidGroupAdointheirprogram?

5.Thepost-exercisepulseratesofGroupBwerefoundontheaveragetohave（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aftereachexerciseperiod

B.atthebeginningandattheendoftheseven-weekperiod

C.onlyonce,atthebeginningofthesevenweekperiod

D.twicetothemeninGroupAandoncetothemeninGroupB

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Aftereveryexerciseperiod.

B.Everyday.

C.Afterthestep-tests.

D.Everytimetherationofactiveridingwasincreased.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.increasedeveryfewdays

B.variedfromdaytoday

C.increaseduntilthethirdweekandthenwaskeptconstant

D.increasedeveryexerciseperiod

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theysteppedupanddownonabencheachday.

B.Theypushedandpulledonexercisehandleseveryday.

C.Theyrodeonanexerciseeveryday.

D.Theyrefrainedfromanyexercise

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.notchanged

B.gonedown28beatsperminute

C.gonedown30beatsperminute

D.gonedown4beatsperminute

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Onthedaybeforetheexerciseprogrambegan,all50menparticipatedinastep-test.（在鍛煉項(xiàng)目開始的前一天，所有50名男子都參加了一次階梯測試）和第二段的首句Attheendofthe7weeks,thestep-testwasagaingiventobothgroupsofsubjects,andtheirpulsestaken.（在7周結(jié)束時(shí)，再次對兩組受試者進(jìn)行了逐步測試，并記錄了他們的脈搏）可知B選項(xiàng)“在七周的開始和結(jié)束時(shí)”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Oneminuteaftercompletionofthestep-test,thepulserateofeachsubjectwastakenandrecorded.（在階梯測試完成后1分鐘，記錄每一位受試者的脈搏率）可知選C。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段最后一句中的Theratioofactiveridingwasincreasedeveryfewdays（主動騎行的比率每隔幾天增加一次）可知選A。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Forthenext7weeks,subjectsintheexperimentgroup(GroupA)rodeanexercyclefor15minuteseachday.（在接下來的7周中，A組實(shí)驗(yàn)者每天騎15分鐘自行車）可知選C。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的GroupBtoavoiddeliberateexerciseofanysortduringthose7weeks（B組應(yīng)避免在這7周內(nèi)刻意進(jìn)行任何形式的鍛煉）和第二段中的Thepulseratesofsubjectsinthecontrolgroupremainedthesameorchangednomorethan4beats（對照組的脈搏率率保持不變或變化不超過4次）可知B組為對照組，沒有進(jìn)行任何鍛煉，因此選A。

18.單選題

Thelocalgovernmentleadersaremakingeveryeffortto（

）theproblemofpoverty.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.abolish

B.tackle

C.remove

D.encounter

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。abolish意“廢除，廢止(法律、制度、習(xí)俗等)”；tackle意為“處理，解決(難題或局面)”；remove意為“移開，拿走”；encounter意為“遭遇，偶遇”?！邦I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人努力解決問題”更符合邏輯，因此選B。

句意：地方政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在盡一切努力解決貧困問題。

19.翻譯題

Wehaveinheritedaworldofrelativeabundance,onewherewecanstillforthemostpartmeetourneeds.Wecanbethankfulforthewisdomofourforebears,whoevidentlytooktheirresponsibilityforthefutureseriously.Yet,imagineaworldwithouttheamazingdiversityofspeciesfromwhichwenowbenefit,aworldwithoutdecentsoiltofarm,airtobreathe,orwatertodrink.Suchaworldisonethatanygenerationcouldinheritifitspredecessordidnotfindwisdominitsresponsibilitytothefuture.

Whatwearetodaydependstoagreatextentuponhowwehavebeenformedbythegenerationsthathaveprecededus.Whenwelooktofuturegenerations,ourpositiontowardthemisanalogoustothepositionofpastgenerationstowardus.Wearethedataoutofwhichthefuturewillbeformed.Whatweareanddotodaywilllimitorcreatetheiroptions,andinthiswayweprofoundlyhelptoshapetheirdestiny.Whatkindofworldweleavetothefutureisessentiallyaquestionofmoralresponsibility.

【答案】【參考譯文】我們繼承了一個(gè)相對富饒的世界，在這個(gè)世界里，我們?nèi)阅茉诤艽蟪潭壬蠞M足自己的需求。我們應(yīng)該感謝我們祖先的智慧，他們顯然認(rèn)真地承擔(dān)了他們對未來的責(zé)任。然而，想象一個(gè)沒有我們現(xiàn)在受益的驚人物種多樣性的世界，一個(gè)沒有像樣的土壤可以耕種、沒有空氣可以呼吸、沒有水可以飲用的世界，那么在這樣的世界中，如果前輩們沒有從對未來的責(zé)任中發(fā)現(xiàn)智慧，任何一代人都能對其進(jìn)行繼承。

我們今天是什么樣子，在很大程度上取決于我們的前輩如何塑造我們。當(dāng)我們對將來的幾代人負(fù)責(zé)時(shí)，我們對他們的態(tài)度就類似于過去幾代人對我們的態(tài)度。我們是構(gòu)成未來的“數(shù)據(jù)”。我們今天的狀況和所作所為將會限制或塑造他們的選擇，而通過這種方式，我們在他們命運(yùn)形成的過程中具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。我們留給未來什么樣的世界，從本質(zhì)上說，是一種道德責(zé)任的問題。

20.單選題

Shehadspentseveraldays（）herlecture,soitwasquitesuccessful.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shining

B.pleading

C.paving

D.polishing

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)shining“閃爍，發(fā)亮，發(fā)光，擦亮，擦光”；B選項(xiàng)pleading“懇求，辯護(hù)，引證，承認(rèn)”；C選項(xiàng)paving“鋪設(shè)，鋪（路）”；D選項(xiàng)polishing“打磨，擦亮，磨光”。句意：她花了幾天時(shí)間潤色自己的演講稿，因此演講相當(dāng)成功。D選項(xiàng)polish還有“（使）優(yōu)美；潤飾（通過修改，作小的變動或增加新的內(nèi)容）”的意思，如：polishanarticle/aspeech潤飾一篇文章/一篇演講稿。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

21.單選題

Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.Theexistingframeworkrelatingtophysicalassaultandcareofthedeadhasnoprovisionfororgantransplantation.Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.Compulsorypostmortemexamination,afarmoreextensiveprocedurethanorganremovalforgrafting,isrequiredinmostcountriesafterunexpecteddeath,andthiscompulsionisnotamatterofpublicconcernanddebate.

Therewouldseemtobenoreasonwhyorganremovalfortransplantationpurposesshouldnotalsobeacceptabletopublicopinion,providedthereisamechanismbywhichindividualsintheirlifetimecanrefusethispermission.This,ofcourse,requiresanefficientregisterofthosewhoindicatetheirrefusal;theregisterwouldbeconsultedbeforeanyorganswouldberemoved.Itisimportantthattherebepublicreassurancethatconsiderationoftransplantationwouldnotimpairnormalresuscitativeeffortsofthepotentialdonor.

Transplantationhasobviouslyraisedimportantethicalconsiderationsconcerningthediagnosisofdeath,andparticularly,howfarresuscitationshouldbecontinued.Everyeffortmustbemadetorestoretheheartbeattosomeonewhohashadasuddencardiacarrestorbreathingtosomeonewhocannotbreathe.Artificialrespirationandmassageoftheheart,thestandardmethodsofresuscitation,arecontinueduntilitisclearthatthebrainisdead.Mostphysiciansconsiderthatbeyondthispointeffortsatresuscitationareuseless.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuggestionmadeinthepassage?

3.Theword“impair”attheendofParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（

）.

4.Itisbelievedthateffortsatresuscitationareuselesswhen

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbestsumupthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mostcountriesdonothaveaneffectivelawonorgantransplantation

B.Thetraditionalwaysofaskingforpermissionofrelativesfororganremovaldosnotprovedtobealwaysfeasible

C.Itishardtounderstandwhypeopleshouldremainsilentoncompulsorypostmortemexamafterunexpecteddeath.

D.Insomecountriesthesearelawsprovidingthatthepermissionoforganremovalistakenforgrantedunlessithasbeenrefusedbythepersoninhislifetime.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtodonatetheirorgansafterdeath

B.Organremovalshouldbepermittedinthecourseofcompulsorypostmortemexam.

C.Organremovalfortransplantationshouldbeadvocatedbecauseitbenefitsthehumansociety

D.Organremovalfortransplantationcouldbeconsideredlegalunlessthedeadpersonstatedotherwiseinhislifetime.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.neglect

B.weaken

C.cometogetherwith

D.besuperiorto

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.artificialrespirationandmassageofthehearthaveyieldednoobviousresult

B.aperson’sheartbeatandbreathhastotallystopped

C.standardmethodsofresuscitationhavefailed

D.thebrainiscertainlydead

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Legalandethicalproblemsoforgantransplantation

B.Someunderlyingprinciplesonorgantransplantation

C.Thediagnosisofdeathbeforeorgantransplantation

D.Thedifferencebetweencompulsorypostmortemexamandorgantransplantation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段首句Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.（在大多數(shù)國家，器官移植的法律定義很不明確，因?yàn)樯形粗贫ǔ鲠槍ν饪剖中g(shù)進(jìn)步的立法）可知A選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)國家沒有關(guān)于器官移植的有效法律”正確；由第一段中的Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.（習(xí)慣上要征得親屬的允許，但由于器官的摘除必須在死亡后立即進(jìn)行，可能無法及時(shí)聯(lián)系到親屬）可知B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的器官摘除請求親屬許可的方法并不總是可行的”正確；由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremoval