2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)39

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Whenyoutakemedicine,becarefulnotto___thatamountprintedonthebottle.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exceed

B.substitute

C.exert

D.surpass

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exceed“超過；勝過（超過什么數(shù)量或者超過法律、命令等的限制）”；B選項(xiàng)substitute“替代”；C選項(xiàng)exert“運(yùn)用，發(fā)揮；施以影響”；D選項(xiàng)surpass“超越（比某人或某事物做得更好）；勝過，優(yōu)于；非……所能辦到或理解”。句意：當(dāng)你服藥時(shí)，注意不要___瓶子上印著的量。本句表達(dá)“超過印的數(shù)量”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項(xiàng)glimpsed“瞥見（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的，比如某個(gè)東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動(dòng)去看）”；C選項(xiàng)glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項(xiàng)scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達(dá)“主動(dòng)地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Thislaw___thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isintendedtoreduce

B.intendstobereduced

C.intendsreducing

D.isintendedreducing

【答案】A

【解析】考查語態(tài)和固定搭配。intendtodosth.“打算做某事；盤算做某事；旨在做；籌劃做某事”，主語law“法律”和intend的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)，被旨在做……；句意：這項(xiàng)法律旨在減少兒童下車時(shí)跑過馬路造成的事故數(shù)量。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Herefusedto___thathewasdefeated.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.burlesque

B.conceive

C.acknowledge

D.probe

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B選項(xiàng)conceive“懷孕；構(gòu)思；以為；持有”；C選項(xiàng)acknowledge“承認(rèn)；答謝；報(bào)償；告知已收到”；D選項(xiàng)probe“探查；用探針探測(cè)”。句意：他拒絕___自己被打敗了。本句表達(dá)“拒絕承認(rèn)被打敗”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學(xué)者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehaveplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated‘becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthedegree.Attrition(縮/減員，磨損)atthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.’

“Theresultsofourresearch,”Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions.”

1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

2.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialities.

3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.

31.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat___.

32.Researchhasshownthat___.

33.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D.___.

34.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat___.

35.Itcanbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy

C.thePh.

D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropoutD.thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.dropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D.sinfinancialattainment

B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies

C.D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.

D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsoutD.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout

B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate

C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.

D.programsD.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree

B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree

C.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.

D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropoutsD.Ph.D.sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.salaryforPh.D.toolow.

B.academicrequirementtoohigh.

C.D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.

D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.salaryfordropoutstoohigh.D.1000positions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】31.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文定位到第一段開頭Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學(xué)者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.（教育工作者非常關(guān)注哲學(xué)博士候選人的高輟學(xué)率，以及一個(gè)需要博士生的國(guó)家隨之而來的人才流失）以及第三段SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.（一些人認(rèn)為，通過說服輟學(xué)者回到研究生院攻讀博士學(xué)位，可以減少受過良好訓(xùn)練的專家和大學(xué)教師的短缺）可知一些人希望采取措施說服輟學(xué)者重回校園，選A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該采取措施讓輟學(xué)者重返校園”；B選項(xiàng)“那些輟學(xué)的學(xué)生應(yīng)該回到質(zhì)量較低的學(xué)校繼續(xù)他們的學(xué)業(yè)”，C選項(xiàng)“擁有博士學(xué)位的人通常比輟學(xué)的人更能適應(yīng)環(huán)境”以及D選項(xiàng)“高輟學(xué)率很大程度上是由于教員缺乏激勵(lì)”和原文不符合。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

32.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段開頭Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent（調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，輟學(xué)率為31%）可知輟學(xué)人數(shù)占據(jù)三分之一，D選項(xiàng)“大約三分之一開始攻讀博士學(xué)位的人沒有完成學(xué)業(yè)獲得學(xué)位”符合原文；第二段結(jié)尾Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報(bào)告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學(xué)位的人低多少）可知A選項(xiàng)“在經(jīng)濟(jì)成就方面，輟學(xué)者大大低于博士”和原文相悖；原文1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.（1.缺乏動(dòng)力是退學(xué)的主要原因）可知B選項(xiàng)“激勵(lì)因素是攻讀博士學(xué)位的次要因素”和原文相悖；原文3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.（3.大多數(shù)輟學(xué)者現(xiàn)在從事與他們的教育和動(dòng)機(jī)相一致的工作）可知C選項(xiàng)“如果博士候選人輟學(xué)，他很可能改變他的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域”和原文相悖。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“foreignlanguagerequirements”定位到原文倒數(shù)第三段butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.（但那些提到學(xué)術(shù)原因的人以未能通過資格考試、未完成研究和未能通過語言考試為由）可推測(cè)出外語要求是博士生課程的基本組成部分，選C選項(xiàng)“是許多博士項(xiàng)目的重要組成部分”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學(xué)者表示，他們的決定沒有學(xué)術(shù)原因）可知學(xué)術(shù)原因不是導(dǎo)致退學(xué)的主要原因，A選項(xiàng)“是退學(xué)最常見的原因”不符合原文；B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)理科考生來說比人文學(xué)科考生來說更難”以及D選項(xiàng)“不同的大學(xué)在難度上沒有太大的差別”原文未涉及。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

34.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段開頭Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.（至于讓輟學(xué)學(xué)生重返校園的可能性，前景不容樂觀）可知無法得出A選項(xiàng)“在讓從博士學(xué)位輟學(xué)的人重新攻讀學(xué)位的問題上，樂觀主義占據(jù)了主導(dǎo)地位”這一結(jié)論；B選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)從博士學(xué)位退學(xué)的人，總的來說，沒有獲得學(xué)位所需要的條件”以及C選項(xiàng)“學(xué)院和大學(xué)雇傭了許多退學(xué)學(xué)生”文章無提及，因此也沒有能從文章得出這個(gè)結(jié)論這一說，排除；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：在博士能掙到最高工資的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其他領(lǐng)域）可以推測(cè)出D選項(xiàng)“博士們?cè)诜菍W(xué)術(shù)崗位上掙的錢比不上他們應(yīng)得的”，排除。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

35.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：在博士能掙到最高工資的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領(lǐng)域）以及最后一段Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.（至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25%的退學(xué)生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作）推測(cè)出高輟學(xué)率主要在于博士的薪水太低，選A選項(xiàng)“博士的薪水太低”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學(xué)者表示，他們的決定沒有學(xué)術(shù)原因）可知學(xué)術(shù)要求太高不是導(dǎo)致退學(xué)的主要原因，B選項(xiàng)“學(xué)術(shù)要求太高”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第二段Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報(bào)告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學(xué)位的人低多少）可知C選項(xiàng)“輟學(xué)者的薪水太高”屬于過度推斷；D選項(xiàng)“1000個(gè)職位”和原文不符。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.，theByzantineEmpire(拜占庭帝國(guó))stagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishedtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.

ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.

ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.

Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860’stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempire’sfavor.Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.

41.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthetext?

42.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheByzantineEmpiresustainedsignificantterritoriallosses___.

43.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto___.

44.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?

45.Accordingtotheauthor,“Thecommonexplanation”(paragraph3)ofconnectionsbetweeneconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentis___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.

B.Theeconomic,cultural,andmilitaryrevivalintheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturieswassimilarinitsordertothesequenceofrevivalinAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthens.

C.After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredamilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.

D.TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitaryrevival,thereverseofthegenerallyacceptedsequenceofprogress.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.in600

B.duringtheseventhcentury

C.acenturyaftertheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpirehadbeenlost

D.soonaftertherevivalofByzantinelearning

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel

B.setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium

C.castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium

D.suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacaseforwhichnohistoricalprecedentexists

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860’sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.

B.TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.

C.TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinthe900’s.

D.TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.revolutionaryandtoonewtohavebeenappliedtothehistoryoftheByzantineEmpire

B.reasonable,butanantiquatedtheoryofthenatureofprogress

C.notapplicabletotheByzantinerevivalasawhole,butdoesperhapsaccuratelydescribelimitedperiodsduringtherevival

D.equallyapplicabletotheByzantinecaseasawholeandtothehistoryofmilitary,economic,andculturaladvancesinancientGreeceandRome

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段開頭BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.（在公元8世紀(jì)到11世紀(jì)之間，拜占庭帝國(guó)上演了一場(chǎng)幾乎無與倫比的經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化復(fù)興，這種復(fù)興之所以格外引人注目，是因?yàn)樗?jīng)歷了一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的嚴(yán)重內(nèi)部衰退）和最后一段結(jié)尾Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（因此，在拜占庭，人們普遍期望的軍事復(fù)興，隨后是經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇，然后是文化復(fù)蘇的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了。事實(shí)上，拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)的復(fù)興本身可能影響了后來的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事擴(kuò)張）可知選D選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)在8世紀(jì)和11世紀(jì)之間的復(fù)興顯示了經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事復(fù)興之前的文化復(fù)興，與普遍接受的進(jìn)步秩序相反”；根據(jù)第二段開頭ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.（將拜占庭的軍事、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步視為單一現(xiàn)象的不同方面是合理的。畢竟，這三種形式的進(jìn)步在許多國(guó)家和文明中是同時(shí)發(fā)生）可知A選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的例子，在文化復(fù)興之前，通常的軍事和經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)興的秩序被逆轉(zhuǎn)了”錯(cuò)誤，文中只是說明了拜占庭帝國(guó)的發(fā)展順序與一般的不一樣，但并未說明唯一；B選項(xiàng)“810年后，拜占庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇刺激了軍事和文化的擴(kuò)張，這種擴(kuò)張一直持續(xù)到1453年”，C選項(xiàng)“8世紀(jì)拜占庭學(xué)術(shù)的復(fù)興是一種無法解釋的現(xiàn)象，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事先驅(qū)尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)”只是文章中的部分內(nèi)容，并不能概括文章主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

42.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第一段Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600…（到了八世紀(jì)初，帝國(guó)在公元600年失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土）可以推斷出在七世紀(jì)時(shí)拜占庭帝國(guó)遭受到了嚴(yán)重的領(lǐng)域損失，所以到八世紀(jì)初，帝國(guó)失去了大約三分之二的領(lǐng)土，選B選項(xiàng)“在七世紀(jì)”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“600年”錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“拜占庭帝國(guó)的文化成就消失后的一個(gè)世紀(jì)”和D選項(xiàng)“拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)興后不久”和原文不符，排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.（在拜占庭的例子中，對(duì)這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當(dāng)?shù)蹏?guó)拒絕了敵人對(duì)自己領(lǐng)土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領(lǐng)土?xí)r，拜占庭的資源自然擴(kuò)大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術(shù)和文學(xué)。因此，拜占庭的軍事成就導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展反過來又導(dǎo)致了文化的復(fù)興）證明拜占庭的情況和常見的事件順序不一樣，則選B選項(xiàng)“建立一個(gè)事件的順序，然后顯示不普遍適用于拜占庭的情況”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為拜占庭的復(fù)興過程符合這個(gè)模式”錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)關(guān)于拜占庭的傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)術(shù)進(jìn)行誹謗”不是作者的意圖，在文章中看不到與之相關(guān)的線索；D選項(xiàng)“表明拜占庭代表了一個(gè)沒有歷史先例的案例”也未在原文確定。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

44.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到最后一段Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.（然而，羅馬帝國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇開始于810年至830年之間。最后，拜占庭式的學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)興似乎更早開始）以及最后一句Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（事實(shí)上，拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)的復(fù)興本身可能影響了后來的經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事擴(kuò)張）可知選D選項(xiàng)“拜占庭學(xué)習(xí)的復(fù)興開始于8世紀(jì)末”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“拜占庭軍事的復(fù)興導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的進(jìn)步”和C選項(xiàng)“拜占庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇開始于900年”錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“拜占庭文化的復(fù)興持續(xù)到1453年”在原文中有提及，但是不符合題目所問關(guān)于拜占庭復(fù)興方式的關(guān)鍵證據(jù)，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

45.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.（在拜占庭的例子中，對(duì)這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當(dāng)?shù)蹏?guó)拒絕了敵人對(duì)自己領(lǐng)土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領(lǐng)土?xí)r，拜占庭的資源自然擴(kuò)大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術(shù)和文學(xué)）以及結(jié)合第四段開頭Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.（毫無疑問，在經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的過程中，這種假設(shè)模式有時(shí)確實(shí)適用）可知選C選項(xiàng)“不適用于拜占庭的整個(gè)復(fù)興，但可能準(zhǔn)確地描述了復(fù)興期間的有限時(shí)期”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“革命性的，太新了，不適合應(yīng)用于拜占庭帝國(guó)的歷史”以及D選項(xiàng)“同樣適用于整個(gè)拜占庭案件以及古希臘和羅馬的軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化進(jìn)步的歷史”錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“合理的，但是一個(gè)關(guān)于進(jìn)步本質(zhì)的過時(shí)的理論”原文未涉及，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個(gè)空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認(rèn)為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險(xiǎn)的”。然而，上周末，空氣質(zhì)量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點(diǎn)癢！”米歇爾來紐約時(shí)抱怨道，“我能感覺到它在我的喉嚨后面。”

在中國(guó)首都的長(zhǎng)期外籍居民開玩笑地稱之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

8.單選題

Iwastaken___whenIsawhimbecausehehadlostallhishair.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.aback

B.aside

C.about

D.apart

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)betakenaback“吃驚；大為震驚”；B選項(xiàng)takeaside“把……叫到一旁”；C選項(xiàng)takeabout“領(lǐng)……游覽……；帶某人出入娛樂場(chǎng)所”；D選項(xiàng)takeapart“拆開；剖析；粗暴對(duì)待”。句意：當(dāng)我看到他的時(shí)候，我很___，因?yàn)樗念^發(fā)全都掉光了。本句表達(dá)“看到他頭發(fā)掉光我很震驚”的意思，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國(guó)際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如庫茨所指出，將成員納入和排除在集體行動(dòng)之外的問題“總是規(guī)范性和事實(shí)性的”，因?yàn)椤斑x擇適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋鏊健比匀皇且粋€(gè)法律政策問題）可知選C選項(xiàng)“在選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平方面的困難”；A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的刑事責(zé)任”；B選項(xiàng)“等級(jí)設(shè)置過嚴(yán)的缺陷”以及D選項(xiàng)“水平設(shè)置過松的缺陷”都是為了證明選擇適當(dāng)?shù)募w行動(dòng)描述水平的困難，是這一觀點(diǎn)的論據(jù)，不足以概括第一段的內(nèi)容。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情況下，集體意圖檢驗(yàn)都是必要的，以便能夠追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任，而不是將所有人歸為一個(gè)極端，或?qū)w因于另一種不確定的原因）可知選A選項(xiàng)“追究任何特定個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“追究每個(gè)人的責(zé)任”，D選項(xiàng)“將傷害歸因于不確定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德責(zé)備一節(jié)所論證的那樣，如果沒有集體意圖的概念，集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮也是不可能的，這對(duì)于道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的）可知集體行動(dòng)中決策方法的考慮對(duì)道德責(zé)備的分配是必要的，而不是對(duì)集體意圖必要，C選項(xiàng)“考慮決策方法”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集體罪責(zé)的“浪漫”論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問題）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)淡化了集體意圖的問題”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或國(guó)家官員豁免的問題有時(shí)仍然是起訴侵犯人權(quán)行為的相關(guān)法律障礙）對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)“追溯中止法律秩序有時(shí)與侵犯人權(quán)有關(guān)”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（這種“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)涉嫌違反國(guó)際公法的反人類罪（通過“國(guó)家和組織政策”）和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)罪）對(duì)應(yīng)C選項(xiàng)“集體有罪的論點(diǎn)源于國(guó)際公法”；D選項(xiàng)“集體犯罪的論點(diǎn)通過國(guó)家責(zé)任來處理成員問題”未在第三段提及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各種消極或不確定的事實(shí)，如軍事文化、宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)、意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操縱，將集體行動(dòng)與歷史、自然甚至超自然原因相結(jié)合）對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“軍事文化”，B選項(xiàng)“宗教或傳統(tǒng)機(jī)構(gòu)”以及C選項(xiàng)“意識(shí)形態(tài)或法律體系”；不涉及D選項(xiàng)“集體行動(dòng)”。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.單選題

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,