現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀(第2版)3U1A You College Years翻譯

現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第2版YourCollegeYears你的大學(xué)生活BobHartman鮑勃·哈特曼Haveyoueverconsideredthechangesthataretakingplaceandwilltakeplaceinyourlifeasacollegestudent?Hasiteveroccurredtoyouthatyourprofessorsandotherschoolpersonnelhavecertaingoalsforyourgrowthandmaturityduringyourcollegeyears?Hasiteverdawnedonyouthatcertaindevelopmentalchangeswilloccurinyourlifeasyoumovefromadolescencetoyoungadulthood?Thoughcollegestudentsseldomthinkaboutthem,keychangeswillprobablyhappentothemduringtheircollegeyears.程中，你會(huì)經(jīng)歷某些特定的發(fā)展變化？盡管大學(xué)生很少思考以上問題，但是在大學(xué)期間，一些重要的變化很有可能發(fā)生在他們身上。Duringthistime,studentsaregoingthroughanidentitycrisisandareendeavoringtofindoutwhotheyareandwhattheirstrengthsandweaknessesare.Theyhave,ofcourse,plentyofboth.Itisimportanttoknowhowpeopleperceivethemselvesaswellashowotherpeopleperceivethem.AccordingtoPiersandLandau,inanarticlediscussingthetheoriesofErikH.EriksoninInternationalEncyclopediaofSocialSciences(1979),identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment(whatisinheritedfromparents),shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.Peopleareinfluencedbytheirenvironmentand,inturn,influencetheirenvironment.Howpeopleseethemselvesinbothrolesisunquestionablyapartoftheiridentity.己，以及自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不足。當(dāng)然，他們的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和不足之處都很多。爾斯和蘭多曾在一篇文章中探討了艾瑞克·H.埃里克松在《國(guó)際社會(huì)）中的有關(guān)理論。根據(jù)他們的觀點(diǎn)，自我認(rèn)同取決于遺傳基因（繼承自父母），由環(huán)境塑造，并且受偶然事件的影響。人們受環(huán)境影響，反過來又影響他們周圍的環(huán)境。人們?nèi)绾慰创徊糠?。Whilestudentsaregoingthroughanidentitycrisis,theyarebecomingindependentfromtheirparentsyetareprobablystillverydependentonthem.Thisindependence/dependencestruggleisverymuchapartofthelateradolescencestage.立。然而，他們?nèi)匀环浅Ｒ蕾嚫改?。這種獨(dú)立與依賴之間的矛盾其實(shí)是青春期后期的一部分。Infact,itmaybeheightenedbytheirchoicetopursueacollegeeducation.Immediatelyaftergraduatingfromhighschool,somegraduateschoosetoentertheworkworld.Asaresultofthischoice,theymaybecomefinanciallyindependentfromtheirparents.Butcollegestudentshavechosentogrowandlearnnewskillsthattakeyearstodevelop,sotheyprobablyneedatleastsomedegreeofdependenceontheirparents.自己的父母。InhisApril1984article"PsychologicalSeparationofLateAdolescentsfromTheirParents"intheJournalofCounselingPsychology,J.A.Hoffmanobservedthattherearefourdistinctaspectstopsychologicalseparationfromone'sparents.First,thereisfunctionalindependence,whichinvolvesthecapabilityofindividualstotakecareofpracticalandpersonalaffairs,suchashandlingfinances,choosingtheirownwardrobes,anddeterminingtheirdailyagenda.Second,thereisattitudinalindependence,whichmeansthatindividualslearntoseeandacceptthedifferencebetweentheirownattitudes,values,andbeliefsandthoseoftheirparents.Thethirdprocessofpsychologicalseparationisemotionalindependence.Hoffmandefinesthisprocessas"freedomfromanexcessiveneedforapproval,closeness,togetherness,andemotionalsupportinrelationtothemotherandfather."Forexample,collegestudentswouldfeelfreetoselectthemajorthattheywanttopursuewithoutfeelingtheymusthaveparentalapproval.Fourthisfreedomfrom"excessiveguilt,anxiety,mistrust,responsibility,inhibition,resentment,andangerinrelationtothemotherandfather."1984年4月，霍夫曼在《咨詢心理學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表了題為青春期末期的孩子與父母在心理上的分離的文章。他在文章中對(duì)孩子與父母的心理分離的四個(gè)不同方面作了論述。第一，自理獨(dú)立，它包括的服裝以及決定日程安排等。第二，觀點(diǎn)獨(dú)立，也就是說學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)擺脫對(duì)父母的贊許、親近、陪伴以及情感支持的過分依賴的過程。例如，大學(xué)生能夠自是擺脫與父母有關(guān)的過度的內(nèi)疚、焦慮、懷疑、責(zé)任、壓抑、反感以及憤怒。Collegestudentsneedtostandbackandseewheretheyareintheindependence/dependencestruggle.大學(xué)生需要退一步來審視自己在獨(dú)立性與依賴性的沖突中所處的位置。Probablyoneofthemoststressfulmattersforyoungcollegestudentsisestablishingtheirsexualidentity,whichincludesrelatingtotheoppositesexandprojectingtheirfuturerolesasmenorwomen.Eachmustdefineherorhissexualidentityinafeminineormasculinerole.Theseareexcitingtimesyetfrustratingtimes.Probablynothingcanmakestudentsfeellowerorhigheremotionallythanthewaytheyarerelatingtowhomevertheyarehavingaromanticrelationshipwith.或許對(duì)于大學(xué)生來說，最有壓力的問題之一就是確立自己的性別身份，這包括與異性的關(guān)系以及設(shè)計(jì)他們未來作為男人或者女人的角學(xué)生們?cè)谇楦猩洗笃鸫舐涞牧?。Atthesametime,theseyoungadultsarelearninghowtogiveandreceiveaffectionintheadultworld.Thisaspectofgrowthdealsnotonlywithinteractionwiththeoppositesexbutwithfriendsofbothsexesandallages.Astheygrowandreachyoungadulthood,thewaytheyrelatetootherschanges.Itisatimewhentheyasadultsshouldthinkabouthowtheyrelatetoandshowproperrespectforpeers,howtheyrelatetothechildrenandyoungadolescentsintheirlives,andhowtheyrelatetotheirparentsandshowthemaffection.Forexample,whenIwasagraduatestudentatSouthwesternBaptistTheologicalSeminary,IvisitedmyparentsafterIhadjustfinishedacourseincounseling.DuringthecourseIhadcometorealizethatwhilemyworldwasexpandingandnewoptionswereopeningforme,myfather,whowasinhissixties,wasseeinghisworldshrinkandhisoptionsnarrow.過程中我漸漸意識(shí)到，當(dāng)我的世界不斷擴(kuò)展、新的選擇不斷出現(xiàn)時(shí)，我的父親，一個(gè)年過花甲之人，正在目睹自己的世界在縮小，選擇也在減少。Duringmyvisithome,myfatherandIhadseveralconversationsinwhichwediscussedthecontentofmycourseandhowitappliedtoourlives.IfoundmyselfseeingmyfatherinadifferentwayandrelatingtohimasafriendwhomIcouldencourage.Iwasconsciouslyencouragingthemanwhoovertheyearshadencouragedme.Iwasrelatingtomyfatherinadifferentway.相處。Anotherchangeforcollegestudentsisinternalizingtheirreligiousfaith,theirvalues,andtheirmorals.Sincebirth,oneormoreparentshavebeenmodelingforthemandteachingthemcertainbeliefs,values,andmorals.Intheiradolescentyears,however,thesemattersarequestionedandinsomecasesrebelledagainst.Now,asyoungadults,theyhavetheopportunitytodecideforthemselveswhatbeliefs,values,andmoralstheyaregoingtoacceptfortheirlives.Inthelatesixties,ayoungwomanfromabackgroundthatwasextremelyprejudicedagainstpeoplefromotherracescametocollegeconvincedthatherracewassuperior.Shewasdistressedbecauseshehadbeenputintoadormthathadpeoplefromavarietyofethnicbackgrounds.Overthenextfouryears,thisstudent,whoconsideredherselfintelligent,foundherselfinclassesandsocialeventsinwhichpeopleofotherracesperformedaswellasormorecompetentlythanshedid.楷模，并且傳授他們一定的信仰、價(jià)值觀和道德觀。然而，當(dāng)他們到觀和道德觀。60年代末期，一位來自極度歧視其他種族的群體的年輕女子進(jìn)入大學(xué)，并且深信自己的種族高人一等。令她苦惱的是，她被安排進(jìn)了一個(gè)有著不同人種學(xué)生居住的宿舍里。在接下來的四年種族的人和她表現(xiàn)得一樣好，甚至有人比她顯得更游刃有余。Asshefinishedhersenioryear,shehadgrowntorealizethatpeopleofotherraceswerenotonlyequaltoherbutwerepeoplewhocouldbeherfriendsandfromwhomshecouldlearn.與自己是平等的，而且還可以成為自己的朋友甚至值得她學(xué)習(xí)。Thesereligious,moral,andethicalvaluesthataresetduringthecollegeyearsoftenlastalifetime.這些在大學(xué)期間確立的信仰、道德和種族觀念，往往伴隨人的一生。Inadditiontoaffirmingpersonalvalues,collegestudentsdevelopnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge.Thechallengesofacademiclifenotonlyintroducethemtonewknowledgebutforcethemtoevaluatehowtheygather,process,andapplyknowledgeintheirlives.Forsome,thiswillbeapainfulexperience,butforallitwillbeagrowingexperience.OnestudentwithwhomIhadworkedwentontobecomeanEnglishteacher.Shesharedwithmehowherattitudetowardliteraturechangedduringhercollegeyears."InhighschoolImadegoodgradesinEnglish,"sheobserved,"butthematerialmeantverylittletome."Shethenwentontoexplainhowincollegeshecametorealizethatliteratureisoneofthebestwaystounderstandaculture.Herwayoflearninghadchanged.Allstudentsshouldbeawareofhowtheyreacttonewknowledgeandnewwaysoflearning,howtheyprocesstheknowledgepresentedtothem,andhowtheyorganizethisknowledge.Andlastofall,theseyoungadultsarebecomingworldcitizens,arebecomingawarenotonlyofothergroupsintheirownculturebutalsoofpeopleofothercultures.Astheymeetthesepeopleandinteractwiththem,theyfindthemselvesbeingintroducedtonewwaysoflifeandnewwaysofinterpretinglife.Astheydoso,theygrowandbecomemorematurepeople.除了確立個(gè)人的價(jià)值觀，大學(xué)生還學(xué)會(huì)了組織和運(yùn)用知識(shí)的新方法。何在生活中搜集、整理和運(yùn)用知識(shí)。對(duì)于某些人來說，這將是一段痛苦的經(jīng)歷，但對(duì)于所有人來說，這將是一段成長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)歷。一個(gè)曾與我態(tài)度是如何改變的。高中時(shí)我的英語(yǔ)成績(jī)優(yōu)異，她說，但學(xué)的那些東西對(duì)我的意義不大。接著她繼續(xù)解釋了在大學(xué)里她如何意到文們面前的知識(shí)，以及如何組織這些知識(shí)。最后，這些年輕的大人們將此同時(shí)，他們不斷成長(zhǎng)并且變得更為成熟。AstudentattendingacommunitycollegeinhishometownexplainedhowasastudenthecametoknowastudentfromaThirdWorldcountry-acountryhehadnotevenheardofbefore.Theinternationalstudent,whoexpectedtobeappointedtoanimportantgovernmentalpositionwhenhereturnedhome,hadabrotherwhotaughtlawatthemajoruniversityofhiscountry.TheAmericanstudentandtheinternationalstudentbecameclosefriendsandspentmanyhourssharingtheirthoughtsanddreams.TheAmericanstudentobserved,"Becauseofourfriendship,Ihavecometoun