2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)95

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

IntheITindustry,somethinkofBillGatesasamonsterwhileothers______himasalivinggod.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.extricate

B.disparage

C.emulate

D.revere

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)extricate“使解脫，解救”，B項(xiàng)disparage“貶低，抨擊，詆毀”，C項(xiàng)emulate“仿真，模仿，盡力趕上”，D項(xiàng)revere“敬畏，尊敬，崇敬”。由while“然而”和asamonster“一個(gè)怪物”以及asalivinggod“活著的神”可知，前后語(yǔ)義是相反的，那么空格處填入“尊敬”符合句意。句意：在IT行業(yè)，一些人認(rèn)為比爾?蓋茨是一個(gè)怪物，而另一些人則把他尊為活著的神。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Thechild’sparentswere______intoacceptingthedemandofthekidnappers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleaded

B.intoxicated

C.intimidated

D.besieged

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)plead“借口，為……辯護(hù)，托稱(chēng)”，B項(xiàng)intoxicate“（酒或毒品）（使）麻醉，（使）中毒”，C項(xiàng)intimidate“恐嚇，威脅，脅迫”，D項(xiàng)besiege“圍困，包圍，煩擾”。由kidnappers“綁匪”可知，空格處填入“恐嚇”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：孩子的父母受到恐嚇而接受了綁架者的要求。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Joyceislovedbyallherfriendsbecausesheisverycongenial.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleasant

B.wealthy

C.courageous

D.sensitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。congenial表示“意氣相投的，性格相似的，適意的”；A項(xiàng)pleasant“令人愉快的，舒適的，討人喜歡的”，B項(xiàng)wealthy“富有的，充分的”，C項(xiàng)courageous“有膽量的，勇敢的”，D項(xiàng)sensitive“敏感的，感覺(jué)的”。句意：?jiǎn)桃了挂驗(yàn)樾愿窈芟嗤?，所以她的朋友都很喜歡她。根據(jù)句意可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A項(xiàng)的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoil—thebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”inPara.2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toemphasizetherailroad’sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Railwayworkers

B.Farmers

C.Europeans

D.Citydwellers

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。定位在第二段中Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.（在美國(guó)工業(yè)化的過(guò)程中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的發(fā)展是鐵路的發(fā)展。）以及全文都在介紹影響美國(guó)工業(yè)化的因素（如鐵、煤和石油等原材料、勞動(dòng)力等）綜合而知，C選項(xiàng)“影響美國(guó)工業(yè)化的因素”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)的鐵路發(fā)展史”，B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)主要的工業(yè)中心”及D選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)業(yè)在19世紀(jì)的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故選C。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第二段中TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.（鐵路網(wǎng)迅速擴(kuò)張，直到美國(guó)的鐵路地圖看起來(lái)像一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)，這些鋼鐵絲狀物將原材料產(chǎn)地，原材料的生產(chǎn)和配送中心連在一起。）由此可知，美國(guó)的鐵路路線(xiàn)多，且像蜘蛛網(wǎng)一樣結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。因此B選項(xiàng)“去描述鐵路系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“去強(qiáng)調(diào)鐵路對(duì)石油和煤炭的消耗”，C選項(xiàng)“去解釋鐵路擴(kuò)張帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題”，D選項(xiàng)“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困難”均不符合題意，可排除。故選B。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到文章的第三段Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.（工廠(chǎng)的這些產(chǎn)品很快被居住了工人和批發(fā)商的城市所消耗。）工廠(chǎng)產(chǎn)品的最大消費(fèi)者是居住在那里的人。因此D選項(xiàng)“城市居住者”正確，符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“鐵路工人”，B選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)民”，C選項(xiàng)“歐洲人”，均不符合題意，可排除。故選D。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段中AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.（美國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)趕得上美國(guó)城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以銷(xiāo)售到歐洲的工業(yè)中心。）可知D選項(xiàng)“他們不能為城市生產(chǎn)足夠的食物”錯(cuò)誤，與原文不符。也能夠知道C選項(xiàng)“他們將食物銷(xiāo)售到歐洲國(guó)家”正確，與原文相符。由第三段中的倒數(shù)第二句Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.（城市人口的增加得益于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的增加，反過(guò)來(lái)，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)因新的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的使用而變得更多產(chǎn)）可知B選項(xiàng)“他們通過(guò)使用新機(jī)械而提高了生產(chǎn)力”正確，與原文相符。由最后一段中ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.（工廠(chǎng)運(yùn)行和鐵路建設(shè)的勞動(dòng)力部分來(lái)自美國(guó)的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，那里的人正被農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械所取代，一部分來(lái)自于亞洲，一部分來(lái)自歐洲。）可知A選項(xiàng)“他們由于機(jī)械化而失去了一些工作”，正確，與原文相符。故選D。

5.單選題

Thoselivingincountrieswithlongdarkwintersareapttobelesstalkativeandlesssociablethaninhabitantsofcountrieswheretheclimateismore______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.excessive

B.equivalent

C.equable

D.exquisite

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)excessive“過(guò)多的，極度的，過(guò)分的”，B項(xiàng)equivalent“（在價(jià)值、數(shù)量等方面）相等的，等價(jià)的，等效的”，C項(xiàng)equable“平靜的，變動(dòng)小的”，D項(xiàng)exquisite“精致的，細(xì)膩的，優(yōu)美的，劇烈的”。由longdarkwinters“漫長(zhǎng)黑暗的冬天”和than“比”可知前后是對(duì)比，故wheretheclimateismore______中填入exquisite符合語(yǔ)境。句意：那些生活在有漫長(zhǎng)而黑暗的冬天的國(guó)家的人往往比那些氣候更優(yōu)美的國(guó)家的居民更不愛(ài)說(shuō)話(huà)，更不愛(ài)交際。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.retarding

B.perusing

C.detaining

D.attaining

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)retard“延遲，阻止，妨礙”，B項(xiàng)peruse“詳細(xì)考察，精讀”，C項(xiàng)detain“拘留，留住，耽擱”，D項(xiàng)attain“達(dá)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)，獲得”。由afun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappiness“充滿(mǎn)樂(lè)趣、沒(méi)有痛苦的生活等于幸?！?，結(jié)合actually“實(shí)際上”可知，reducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness表示“減少獲得真正幸福的機(jī)會(huì)”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：人們相信充滿(mǎn)樂(lè)趣、沒(méi)有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，這實(shí)際上減少了他們獲得真正幸福的機(jī)會(huì)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines;theBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeveryfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsive.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefuture,andwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistime,theaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudying—fornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswermustbe,unfortunately,thattherehavebeenfewattemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofitscharacteristics.Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningitnorthatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowtheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwithnecessarilybemodifiedandexpanded,andprobablychanged,inthecourseofthisexploration,itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointsofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarge.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,whethershortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asettingcharacters,language,andtheme.Andlikeanyprose,thethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstory,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.

1.Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysubgenrebecause______.

2.Theviewofsciencefictionencouragedbypulpmagazines,whilewrong,isnevertheless______.

3.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe______.

4.Theauthor’sdefinitionsuggeststhatallsciencefictiondealswith______.

5.Oneimplicationofthefinalsentenceinthepassageisthat______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itisnotimportantenoughtobealiterarygenre

B.itcannotbemadeintoadramaticpresentation

C.tocallita“genre”wouldsubjectittoliteraryjargon

D.itsharescharacteristicswithothertypesofprosefiction

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.popular

B.deranged

C.elegant

D.accurate

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.OntheInaccuraciesofPulpMagazines

B.ManandtheUniverse

C.TowardaDefinitionofScienceFiction

D.ATypeofProseFiction

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thesametopicsaddressedbynovelsandshortstories

B.theunfamiliarorunusual

C.KarelCapek’swell-knownpostulate

D.theconflictbetweenscienceandfiction

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.therearereasonsforenjoyingsciencefiction

B.thereadershouldturnnexttocommentariesongeneralfiction

C.thereisnoreasonforanyreadernottolikesciencefiction

D.thosewhocanreadandanalyzefictioncanalsodosowithsciencefiction

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“科幻小說(shuō)之所以被稱(chēng)為文學(xué)流派分支是因?yàn)椤?。根?jù)第三段最后一句Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（科幻小說(shuō)是散文小說(shuō)的一個(gè)分支，也就是說(shuō)，它具有一般散文小說(shuō)的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它與其他所有的小說(shuō)和短篇故事有很多共同之處）可知，D項(xiàng)“它與其他類(lèi)型的散文小說(shuō)有共同的特點(diǎn)”正確；根據(jù)第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines…Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.（許多人似乎認(rèn)為科幻小說(shuō)以一些老式低俗雜志的封面為代表……這是不幸的，因?yàn)樗H低了一個(gè)值得的，甚至是重要的文學(xué)努力）可知，科幻小說(shuō)是重要的文學(xué)努力，A項(xiàng)“它還不夠重要去成為一種文學(xué)體裁”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第三段中的Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction（只有少數(shù)戲劇可以被稱(chēng)為科幻小說(shuō)）可知，科幻小說(shuō)可以以戲劇形式出現(xiàn)，B項(xiàng)“不能以戲劇的形式表演”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第三段第一句Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone（科幻小說(shuō)是文學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，這一點(diǎn)非常重要）可知，科幻小說(shuō)就是屬于文學(xué)流派分支，C項(xiàng)“稱(chēng)其為體裁會(huì)使它從屬于文學(xué)流派”也不符合原文。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“被低俗雜志推崇的科幻小說(shuō)這一的觀點(diǎn)盡管是錯(cuò)誤的，然而它卻是……”。根據(jù)第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines.（許多人似乎認(rèn)為科幻小說(shuō)以一些老式低俗雜志的封面為代表）可知，這種觀點(diǎn)是非常普遍的，A項(xiàng)“流行的，普遍的”正確；B項(xiàng)“瘋狂的”、C項(xiàng)“優(yōu)雅的”和D項(xiàng)“準(zhǔn)確的”表述都不夠準(zhǔn)確。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題應(yīng)該是……”。通讀全文可知，文章主要是闡述科幻小說(shuō)的定義，即它和散文小說(shuō)有共同的特點(diǎn)，屬于文學(xué)流派的分支，故C項(xiàng)“科幻小說(shuō)的定義”最能概括全文；A項(xiàng)“關(guān)于低俗雜志的不準(zhǔn)確性”和D項(xiàng)“散文小說(shuō)的一種類(lèi)型”都只是部分提及；B項(xiàng)“人與宇宙”沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者的定義表明，所有科幻小說(shuō)都涉及……”。根據(jù)第三段最后一句ithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（它具有一般散文小說(shuō)的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它與其他所有的小說(shuō)和短篇故事有很多共同之處）以及最后一段中的Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.（科幻小說(shuō)中的主題的構(gòu)建和呈現(xiàn)方式與其他任何類(lèi)型的小說(shuō)的主題處理方式完全相同）可以推斷，A項(xiàng)“與小說(shuō)和短篇故事一樣的主題”是正確的；B項(xiàng)“不常見(jiàn)的或者是不尋常的事物”和D項(xiàng)“科學(xué)和小說(shuō)間的沖突”在文中沒(méi)有根據(jù)；C項(xiàng)“KarelCapek著名的假設(shè)”，文中第三段只提到了Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown（只有少數(shù)戲劇可以被稱(chēng)為科幻小說(shuō)，其中KarelCapek的《Rossum’sUniversalRobots》是唯一著名的），可知C項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“文章最后一個(gè)句子的含義是……”。文章最后一句話(huà)是Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.（簡(jiǎn)而言之，閱讀和欣賞科幻小說(shuō)的原因，以及研究和分析科幻小說(shuō)的方式，基本上與閱讀其他故事或小說(shuō)的方式相同）可知，閱讀和欣賞科幻小說(shuō)的原因以及分析它的方式基本和其他故事或小說(shuō)的方式基本相同，因此可以反推，能夠閱讀和分析小說(shuō)的人也能讀科幻小說(shuō)，故D項(xiàng)“那些能讀和分析小說(shuō)的人也能讀科幻小說(shuō)”符合題意；A項(xiàng)“喜歡科幻小說(shuō)是有原因的”只是句子的一段信息，并不是該句的含義；B項(xiàng)“讀者應(yīng)該求助于一般小說(shuō)的評(píng)論”和C項(xiàng)“讀者沒(méi)有理由不喜歡科幻小說(shuō)”在本句沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatappearsinanewspaperhasnomorethan______value.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.transitional

B.sentimental

C.transient

D.inscrutable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)transitional“變遷的，過(guò)渡期的”，B項(xiàng)sentimental“傷感的，多愁善感的，感情用事的”，C項(xiàng)transient“短暫的，路過(guò)的”，D項(xiàng)inscrutable“神秘的，不可理解的，不能預(yù)測(cè)的”。根據(jù)Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithit“即時(shí)性以及隨之而來(lái)的生產(chǎn)速度”可知，“短暫的”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：即時(shí)性和與之相伴隨的生產(chǎn)速度也意味著，報(bào)紙上出現(xiàn)的很多東西只不過(guò)是短暫的價(jià)值。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Inducedabortion,thefocusofthisarticle,hasbecomeoneofthemostintenseandpolarizingethicalandphilosophicalissuesofthelate20thcentury.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.conflicting

B.penetrating

C.enlightening

D.irritating

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。polarizing表示“兩極分化的”；A項(xiàng)conflicting“沖突的，相矛盾的”，B項(xiàng)penetrating“滲透的，尖銳的，有洞察力的”，C項(xiàng)enlightening“使人領(lǐng)悟的，有啟發(fā)作用的”，D項(xiàng)irritating“刺激的，氣人的，使憤怒的”。句意：人工流產(chǎn)，這篇文章的焦點(diǎn)，已經(jīng)成為20世紀(jì)后期最激烈和最兩極分化的倫理和哲學(xué)問(wèn)題。根據(jù)句意可知只有A選項(xiàng)意思與polarizing相似。因此，該題選A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.

TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.

Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearth-quakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.

Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.

ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalwouldstarve.

Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.

Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.

Inthesameway,onplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.

Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.

Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofdie“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thendeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.

Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.

Inecology,thesamewouldhappeningif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.

Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.

AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.

ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.

Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithit.

Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.

Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjusticeasthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theanalogybetweentheentireplanetandthehumanbodyisbasedonallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisNOTtrueaboutthepopulationintheworld?

4.In“Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice”(lastparagraph),whichofthefollowingdoes“this”referto?

5.“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”(12thparagraph)means______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ittooktheuniverse5billionyearstoformtheearth.

B.Evaporation,condensation,solution,weatheringarefourmajorfactorsthatcontributedtotheformationoftheearth.

C.Lifeformswerefirstdevelopedindeepwaterbetween2billionand3billionyearsago.

D.Lifeisasmuch,partofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionisandinreverse,theinanimateportionoftheEarthisshapedandmodifiedbylife.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarebothcomposedofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions.

B.Theyarebothenormouslyintricateandinterrelatedsystems.

C.Theyarebothmadeupof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.

D.Theiroverallgrowthmaybedisruptedifagroupofcellsoraparticulartypeoforganismbeginstogrowwithoutlimit.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Forthousandsofyears,humanpopulationhasbeenincreasinginnumber.

B.AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,humanpopulationwasincreasingslowly.

C.Today,theEarth’spopulationisestimatedtodoublein35years.

D.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthoftheEarth’spopulationwillneverstop.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thehumanpopulationexplosionbeingstopped.

B.Raisingthedeathrateorloweringthebirthrate.

C.Thedeathraterisingspontaneouslyandcatastrophically.

D.Reductionofthebirthrate.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopmentofanorgan.

B.Thepurecostofdevelopmentwithinorganism.

C.Theveryslowdevelopmentwithinorganism.

D.Therapiddevelopmentoforganism.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，下列哪個(gè)陳述是正確的？”根據(jù)第二段第一句TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.（地球自從呈現(xiàn)目前的形狀近50億年以來(lái)，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的演化）可知，50億年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50億年才形成，A項(xiàng)“宇宙花了50億年才形成了地球”錯(cuò)誤；由第三段前兩句N(xiāo)orwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.（海洋、大氣和固體地殼在形成后也不是相互獨(dú)立的?？偸怯邢嗷プ饔茫赫舭l(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化。）可知，蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化只是地球形成后海洋、大氣層以及地殼之間作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B項(xiàng)“蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化是促成地球形成的四個(gè)主要因素”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第四段第一句Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.（在20億到30億年前，部分地表水沐浴在太陽(yáng)的高能輻射下，發(fā)展出結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能豐富的化合物，可以稱(chēng)得上是我們所說(shuō)的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面發(fā)展來(lái)的，C項(xiàng)“生命形式最初是在20億到30億年前的深水中發(fā)展起來(lái)的”錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第五段第一句ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.（但是生命形式是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，就像任何無(wú)生命的部分一樣）和第六段首句Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.（反之亦然，地球上無(wú)生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D項(xiàng)“生命和任何無(wú)生命的部分一樣，都是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)，地球的無(wú)生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正確。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的說(shuō)法，整個(gè)地球和人體之間的類(lèi)比是基于以下幾個(gè)，除了……？”。根據(jù)文章的第七段Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).（整個(gè)地球，加上太陽(yáng)能，是一個(gè)龐大而錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)地球是一種由無(wú)生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成的生命形式，就像我們自己的身體是由骨頭中的無(wú)生命晶體和血液中的無(wú)生命水，以及各種各樣的生命部分組成。）和第八段Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.（事實(shí)上，我們可以進(jìn)行類(lèi)比。一個(gè)人由50萬(wàn)億個(gè)不同類(lèi)型的細(xì)胞組成，它們都是相互關(guān)聯(lián)、相互依賴(lài)的。失去其中一些細(xì)胞，比如構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體的細(xì)胞，將嚴(yán)重阻礙整個(gè)有機(jī)體的其他部分：一個(gè)器官中相對(duì)少數(shù)的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，如心臟或腎臟，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致50萬(wàn)億個(gè)細(xì)胞全部死亡。）可知，A項(xiàng)“它們都是由無(wú)生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成”、B項(xiàng)“它們都是非常復(fù)雜和相互關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)”和D項(xiàng)“如果一組細(xì)胞或某種生物體開(kāi)始無(wú)限制地生長(zhǎng)，它們的整體生長(zhǎng)可能會(huì)受到干擾”是符合文意的；C項(xiàng)“它們都是由50萬(wàn)億個(gè)不同類(lèi)型的細(xì)胞組成的，都是相互聯(lián)系和相互依賴(lài)的”是人體的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，并不是地球的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，關(guān)于世界人口，哪些是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第十五段的內(nèi)容：AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodouble