2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)53

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthen,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

1.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbydescribingtheWeddellsealaspreparing“fortheworst”lines31—32,biologistsmeanthatit（

）.

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives.ThePHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodis（

）

4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?notadverselyaffectedbyproductionoflacticacidbecause.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueofthelaboratorystudiesmentionedinline1?

6.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

7.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobehigherwhenitissearchingforpreythanwhenit’sevadingpredators.

D.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.preparestoremainunderwaterfornolongerthantwentyminutes

B.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesdivesinwhichitheadsdirectlyforitsprey

C.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesitslongestdivesinthewild

D.beginstoexhibitpredatorybehavior

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunder-waterreverttoananaerobicmechanism.

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive

C.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstream

D.thesealremainssubmergedforonlyshortperiodsoftime

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.

B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.

C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

D.HowtheWeddellsealrespondstooxygendeprivationduringitslongestdivesappearstodependonwhetherthesealissearchingforpreyoravoidingpredatorsduringsuchdives.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheypresentanoversimplifiedaccountofmechanismsthattheWeddellsealreliesonduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

B.TheyprovideevidencethatunderminestheviewthattheWeddellsealreliesonananaerobicmetabolismduringit’sinthewild.

C.TheyarebasedontheassumptionthatWeddellsealsrarelyspendmorethantwentyminutesunderwateronatypicaldiveinthewild.

D.TheyprovideanaccurateaccountofthephysiologicalbehaviorofWeddellsealsduringthosedivesinthewildinwhichtheyareeitherevadingpredatorsorexploringdistantroutes.

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.IandIIIonly

B.IandIVonly

C.IIandIIIonly

D.I，II，andIVonly

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.

B.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythandoontypicaldivesinthewild.

C.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

D.Navigatelesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:D

第7題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段末尾提到“Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.”然而，最近有研究表明在更為真實(shí)的野生環(huán)境中，威德?tīng)柺虾１谏疃葷撍畷r(shí)的生理反應(yīng)與在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中是不一樣的。D選項(xiàng)符合題意。野生環(huán)境中所觀察到的現(xiàn)象并不一定要通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)室來(lái)證明，A選項(xiàng)明顯是錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)。文中并未提及在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中和在野生環(huán)境中哪個(gè)更容易觀察海豹的生理反應(yīng)，B選項(xiàng)排除。文中第三段表明海豹在搜尋獵物和攻擊肉食動(dòng)物時(shí)，乳酸升高的度數(shù)是一樣的。C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章末尾“itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.”即它并不知道它會(huì)在水底待多久，因此做好了最壞的打算。這里所說(shuō)的“最壞的打算”是指海豹做好了它在野外潛水（不知道潛水深度和時(shí)間）一樣的準(zhǔn)備。確定C選項(xiàng)‘展示的生理行為類(lèi)似于在野外描述其最長(zhǎng)的潛水’符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句“ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.后者即無(wú)氧代謝結(jié)果在生產(chǎn)大量的乳酸可以影響密封的PH值的血液但由于厭氧代謝只發(fā)生在那些組織已隔絕密封的血液供應(yīng)，乳酸是釋放到密封的血只有在密封表面，當(dāng)肺、肝等器官迅速清除酸從密封的血液。”即無(wú)氧代謝產(chǎn)生了大量的乳酸，這些乳酸對(duì)海豹的血液產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。但是由于無(wú)氧代謝只發(fā)生在一些特定的無(wú)需海豹血液供給的組織，海豹浮出水面后，乳酸開(kāi)始攝入海豹的血液。此時(shí)，海豹的肺、肝以及其他的一些器官迅速地把乳酸排除出海豹的血液。所以C選項(xiàng)‘恢復(fù)到厭氧代謝狀態(tài)的器官會(huì)暫時(shí)從海豹的血液中分離出來(lái)’符合題意。A、B過(guò)于絕對(duì)，可直接排除。D項(xiàng)與題目無(wú)關(guān)。

4.主旨大意題。本文開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，作者在第一段直接指出最近有研究表明在更為真實(shí)的野生環(huán)境中，威德?tīng)柺虾１谏疃葷撍畷r(shí)的生理反應(yīng)與在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中是不一樣的。所以A選項(xiàng)‘最近的野外研究表明，對(duì)威德?tīng)柡１趯?shí)驗(yàn)室潛水時(shí)的生理行為的描述并不適用于它在野外最典型的潛水行為’符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。由第三段可知，海豹在水下潛水時(shí)，其生理機(jī)制是很復(fù)雜的，所以A選項(xiàng)‘他們對(duì)威德?tīng)柡１谝巴庾铋L(zhǎng)時(shí)間潛水時(shí)所依賴(lài)的機(jī)制進(jìn)行了過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)化的描述?！懦?。該實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了威德?tīng)柺虾１谝巴鉂撍畷r(shí)依靠無(wú)氧排泄，并沒(méi)有推翻它，所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。海豹很少會(huì)在水下持續(xù)潛水超過(guò)20分鐘，這是研究證明了的，并不是一個(gè)假設(shè)，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。根據(jù)第三段‘Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator海豹在水下長(zhǎng)時(shí)間潛水時(shí)，它要么在探索遠(yuǎn)行的路線(xiàn)要么在捕食食肉動(dòng)物‘確定D選項(xiàng)‘它們準(zhǔn)確地描述了威德?tīng)柡１谝巴鉂撍畷r(shí)的生理行為。在野外潛水時(shí)，威德?tīng)柡１炊惚懿妒痴?，要么探索遙遠(yuǎn)的路線(xiàn)。’符合題意。

6.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文中第二段‘Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic（oxygen-independent）metabolism.在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，當(dāng)海豹潛到水面以下停止呼吸時(shí)，它的心臟跳動(dòng)得更慢，需要的氧氣更少，動(dòng)脈也會(huì)收縮。海豹實(shí)際上關(guān)閉了血液的流動(dòng)到其他器官,要么停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),直至密封表面或切換到厭氧(oxygen-independent)新陳代謝?！_定I、II、IV都在文中提到，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。III中應(yīng)該是乳酸升高而非降低，所以排除。

7.判斷推理題。文中最后一句提到一些生物學(xué)家猜測(cè)由于在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，海豹通常是被迫下水，它并不知道它會(huì)在水底待多久，因此做好了最壞的打算。這里的最壞的打算是指“海豹做好了它在野外潛水（不知道潛水深度和時(shí)間）一樣的準(zhǔn)備”。所以A選項(xiàng)‘表現(xiàn)出它們?cè)谝巴膺M(jìn)行的較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間潛水所特有的生理反應(yīng)‘符合題意。

2.單選題

Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeveryartsciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicrafts,andothervocations,likefarmingandfishery,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabulary,isveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourfamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheirolderstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersonsandhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yeteveryvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedomandabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussions,andseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessiononcewere,acloseguild（行會(huì)）.Thelawers,thephysician,themanofscience,thedivine,associatedfreelywithhisfellow-creatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalled’’popularscience"makeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodemviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutitasinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.

1.Specialwordsusedintechnicaldiscussion（

）.

2.Itistruethat（

）

3.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinthenumberoftechnicaltermsintheterminologyof（

）.

4.Thewriterofthearticlewasundoubtedly（

）.

5.Theauthor'smainpurposeinthepassageisto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.neverlastlong

B.shouldbeconfinedtoscientificfields

C.maybecomepartofcommonspeech

D.areconsideredartificiallanguagespeech

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.everyoneisinterestedinscientificfinding

B.theaveragemanoftenusesinhisownvocabularywhatwasoncetechnicallanguagenotmeantforhim

C.aneducatedpersonwouldbeexpectedtoknowmosttechnicalterms

D.variousprofessionsandoccupationsofteninterchangetheirdialectsandjargons

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.fishery

B.farming

C.government

D.sports

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.alinguist

B.anattorney

C.anscientist

D.anessayist

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.describeaphenomenon

B.proposeasolution

C.beentertaining

D.argueabelief

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章最后一句：Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.因此，我們的日常用語(yǔ)總是采用新的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)，使它們變得司空見(jiàn)慣。在一種新的技術(shù)詞匯產(chǎn)生之后，經(jīng)過(guò)同化，變成了日常語(yǔ)言的一部分。所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.文章說(shuō)明了一種現(xiàn)象，即在新的科技成果出現(xiàn)后，便成為人們津津樂(lè)道的話(huà)題，變成人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠?。個(gè)人也將科技成果變成日常生活用于的一部分，所以B選項(xiàng)‘普通人經(jīng)常在自己的詞匯中使用曾經(jīng)對(duì)他毫無(wú)意義的技術(shù)語(yǔ)言‘正確。

3.particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.可知，在自然科學(xué)、政治學(xué)科以及機(jī)械藝術(shù)方面的詞匯大量增加，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.全文討論了專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯、科技詞匯與人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹年P(guān)系，可知作者從語(yǔ)言學(xué)的角度分析了科技產(chǎn)生的詞匯。作者應(yīng)屬于語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.文章至始至終在討論科技產(chǎn)生伴隨著科技詞匯的產(chǎn)生，進(jìn)而科技詞匯也影響著人們的日常生活，逐漸成為一體，作者描述了這樣一種特有的現(xiàn)象，所以A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.

Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slashandbumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?

3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefs

B.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunities

C.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwaters

D.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.

B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.

C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.

D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeterioration

B.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvival

C.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthrive

D.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.

B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.

C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.

D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.

B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.

C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.

D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文第一段講了珊瑚礁是如何在清澈且無(wú)養(yǎng)料的海水中繁衍的。第二段開(kāi)頭開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)折，作者指出人類(lèi)活動(dòng)是怎樣對(duì)珊瑚礁的棲息地造成破壞的，所以B選項(xiàng)‘解釋人類(lèi)活動(dòng)如何對(duì)珊瑚礁群落構(gòu)成威脅’為正確答案。

2.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“howdoclear,andthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?”用一個(gè)反問(wèn)句表明珊瑚礁適合在低養(yǎng)料的清澈海水中生長(zhǎng)。確定A選項(xiàng)符合題意。珊瑚礁很難在淺水灘邊繁殖，所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。人類(lèi)活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致海水中的養(yǎng)料增加，而并非增加了海水的溫度，從而破壞了珊瑚礁的棲息地，C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。食草動(dòng)物數(shù)量的不穩(wěn)定并不是珊瑚礁生長(zhǎng)造成的，而是珊瑚礁遭到破壞的一種表現(xiàn)，D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，排除。

3.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.珊瑚礁衰退的典型癥狀是食草動(dòng)物種群的不穩(wěn)定，以及藻類(lèi)和濾食性動(dòng)物數(shù)量的增加?！贝_定作者提到filter-feedinganimals是為了說(shuō)明珊瑚礁減少的特征。A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Agriculture,slash-and-bumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.農(nóng)業(yè)、刀耕火種、污水處理以及制造業(yè)向海水中排放了大量的垃圾，從而增加了海水的營(yíng)含量。”和“Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.珊瑚礁對(duì)養(yǎng)料排入海水中發(fā)生的微妙變化很敏感，隨著人口的增加，排放到海水的養(yǎng)料也隨之増加，珊瑚礁的數(shù)量也就減少了?！笨芍祟?lèi)排放的垃圾增加了海水的營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量，從而威脅著珊瑚礁的生長(zhǎng)。D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。作者在第一段提到珊瑚礁之所以能在清澈并且少養(yǎng)料的海水中生長(zhǎng)，是因?yàn)橛幸环N叫蟲(chóng)黃藻的水藻與它共生。蟲(chóng)黃藻能夠與珊瑚礁的糞便進(jìn)行光合作用，從而又為珊瑚礁提供食物。因此，盡管在食物資源極度缺乏的環(huán)境下，珊瑚礁也能夠生長(zhǎng)。所以C選項(xiàng)‘它們能夠在食物資源有限的環(huán)境中生存’符合題意。

4.單選題

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.

Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthataresourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment,orself-improvement.

Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,andexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeatures.

Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporthree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowwhyanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfantodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.

Understandingandacceptingthathappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisonemostliberatingrealization.Itliberatestime:nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.

1.Tounderstandwhattruehappinessisonemust（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,abachelorresistsmarriagechieflybecause（

）.

3.Raisingchildren,intheauthor’sopinion,is（

）.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,welearnthatenvysometimesstemsfrom（

）.

5.Whatisthemainpointtheauthorisgoingtotellus?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.putupwithpainunderallcircumstances

B.beabletodistinguishhappinessfromfun

C.makeeveryefforttoliberateoneselffrompain

D.haveasmuchfunaspossibleduringone’slifetime

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.hefindsmorefunindatingthaninmarriage

B.heisreluctanttotakeonfamilyresponsibilities

C.hebelievesthatlifewillbemorecheerfulifheremainssingle

D.hefearsitwillputanendtoallhisfunadventureandexcitement

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.amoralduty

B.athanklessjob

C.arewardingtask

D.asourceofsuffering

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.hatred

B.ignorance

C.prejudice

D.misunderstanding

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Happinessoftengoeshandinhandwithpain

B.Onemustknowhowtoattainhappiness.

C.Itisimportanttomakecommitments

D.Itispainthatleadstohappiness.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一段：Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.如果娛樂(lè)和快樂(lè)等同于幸福，那么痛苦就等于不幸。...theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.但事實(shí)上，恰恰相反;導(dǎo)致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。確定B選項(xiàng)’娛樂(lè)與幸福區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’忍受各種環(huán)境下的痛苦‘、C選項(xiàng)’盡一切努力讓自己從痛苦中解脫出來(lái)‘、D選項(xiàng)’—生當(dāng)中，盡可能的娛樂(lè)‘與原文不符，排除。

2.根據(jù)文章第三段：Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.如果他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的他會(huì)告訴你他害怕做出承諾，承諾是非常痛苦的。確定B選項(xiàng)‘他不愿意承擔(dān)家庭責(zé)任‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’他發(fā)現(xiàn)約會(huì)比婚姻有更多的樂(lè)趣‘、C選項(xiàng)’他相信，如果他繼續(xù)單身，他的生活會(huì)更加快樂(lè)‘、D選項(xiàng)’他害怕結(jié)束生活中的快樂(lè)、冒險(xiǎn)和刺激‘與原文不符，排除。

3.根據(jù)文章第四段：Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.但是，決定不生孩子的夫妻永遠(yuǎn)體會(huì)不到看著一個(gè)孩子長(zhǎng)大和含飴弄孫所帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)。確定C選項(xiàng)‘是一項(xiàng)有回報(bào)的使命‘正確。A選項(xiàng)‘一種道德義務(wù)’、B選項(xiàng)‘一項(xiàng)吃力不討好的工作’、D選項(xiàng)‘是痛苦的來(lái)源’與原文矛盾。

4.根據(jù)文章最后一句：Anditliberatesusfromenvy:wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealreadyhavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.它把我們從嫉妒中解放出來(lái)：我們現(xiàn)在知道那些總是有那么多樂(lè)趣的人也許根本就不幸福。確定D選項(xiàng)‘誤解’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘憎恨’、B選項(xiàng)‘無(wú)知，愚昧’、C選項(xiàng)‘偏見(jiàn)’不符合原文，排除。

5.根據(jù)文章第一段：Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,painfreelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.我們堅(jiān)信充滿(mǎn)樂(lè)趣，沒(méi)有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，實(shí)際上減少了他們獲得真正幸福的機(jī)會(huì)。Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappiness,thenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue;moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.如果娛樂(lè)和快樂(lè)等同于幸福，那么痛苦就等于不幸福。但事實(shí)上，但事實(shí)上，恰恰相反;導(dǎo)致幸福的事情往往包含一些痛苦。整個(gè)文章就是圍繞這一主題展開(kāi)論述的，所以A選項(xiàng)‘幸福經(jīng)常與痛苦緊密相連’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘人必須知道怎樣獲得幸?！?、C選項(xiàng)‘做出承諾很重要’原文沒(méi)有提到。D選項(xiàng)‘是痛苦引起了幸福‘與原文矛盾，排除。

5.單選題

Nutritionalstatusaffectschildren’sbehavior.Well-nourishedchildrenaremorealertandattentiveandarebetterabletobenefitfromphysicalandlearningexperience.Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.Fatchildrenalsofacemanyproblems.Theyareoftenslowandlessabletoparticipateinphysicalactivity.Theymaysufferfrombeinglaughedatandemotionalstressbybeingexcludedfromplaymates.

Children’sresistancetoinfectionandillnessisalsodefinitelyinfluencedbytheirnutritionalstatus.Childrenwhoarewellnourishedarelesslikelytobecomeill;theyalsorecovermorequicklywhentheyaresick.Poorlynourishedchildrenaremoresensitivetoinfectionsandillness.Illnessalsoincreasestheneedforsomenutrients.Thuspoornutritioncreatesacycleofillness,poorernutritionalstatus,andloweredresistancetoillness.

Malnutritionisaseriousproblemformanyyoungchildrenbutitisnotalwaysassociatedwithpovertyorapoorenvironment.Childrenofmiddleandupperincomefamiliesmayalsobemalnourishedbecauseofunwisefoodselections.Malnutritionoccurswhenthereisprolongedimbalanceofthenutrientsthatarerequiredandthenutrientsthatareactuallyeaten.Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition.

Itisimportantthatbothoftheseconditionsbeavoidedinyoungchild.Anadequateintakeofallrequirednutrientsismostvitalduringearlyperiodsofgrowthanddevelopment.Also,theeffectsofnutritionaldeficiencyonphysicaldevelopmentduringearlychildhoodarelesslikelytobechangedbyimproveddietaryintakelater.

1.Well-nourishedchildrentendtodoallthefollowingbut______.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

3.Malnutritionmaybecausedby______.

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.

5.Theword“withdrawn”inLine3ofPara1means______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.beattentivewhilelearning

B.betooactiveinclass

C.benefitfromphysicalactivity

D.behaveveryproperly

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Children’sresistancetoillnessisdirectlyproportionaltotheirpoornutritionalstatus.

B.Thewell-nourishedtendtorecoverquicklywhentheyareill.

C.Thepoorly-nourishedaremostlikelytobethevictimsofanyinfectiousdisease.

D.Thecycleindicatesthatillnesscanturnthepoornutritionalconditionfortheworse.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.adeprivedenvironment

B.unwisefoodselections

C.undernutrition

D.alloftheabove

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.overnutritionisevenharmfulthanundernutrition

B.malnutritionhasseriouseffectsonchild’sphysicaldevelopment

C.thenutritionalconditionofayoungchilddeservesmoreconcernthanthatofanadult

D.thenutrientsintakecanbeimprovedasthechildgrowsup

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.isolated

B.reserve

C.selfish

D.stubborn

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Well-nourished”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Well-nourishedchildrenaremorealertandattentiveandarebetterabletobenefitfromphysicalandlearningexperience.（營(yíng)養(yǎng)良好的兒童更警覺(jué)、更專(zhuān)心，更能從體育活動(dòng)和學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)中受益。），所以A選項(xiàng)“在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)專(zhuān)心致志”，C選項(xiàng)“從體育活動(dòng)中受益”，D選項(xiàng)“行為端正”均符合營(yíng)養(yǎng)良好兒童的特點(diǎn)，排除A，C，D。B選項(xiàng)“在課堂上過(guò)于活躍”，由第一段第三句Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.（營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的孩子可能會(huì)安靜、孤僻，或者在課堂活動(dòng)中過(guò)于活躍。）可知，這是營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良孩子的特點(diǎn)，因此本題選B。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由A選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“resistancetoillness”可以定位到文章第二段第五句Thuspoornutritioncreatesacycleofillness,poorernutritionalstatus,andloweredresistancetoillness.（因此，營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良造成了疾病的循環(huán)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況越差，抗病能力越低。），說(shuō)明營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況越差的兒童，對(duì)疾病的抵抗力也越低。因此A選項(xiàng)“兒童對(duì)疾病的抵抗力與其不良的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況成正比”與原文的表述不符，本題選A。B選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)好的人生病后往往恢復(fù)得很快”，C選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的人最容易成為傳染病的受害者”，D選項(xiàng)“循環(huán)表明，疾病會(huì)使?fàn)I養(yǎng)不良的狀況惡化”均與原文的意思相符，所以排除B，C，D。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第三段Malnutritionisaseriousproblemformanyyoungchildrenbutitisnotalwaysassociatedwithpovertyorapoorenvironment.Childrenofmiddleandupperincomefamiliesmayalsobemalnourishedbecauseofunwisefoodselections…Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition.（營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良對(duì)許多兒童來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，但它并不總是與貧窮或惡劣的環(huán)境有關(guān)。中高收入家庭的孩子也可能因?yàn)椴幻髦堑氖澄镞x擇而營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良……營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能是營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足或營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩的結(jié)果。），說(shuō)明營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的原因有惡劣的環(huán)境、不明智的食物選擇、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足、營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩。A選項(xiàng)“惡劣的環(huán)境”，B選項(xiàng)“不明智的食物選擇”，C選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足”都是導(dǎo)致?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的原因之一，所以D選項(xiàng)“以上都是”正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章介紹了兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良造成的危害和導(dǎo)致兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的原因，但是C選項(xiàng)所說(shuō)“兒童的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況比成人的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況更值得關(guān)注”無(wú)法從本文得出，本文并未對(duì)比兩種狀況哪一種更值得關(guān)注，C選項(xiàng)首先可排除。A選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩比營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足更有害”，由原文第三段最后一句“Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition”可知，營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足都是造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的原因，它們同樣有嚴(yán)重的危害，所以A錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“隨著孩子的成長(zhǎng)，營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的攝入量可以得到改善”，由原文可知，早期兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏對(duì)身體發(fā)育的影響不太可能因以后改善飲食攝入而改變，所以D錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良對(duì)兒童的身體發(fā)育有嚴(yán)重影響”，由原文最后一段可知，Anadequateintakeofallrequirednutrientsismostvitalduringearlyperiodsofgrowthanddevelopment“在生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育的早期階段，充分?jǐn)z取所有必需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素是最重要的”，也就是要保證發(fā)育期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入，可反推出“營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良對(duì)兒童的身體發(fā)育有嚴(yán)重影響”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“withdrawn”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.（營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的孩子可能會(huì)安靜、孤僻，或者在課堂活動(dòng)中過(guò)于活躍。），說(shuō)明“withdrawn”在文中是形容兒童的性格，意思應(yīng)該是和“安靜”對(duì)應(yīng)的“孤僻的、沉默寡言的”。因此A選項(xiàng)isolated“孤獨(dú)的”正確。B選項(xiàng)reserve“儲(chǔ)備”，C選項(xiàng)“自私的”，D選項(xiàng)“頑固的”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

6.翻譯題

現(xiàn)在的這十年中，有個(gè)一直使人感到進(jìn)退維谷的問(wèn)題就是：現(xiàn)代教育究竟應(yīng)是通才教育還是專(zhuān)才教育。一些大學(xué)要求所有學(xué)生都學(xué)習(xí)跨越廣泛領(lǐng)域的共核課程，采取的是通才教育的方法。但有鑒于當(dāng)今信息爆炸和學(xué)生的多文化性，繼續(xù)調(diào)整他們的課程，以滿(mǎn)足學(xué)生更為急迫的職業(yè)需求，采取的是專(zhuān)才教育的方法。而由于沒(méi)有設(shè)置共核課程，學(xué)生往往缺乏有效參與到一體化社會(huì)中所必需的共享知識(shí)。

【答案】Oneofthedilemmasofthisdecadehasbeenwhethertoapproachmo