張良衛(wèi)國際海上運輸第二章-PPT幻燈片

MaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructure(vessels,channelsandports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean)TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散貨Break-bulkcargo雜貨Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Containerizedcargo集裝箱貨Bulkcargo(散貨）

Bulkcargoiscommodity

cargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuchascoal,grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulkcargo(generalcargo)goodsthatispackedindividually,andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins,destinationsandclients.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Uniformlypackagedgoods,suchasautomobilesandlogs,whichstoreassolidlyasbulk,butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo.Containerizedcargo

GenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever,therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending…

Containerforbulkcargo

Cargo,TradeandShipCharacteristicsCargoTypeTradeCharacteristicsVesselSizeGeneralCargoBreak-bulkVariedsmallconsignments,Numerousconsignees,Slowhandlingrates,Variousroutes,NumerousportsSmallUnitized(containers)Moreuniformcargo,Rapidhandling,ManyportsSmalltomediumDryBulkOres/coal/cemetLargeconsignments,Longhauls,Moderatehandlingrates,Specializedterminals,FewportsMediumtoverylargeLiquidCrudeoilVerylargeconsignments,Longhauls,Fewroutes,Specializedterminals,FewportsVerylargetoultralargeOilproductsSmallshipments,Numerousconsignees,ManyportsSmalltomediumMaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(byfunction)Containervessels集裝箱船p267Ro/Rovessels滾裝船Break-bulkvessels雜貨船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH(LighterAboardShip)載駁船Oiltankers油船Bulk/Orevessels散貨船Refrigeratedship冷藏船Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)Sizeofvessels--measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage--D.W.T.載重噸

D.W.T.isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation.Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits.Itcanbedividedinto2classes:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.Totalloadedtonnage=fullloaddisplacement–lightdisplacement

2)DeadWeightCargoTonnage--D.W.C.T.凈載重噸Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.

OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)DomainsofMaritimeCirculationChannellength(inkm)IntroductionofGZPortAcomprehensiveinternationalhubportinsouthChina華南地區(qū)最大的國際綜合性樞紐港Keytermshubport樞紐港throughput吞吐量lighter駁運bondedwarehousing;保稅倉庫cargoesagents貨物代理shipsagents船舶代理transshipment中轉,轉船pilotage引航tally理貨trailer集卡運輸dispatchingsystem集疏運系統(tǒng)berth泊位anchorage錨地IntroductionofGZPORTGROUPestablishedin2004asawhollystate-ownedcompanyIn1999,thewholePortachievedanannualthroughputofmorethan100milliontonsofcargoesin2015thewholeGuangzhouPortcanhandleover400milliontonsofcargoesand16millionTEUsBusinessscopeThe

business

of

Guangzhou

Port

Group

Co.,

Ltd.

includes

the

following

aspects:

handling,

lightering駁運and

storing

cargoesbonded

warehousing;保稅倉庫cargoes

agentsand

ships

agents

貨物代理和船舶代理agents

for

transshipmentand

passenger

transportation;代辦中轉、代理客運Pilotage引航,tally理貨transportation

of

waterway

cargoes

and

passengers;logistics

services;

other

port

related

business

and

etc.

WhatistallyTallyservicesprovideassurancethatthenumberorquantityofgoodstobeshippedorreceivedisthesameasthosedescribedinshippingdocuments.ThecompetitiveedgeofGZPORTGROUP1.班輪航線密集Highfrequencyoflinerservices集裝箱班輪航線覆蓋全球主要航區(qū)Providingcontainerlinerservicesovermainsailingareaoftheworld2.集疏運系統(tǒng)完善Perfectdispatchingsystem

Connectedtoalloverthecountrythroughrailways,expresswaysandshippingchannelsConnectedwiththeworldthroughBaiyunAirport3.一流的設施和管理

State-of-the-artfacilityandfirst-classmanagement64

berthsand23anchorages,eachwithhandlingcapacityofmorethan10000tonsAlltheterminalsareunderthemonitoringofleadingcomputersystem4.specializeservice

TheRO-ROservice

OneofthethreeportsinChinathatentitletotheimportoffinishedvehicles.(XinshaandNanshaterminal)

Generalandbulkcargoservice

Mainlyincludescoal,ore,steel,buildingmaterials,chemicalfertilizer,grainandcereals,wood,china,electricalappliances,etc.EnergyResourcebusiness

LeadingenergyresourcestransitportinSouthChina,withoilpipelinegoingstraightlytotheairport

watchthevedioandfindouthowaportoperatesDischarge卸貨Containerstackingarea集裝箱堆場Loadsequense裝載順序Crane起重機,吊車Lorry卡車，接駁車Straddlecarrier跨車Typesofoceantransportation

Privatefleets私營船隊Chartertransportation包船運輸-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班輪運輸-lessthanshiploadsizeshipperPrivatefleets私營船隊

Privateshipsareshipsthatareownedorleasedonalong-termbasisbythefirmmovingthegoods.Anotherelementofinterestininternationalshippingisthatofshipregistry.AlthoughashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandplyaroutebetweentheU.S.andthePersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandflytheflagofLiberiaorPanama,itiscalledflagofconvenience方便旗Theownersderivecertainbenefitsoftaxes,manning,andsomerelaxedsafetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries,ratherthanintheUnitedStates,Canada,orwherever.Charterservices(alsoknownasTramp).Inthisformofserviceamaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose,commonlybetweenaspecificportoforiginanddestination.Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum,ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoships

Linershippingservices.Involvesaregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencallingseveralportsalongafixedroute.ThistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofgeneralcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristics

TrampingLinerShipping

TransportationDemandNumberofshippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh(weight)Low(volume)UnitvalueLowHighRegularityLowHigh

TransportationSupplyContractCharterpartyFreight(billoflading)VesselsLiquidandbulkGeneralcargoFrequencyLowHigh

ImplicationsFreightLiquidandmainbulkcommoditiesMinorbulkandgeneralcargo(containerized)

ShareinMaritimeTransportTons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

基本港comparativelyfixedfreightrates費率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibilitylinerconference

DefinitionAgreementbetweentwoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerservice

onaparticulartrade

route

under

uniform

ratesandcommon

terms.Alsocalledshippingconference.

班輪運輸的貨運程序承運人攬貨,并向港口預訂泊位Cargocanvassing,berthreservation

托運人填寫托運單，租船訂艙ReservationofShippingSpace

備貨，報關Cargopreparation,customclearances裝船換單/接貨裝船Cargoreceiving,loadingandobtainingbilloflading

海上運輸作業(yè)Oceanshipping貨物的卸船CargoUnload貨物交付CargodelivertoconsigneeStep1,承運人攬貨CargocanvassingWhatisCargocanvassing(cargocollection)?How?通過自己的營業(yè)機構或代理，中介Carrierscollectcargothroughit’sownofficeoragent發(fā)布班輪船期表Linerscheduleispublishedforspaceavailabilitycheck華北東/美西周班航線(CEN)船名航次大連新港青島橫濱長灘奧克蘭大連VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXIBOHE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUOBAHE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/24遠東/美西周班航線(PSW-3)船名航次青島上海神戶名古屋東京長灘奧克蘭東京名古屋青島上海VSLVOYQINSHAKOBTOKTOKLGBOAKTOKNAGQINSHAWILLIAMSBURGBRIDGE73E/73W11/1711/1911/2211/2311/2412/0312/0612/1712/1912/2212/24BOSPORUSBRIDGE99E/99W11/2411/2611/2911/3012/0112/1012/1312/2412/2612/2912/31

Step2、托運人填寫托運聯單，租船訂艙/承運人確定航次貨運任務Theshipperauthorizehisrepresentative[usuallyClearingandforwardingagents

(C&Fagent)orforwarder)]toapplyforshippingspacefromcarrierorhisagent貨主一般委托貨運代理代為訂艙TheC&Fagentfillinshippingbills(includingBookNoting,ShippingOrder,Mate’sreceipt…10copies),presenttocarrierorhisagentandconductshippingreservation托運人委托貨運代理填制托運聯單（包括托運單B/N、裝貨單S/O、收貨單M/R等），向承運人或其代理人辦理托運Carrierorhisagentexaminetheshippingbills,issuethecopiesofB/N,S/O,M/RtoC&Fagent承運人或其代理人審核托運聯單，確定運雜費后，留下托運單，簽發(fā)相關聯單（B/N(留底），S/O,M/R（報關）給貨代Carrier(orhisagent)issueaLoadingListaccordingtoallbookingreservationanddraftastowageplan

baseontheL/L承運人或其代理根據訂艙情況進行貨物積載安排，出具裝貨清單L/L托運單（B/N，BookingNote）托運單又稱為訂艙單，是托運人根據貿易合同和信用證條款的內容填制的向承運人或其代理辦理托運貨物的書面憑證為承運人配載，通知港口倉庫接受貨物等作業(yè)提供依據托運單內容：托運人與收貨人名稱、啟運港、目的港、貨名、標記及號碼、重量、件數、尺碼、裝船日期、運費支付方式、可否轉船，分批裝運等裝貨單（S/OShippingOrder)裝貨單是接受了托運人提出裝運申請的船公司，簽發(fā)給托運人，憑以命令船長將承運的貨物裝船的單據。裝貨單既可用作裝船依據，又是貨主憑以向海關辦理出口貨物申報手續(xù)的主要單據之一，所以裝貨單又稱“關單”，對托運人而言，裝貨單是辦妥貨物托運的證明。對船公司或其代理而言，裝貨單是通知船方接受裝運該批貨物的指示文件。裝貨清單（LOADING

LIST，L/L）

裝貨清單是承運人將全船待裝貨物按目的港和貨物性質歸類，依航次、靠港順序排列編制的裝貨單匯總清單其內容包括裝貨單編號、貨名、件數、包裝形式、毛重、估計尺碼及特種貨物對裝運的要求或注意事項的說明等。裝貨清單是船上大副編制配載計劃的主要依據，又是供現場理貨人員進行理貨，港方安排駁運，進出庫場以及承運人掌握情況的業(yè)務單據。Step3、托運人備貨，報關Shipperpreparehiscargoesforexport(packaging,marking)托運人辦妥出口貨物的包裝，刷嘜(mark)ShipperoritsC&Fagentprocesscustomclearancewithrelevantdocuments,includingbillofcustomsclearance,exportcontract；CommercialInvoice;·PackingList;CertificateofOrigin；CertificateofInspection,MarineInsurancePolicy；Shippingbills,customofficerendorseonS/Oasletshipapproval托運人或貨運代理持出口貨物報關單,合同，發(fā)票，裝箱單，原產地證明，商檢證書、保險單和船運單據等證明報關,海關在S/O上蓋放行章

Theexportermakesnecessaryarrangementsfor

cargotransportationtotheport,cargocaneitherbeplaceinport’swarehouseordirectlyloadedonthevessel托運人向港口倉庫發(fā)貨(集中裝船)或直接裝船Step4、接貨，裝船，換單

Shippingagentreceivethecargoonbehalfofthecarrier裝船往往是由承運人在各裝貨港指定裝船代理人接收托運貨物，辦理交接手續(xù)C&FAgent

turninShippingOrder,Mate’sReceipttotallycompanyforTallyverification然后貨運代理人將S/O、M/R送交理貨公司，憑此理貨裝船注：Tallyservicesprovideassurancethatthenumberorquantityofgoodstobeshippedorreceivedisthesameasthosedescribedinshippingdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,letterofcredit,mate’sreceipt,orotherdocuments.Step4、接貨，裝船，換單Afterexaminationofcargo’squantityandpackagecondition,tallycompanyturninS/OandM/RtotheMateofvessel,theMatekeepshippingorderandissueendorsedM/RtotheC&FAgent理貨公司理貨后將S/O和M/R交大副，大副核對無誤，留下S/O，簽發(fā)M/R，交還托運人

TheC&FAgentsurrenderstheMate’sReceipttotheShippingCompanyforobtainingtheBillofLadingandpaythefreight貨運代理人根據M/R付運費，并憑繳費憑據換提單（B/L）Shippercollectpaymentfromthebank(orimporter)withBilloflading托運人持提單到銀行結匯收貨單（M/RMate'sReceipt)

收貨單是船舶收到貨物的收據及貨物己經裝船的憑證,由大副簽注，又稱為”大副收據”貨物裝船時，如發(fā)現外表存在缺陷，大副可拒收或要求托運人予以調換。如不愿或不能調換，大副應早收貨單上如實加以批注，以使船方免除賠償責任托運人憑經過簽注的收貨單向承運人或其代理支付運費，換取提單Commonremarksonmate’sreceipt

常見大副批注SHORTSHIPFIVECASESTHREEBALESBURST,N/RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTSTWOCARTONSOPENFLAPSFOURLOOSEPIECESUNSECURELYPACKEDONECARTONN0.23MILDEWSTAINEDMARKSINDISTINCTPERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS’RISKDAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)CARGOSWEATEDN/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTSALLTIMBERLOADEDWETSHORTSHIPFIVECASES短裝五箱THREEBALESBURST,N/RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTS3包破裂，船方對內容的滅失或短少不負責TWOCARTONSOPENFLAPS兩紙箱蓋松開FOURLOOSEPIECES四捆零散UNSECURELYPACKED包裝不固ONECARTONN0.23MILDEWSTAINED第二十三號箱有霉?jié)nMARKSINDISTINCT標志模糊PERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS’RISK易腐貨物，發(fā)貨人自負風險DAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)有蟲或鼠咬CARGOSWEATEDN/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTS貨物發(fā)汗，船方對貨物損失，短少和內容不負責ALLTIMBERLOADEDWET全部木材水濕裝船憑保函簽發(fā)清潔提單實踐中，當貨物包裝不良或存在缺陷時，托運人會出具保函，要求承運人簽發(fā)清潔提單，以便能順利結匯，在當今航運實務中被普遍采用。也因為這種保函能使承、托運人之間就簽發(fā)清潔提單與否發(fā)生爭議時迅速得到“潤滑”，從而使予盾雙方擺脫僵持的困境，避免雙方一觸即發(fā)的損失。這種保函實際上對促進經濟和航運事業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了一定的積極作用。但長期以來，對這種保函的效力問題，不僅外國法院有不同的主張和判例，我國現行的海商法也無明確的規(guī)定，法學界和航運界各執(zhí)一說，莫衷一是，至今國際間尚無統(tǒng)一的認識LetterofIndemnity保函adocumentwhichthewriterissuestoanotherpartyagreeingtoprotectthemfromliabilityfortheperformanceofcertainact.CaseAshipperoforangejuiceinbarrelsprevailed說服upontheownersoftheshiptoissueacleanbillofladingacknowledgingthereceiptoftheconsignment“inapparentgoodorderandcondition”intheknowledgethatthebarrels桶wereold,frailandleakingatthetimeofshipment.Whenthebarrelsoforangejuicearrivedattheportofdischarge,considerablelosshadbeensufferedand,becauseofthecleanbilloflading,thecarrierpaidtheclaim.Thereafter,thecarrierbroughtaclaimagainsttheshippersunderthetermsoftheletterofindemnity.Theshipper,however,soughtshelterbehindthelawandrefusedtopay,submittingthattheletterwasissued