2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)100

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

IfyoujudgetheprogressofhumanitybyHomerSimpson,ParisHilton,andGirlsGoneWildvideos,youmightconcludethatourevolutionhasstalledorevenshiftedintoreverse.Notso,scientistssay.Humansareevolvingfasterthaneverbefore,pickingupnewgenetictraitsandtalentsthatmayhelpussurviveaturbulentfuture.

Muchremodelinghasgoneonsciencethedawnofagricultureabout10millenniumsago.”P(pán)eoplewholived10000yearsagoweremuchmorelikeNeanderthalsthanwearelikethosepeople:saysJohnHawks,aprofessorofanthropologyattheUniversityofWisconsin."We’vechanged".

Hawksisamongagrowingnumberofscientistswhoareusingwhole-genomesequencing(全基因組測(cè)試)andothermodemtechnologiestozeroinonjusthowwe’vechanged.Theirresearchishelpingilluminatenotonlyhowhumansbecamewhatwearebutalsowherewemightbeheaded.Forinstance,somescientistsspeculatethatchangesinhumanmatingpatternsmaybecontributingtotheincreaseinautism.Otherstrackhowhumanshavemorphedinresponsetochangingcircumstance,includingenhancedabilitiestometabolizesugarandfightdisease.SomepeoplearegeneticallymoreresistanttotheHIVvirus,forinstance,andthattraitshouldbecomemorecommoninthefuture,asthosepeoplearemorelikelytosurviveandhavechildrenwhoareresistant.Yetforsomepeople,themakeoverisn’tbigenoughorfastenough.SomeparentshavestartedusingDNAtestingtochoosethegeneticmakeupoftheirchildren,rejectingembryoswithinheritedflawsorembracingthosewithdesiredtraits-suchasbeingtherightsex.

Untilrecently,anthropologistthoughtthathumanevolutionhadsloweddown,butlastDecember,Hawksreportedthatithadactuallyaccelerated100-foldinthepast5000to10000years.HefiguredthatoutbycomparingchunksofDNAamong269peoplefromaroundtheworld.Overtime,DNAaccumulatesrandommutations,justasthefrontofawhiteT-shirttendstoaccumulatespots.ThebiggerthechunksofDNAwithoutrandomspots,themostrecentlyithadbeenmimed.Usingthissystem,Hawksconcludedthatrecentgeneticchangesaccountforabout7percentofhumangenome.Muchoftheincrease,hesays,hasfueledbythegrowthoftheworld’spopulation,whichhasexpandedbyafactorof1000overthepast10000years.Havingmorepeopleincreasestheoddsofmutations.

Atthesametime,thehumangenomehasbeenscramblingtoadopttoarapidlychangingworld-11000yearsago,nobodyframed,nobodymilkeddomesticatedanimals,andnobodylivedinacity.Peoplewithamutationthataidedsurvivalweremorelikelytothrive,reproduce,andpassthatmutationalongtooffspringForexample,thecapacitytodigestlactose,thesugarinmilk,hasbecomecommononlyoverthepast3000years.Now,about95percentofthepeopleinnorthernGermanyhavethemutation,whichalsopoppedupindependentlyamongtheMasaiinAfricanandtheLappsinFinlandHawkssays:"thisisreallyrapidevolution."

Humanswillcontinuetochangetocopewithnewdiseases,ifhistoryisanyguideGenesthatdefendagainstinfectionsdiseasehavebeenamongthemostrapidlyevolvingpartsofthehumangenome.PeoplewhoseancestorslivedinEuropeancitiesaremorelikelytohavesomeresistancetosmallpox,whilepeopleinsub-SaharanAfricaaremorelikelytogeneticallyresistancetomalaria.Justweeksago,researchreportedthatonegeneticvariantthatonegeneticvariantthatprotectsagainstmalariaalsomakespeoplemoresusceptibletoAIDS,adiscoverythatcouldleadtotailoredtreatmentifforAIDSinAfrica.

Rightnow,ourgenesareplayingcatch-upagainstmodemscourges-likediabetes,NativeAmericansandPolynesians,whoseculturesonlyrecentlyadoptedaEuropean-styledietofdiabetes.Thetheoryisthatthe'thriftygenes"thathelpedthosegroupssurvivefamineshaven’thadtimetoadapttotheglucosespikescausedbyeatingstarchyfood."Howwemovesugarsaroundhowbumthemhavereallychangedalot,"saysGregoryWary,anevolutionarybiologistatDukeUniversity.

It’sevenpossiblethatveryrecentchangesinsocietyandtheworkplacecouldunderpintherecentriseincasesofautism.SimonBaron-Cohen,directoroftheAutismResearchCentreattheUniversityofCambridge,wasstruckbyhowmanyoftheparentsofchildrenwithautismwhohetestedwerereallygood‘‘systematizers”peoplewhounderstandtheworldaccordingtorulesorlaws.TheyalsoweremorelikelytohaveafatherwhoworkedinengineeringHewondersiftheincreaseinautismdiagnosescouldbepartlydueto‘a(chǎn)ssortativemating’thatis,peoplepickingmateslikethemselves.

Peoplewithautism(自閉癥)spectrumdisorderareoftendetailorientedandanalytical,andtodaytheymighthaveaneasiertimefindingaspousewithsimilarabilitiesthantheywouldhaveinpasteras.Baron-Cohennotesthatinthelate1950s,onlytwopercentoftheundergraduatesatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywerewomen;now,50percentare.So,he’ssettingupastudytotestwhetherassortativematingamongpeoplewithageneticpredispositionforautismcouldbefuelingthebirthofmorechildrenwithautism.

Thehumanbrain,whichhasevolvedintocognitionuniqueintheworld,islikelytochangeevenmoreinthefuture.Ournicheinnature,saysStephenPinker,anexperimentalpsychologistatHarvardUniversitywhostudiestheevolutionoflanguageandthemindisthe’’cognitiveniche".Inresearchpublishedlastyear,Waryidentifiedgenesthatcontrolglucosemetabolisminthebrainasamongthosemostrecentlyevolved.Thosechangesmayhavebeenessentialtofuelingthehumanbrain’sgrowthtoasizetwicethatofournearestcousinthechimpanzee."Ifyoumakeabigbrain,it’sanenergyhog:Warysays.’’It'slikeputtingV-8energyinatinylittlecar/'Itcouldalsohelpexplainwhychimpanzeesdon'tgetdiabetes,whitehumansdo.

【答案】霍克斯是越來(lái)越多使用全基因組測(cè)序和其他現(xiàn)代技術(shù)來(lái)關(guān)注人類(lèi)變化的科學(xué)家之一。

例如，有些人在基因上對(duì)艾滋病毒有更強(qiáng)的抵抗力，這種特性在未來(lái)應(yīng)該會(huì)變得更加普遍，因?yàn)檫@些人更有可能存活下來(lái)，并生下具有抗艾滋病毒能力的孩子。

一些父母已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用DNA測(cè)試來(lái)選擇他們孩子的基因組成，拒絕那些有遺傳缺陷的胚胎，或者接受那些有理想特征的胚胎例如恰當(dāng)?shù)男詣e的胚胎。

其祖先生活在歐洲城市的人更有可能對(duì)天花有抵抗能力，而生活在撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)的人更有可能生來(lái)就有抗瘧疾能力。

自閉癥譜系障礙患者往往注重細(xì)節(jié)，善于分析。如今，他們可能比過(guò)去的時(shí)代更容易找到具有類(lèi)似能力的配偶。

2.單選題

Becauseoftherevolt,theGeneralassumed（

）asdictatorialrole.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itwasdescribedthen

B.thatwasdescribedatthattime

C.whatwasdescribedatthattime

D.whichwasdescribedatthattime

【答案】C

【解析】what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的用法。句意：因?yàn)檫@場(chǎng)叛亂，這位上將在那段時(shí)間的所作所為被認(rèn)定為是獨(dú)裁。分析句子可知assumed為句子的謂語(yǔ)，后面的部分作賓語(yǔ)從句，而從句中what又作wasdescribed的主語(yǔ)部分，這是what的特殊用法，有雙重作用，故選C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Aman,withhismind（

）bypersonaltrivia,cannotpossiblyaccomplishanythingatanypost.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.presumed

B.preceded

C.preoccupied

D.prescribed

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意‘一個(gè)只專(zhuān)注于個(gè)人瑣事的人是無(wú)論如何也不可能完成任何事情的?！芍@里是指“只專(zhuān)注于個(gè)人瑣事的人”，A選項(xiàng)presume“假定”；B選項(xiàng)precede“領(lǐng)先，優(yōu)于”；C選項(xiàng)preoccupy“搶先占有，使…全神貫注”；D選項(xiàng)prescribe“規(guī)定，開(kāi)處方”。C選項(xiàng)的preoccupiedby...“專(zhuān)注于…”正確。

4.單選題

JanHendrikSchon’ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,anditwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaborites,Schon,32,hadco-authored90scientificpapers—oneevery16days—dealingwithnewdiscoveriesinsuperconductivity,lasers,nanotechnologyandquantumphysics.Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious.Whenoneco-workernoticedthatthesametableofdataappearedintwoseparatepapers—whichalsohappenedtoappearinthetwomostprestigiousscientificjournalsintheworld,ScienceandNature—thejigwasup.InOctober2002,aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.Hiscareerasascientistwasfinished.Scientificscandals,whichareasoldasscienceitself,tendtofollowsimilarpatternsofpresumptionandduereward.

Inrecentyears,ofcourse,thepressureonscientiststopublishinthetopjournalshasincreased,makingthejournalsmuchmorecrucialtocareersuccess.ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetters,neuroscientistshaveNeuron,andsoforth.ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournalsinparttoreachjournalists.Whydotheycare?Competitionforgrantshasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative,butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.

Scientiststendtopaymoreattentiontothebigtwothantootherjournals.Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they’remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoft-citedwillincreaseascientist's“ImpactFactor’’，ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedbypeers.Fundingagenciesusethe"ImpactFactor'*asaroughmeasureoftheinfluenceofscientiststhey’reconsideringsupporting.

1.TheachievementsofJanHendrikSchonturnedouttobe（

）.

2.TofindwhyscientificscandalslikeSchon’soccur,peoplehavebeguntoraisedoubtaboutthetwotopjournalsfor

（

）.

3.Theexpression’’thecreamofthecrop”inParagraph3likelymeans（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.surprising

B.inconceivable

C.praiseworthy

D.fraudulent

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theiracademicprestige

B.theirimportancetocareersuccess

C.theirpopularitywithscientificcircles

D.theirreviewingsystem

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.themostofall

B.thebestofall

C.therecentlyreleased

D.thewidelyspread

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘JanHendrikSchon的成就被證明是…’。在第一段中，最開(kāi)始講到Schon的成績(jī)好得令人難以置信，而后其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)他是抄襲的，然后貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)了他偽造和捏造了數(shù)據(jù)，所以他結(jié)束了其科學(xué)生涯。所以D選項(xiàng)“騙人的”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘為了找出像肖恩這樣的科學(xué)丑聞發(fā)生的原因，人們開(kāi)始懷疑兩個(gè)頂級(jí)期刊上…’。由第二段第二句“ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.他質(zhì)疑的問(wèn)題是，自然和科學(xué)是否已經(jīng)變得過(guò)于強(qiáng)大，成為科學(xué)走向公眾的仲裁者，以及這些期刊是否能夠勝任它們作為看門(mén)人的任務(wù)?！贝_定A選項(xiàng)“它們的學(xué)術(shù)聲譽(yù)”正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢(xún)問(wèn)‘第3段中的“thecreamofthecrop”可能是指’。由第三段第四句“Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.因此，記者們每周都要從這些新發(fā)表的科學(xué)論文中尋找精華。”確定B選項(xiàng)“所有中最好的”正確。

5.寫(xiě)作題

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtosummarizethemainideaofthefollowingpassageinplainlanguageinnomorethan50words.Youshouldwriteyoursummaryontheansweringsheer.

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithoutmodemmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience.Sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNightandforsciencefiction.

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon'tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringaridcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments.Buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammersonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitintotheframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammersshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

【答案】Theworldpeopleliveinhaschangedgrratly,andpeopleshouldensurethatthedirectionofchangeisright.Thus,peopleneedtohaveagoodknowledgeofbasicscience.Schoolandtelevisionscienceprogramsshouldshouldertheresponsibilityofeducatingthepublic.

6.單選題

Itshowshoweconomicandsocialand,aboveall,politicalchangeshaveplayedtheirpart,sothat,correctly（

）,thepostagestampinwhichmillionsofpeople,youngandold,findpleasure,knowledgeandevenprofit,hasalwaysbeenafaithfulmirrorofthetimes.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.interpreting

B.interpreted

C.tobeinterpreted

D.beinginterpreted

【答案】B

【解析】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的考查。分析句子意思‘它表明了經(jīng)濟(jì)的和社會(huì)的，最重要的是，政治的變革是如何發(fā)揮它們的作用的，因此，如果正確來(lái)講，成百萬(wàn)的人們，不管年輕年老，都能從郵票中找到快樂(lè)、知識(shí)甚至是利益，這一直都是最忠實(shí)反映時(shí)代的一面鏡子’可知，此處為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，且主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞interpret之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，且應(yīng)用一般時(shí)態(tài)，而不是表將來(lái)的不定式或正在進(jìn)行的beinginterpreted，B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.outofquestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofthequestion

【答案】D

【解析】短語(yǔ)辨析。A選項(xiàng)“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，沒(méi)問(wèn)題”；C選項(xiàng)“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)”；D選項(xiàng)“不可能，根本談不上”；B選項(xiàng)不是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)；根據(jù)句意‘在兩黨之間有了這樣的沖突后，和解是不可能的了’確定D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefataldiseasescannowbecuredbymodemdrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbefore,everydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofmen,womenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusmotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblyinjuredeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.

Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheel,hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman'sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindthesteeringwheel.Theyswear,theyareill-manneredandaggressive,willfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrations,disappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.

Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehavior.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistic,tobeconvenientlyforgotten.

Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodriving,thelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson'sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglaws(wheretheyexist)shouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.Governmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturers,ashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afterall,theworldisforhumanbeings,notmotor-cars.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat（

）.

2.WhichofthestatementsbelowisNOTinkeepingwiththeimplicationofthe2ndparagraph?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacounter-measureagainsttrafficaccidents?

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthesocialphenomenonis（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.trafficaccidentsaremainlycausedbymotorists

B.onlystrictertrafficlawscanpreventroadaccidents

C.thelawsofsomecountriesaboutdrivingaretoolax

D.thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledeachyear

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopleusuallycannotstayquietandpleasantwhiledriving.

B.Peopleareusuallybesidethemselveswhentheyaredriving.

C.People'shiddenabilitiesareoftenbroughtintofullplaybytheactofdriving.

D.People’sbadqualitiesandemotionscanbefullyexposedbytheactofdriving.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Makingdrivingteststandardizedandmoredifficult.

B.Raisingagelimitfordriversandretestingthemregularly.

C.Restrictingthespeedofdrivingwithinreasonablelimits.

D.Testingtheamountofalcoholindrivers’bloodfrequently.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.ironical

B.critical

C.indifferent

D.militant

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本題詢(xún)問(wèn)這篇閱讀的中心思想。A選項(xiàng)意為“交通事故主要是由摩托車(chē)引起的”；B選項(xiàng)意為“只有更嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)能夠阻止事故的發(fā)生”；C選項(xiàng)意為“一些國(guó)家關(guān)于駕駛的法規(guī)太過(guò)松弛”；D選項(xiàng)意為“每年全世界有幾千人喪生”。分析全文內(nèi)容可知，文章前幾段主要分析了造成事故的幾個(gè)原因，而最后一段得出的結(jié)論是應(yīng)該通過(guò)更嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)才能更好地制止交通事故的發(fā)生，所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。本題詢(xún)問(wèn)下列哪一項(xiàng)論述不符合第二段的內(nèi)容。A選項(xiàng)意為“人們開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)通常無(wú)法保持安靜愉快的心情”；B選項(xiàng)意為“當(dāng)人們開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)，他們通常會(huì)發(fā)狂”；C選項(xiàng)意為“通常人們隱藏的能力會(huì)通過(guò)駕駛行為充分地發(fā)揮出來(lái)”；D選項(xiàng)意為“人們的壞品質(zhì)和負(fù)面情感會(huì)通過(guò)駕駛行為完全被公開(kāi)”。根據(jù)原文“Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheel,hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman'sveryworstqualities.有人說(shuō)得對(duì)，當(dāng)一個(gè)人坐在方向盤(pán)后面，他的車(chē)就成了他個(gè)性的延伸。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，汽車(chē)常常顯露出一個(gè)人最壞的品質(zhì)?！笨芍藗?cè)隈{駛時(shí)的情緒和個(gè)人品質(zhì)會(huì)通過(guò)駕駛行為顯露出來(lái)，C選項(xiàng)正確；由原文“Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindthesteeringwheel.通常安靜而愉快的人，當(dāng)他們坐在方向盤(pán)后面時(shí)，可能會(huì)變得面目無(wú)睹。”可知本段中并沒(méi)有說(shuō)人們開(kāi)車(chē)總是無(wú)法保持安靜和愉快，A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。本題詢(xún)問(wèn)下列哪一項(xiàng)沒(méi)有被作為阻止交通事故發(fā)生的一項(xiàng)對(duì)策提及。A選項(xiàng)意為“將駕照考試更標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和增加難度”；B選項(xiàng)意為“提高駕駛員的年齡限制并定期復(fù)查”；C選項(xiàng)意為“將駕駛速度限制在合理的范圍內(nèi)”；D選項(xiàng)意為“經(jīng)常測(cè)試司機(jī)血液中的酒精量”。根據(jù)原文最后一段中提出了的如何降低摩托車(chē)事故發(fā)生的方式“駕駛測(cè)試應(yīng)當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，比現(xiàn)在要更嚴(yán)格；所有四級(jí)每三年考核一次；年輕人駕車(chē)的允許年齡應(yīng)提高到21歲；全部機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)每年都應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的安全測(cè)試”可知D選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提及符合題意。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。本題詢(xún)問(wèn)作者對(duì)于這種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的態(tài)度。A選項(xiàng)意為“諷刺的”；B選項(xiàng)意為“批判的”；C選項(xiàng)意為“漠不關(guān)心的”；D選項(xiàng)意為“富有戰(zhàn)斗性的”。文章的前三段分別給出了導(dǎo)致交通事故發(fā)生的幾個(gè)原因，作者也呼吁各國(guó)制定更為嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)來(lái)阻止事故的發(fā)生，而對(duì)于摩托車(chē)事故，作者一直持批評(píng)的態(tài)度，B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing（

）tests.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.simulated

B.imitated

C.stimulated

D.illustrated

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)simulated“模擬的，模仿的，仿造的”，simulatedtest“模擬試題”；B選項(xiàng)imitated“模仿的，仿造的（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)某物的仿造或?qū)δ橙说哪７拢?；stimulate“受刺激的”；D選項(xiàng)illustrated“有插畫(huà)的”。根據(jù)句意在參加研究所入學(xué)考試之前，很多應(yīng)試者已經(jīng)通過(guò)做很多模擬試題來(lái)使自己更熟悉考試了。A選項(xiàng)表示‘模擬試題’正確。

10.單選題

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“挑釁，蔑視”；B選項(xiàng)“文件編制，文檔”；C選項(xiàng)“維持，保養(yǎng)”；D選項(xiàng)“支配，統(tǒng)治”；根據(jù)句意‘繼古埃及人之后旋即展開(kāi)了有系統(tǒng)的天文與氣候觀察的中國(guó)人可謂是勤勉不輟的文獻(xiàn)記錄者，并且基于這一原因，中國(guó)人可聲稱(chēng)擁有人類(lèi)歷史上對(duì)自然事件最悠久連續(xù)的文獻(xiàn)記載?！_定B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

ChinaandU.S.madea（

）tradeagreement.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.unilateral

B.unanimous

C.sophisticated

D.reciprocal

【答案】D

【解析】A選項(xiàng)“單邊的，單方面的”；B選項(xiàng)“無(wú)異議的”；C選項(xiàng)“精致的，久經(jīng)世故的”；D選項(xiàng)“互惠的”；根據(jù)句意‘中國(guó)和美國(guó)達(dá)成了互惠貿(mào)易協(xié)定?！_定D選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名詞和形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)的inflexibility“不屈性，頑固”；unreasonable“不合理的，不公正的”；B選項(xiàng)的impropriety“不合適，不恰當(dāng)”；oscillatory“振動(dòng)的，動(dòng)搖的，變動(dòng)的"；C選項(xiàng)的intransigence“不妥協(xié)，強(qiáng)硬”；tolerant“忍受的，容忍的，寬容的”；D選項(xiàng)的success“成功，勝利”；authoritative“命令式的，專(zhuān)斷的，權(quán)威式的”。根據(jù)句意‘與他先前亳不讓步的談判者的聲譽(yù)相反，摩根近來(lái)采取了一種更為緩和的立場(chǎng)，所以許多他先前的批判者轉(zhuǎn)而稱(chēng)贊他’確定C選項(xiàng)正確。

13.翻譯題

DoingaPhDiscertainlynotforeverybody,andIdonotrecommenditformostpeople.However,IamreallygladIgotmyPhDratherthanjustgettingajobafterfinishingmyBachelor’s.ThenumberonereasonitthatIlearnedahellofalotdoingthePhD,andmostofthethingsIlearnedIwouldnevergetexposedtoinatypicalsoftwareengineeringjob.TheprocessofdoingaPhDtrainsyoutodoresearch,toreadresearchpapers,torunexperiments,towritepapers,togivetalks.Italsoteachesyouhowtofigureoutwhatproblemneedstobesolved.YougainaverysophisticatedtechnicalbackgrounddoingthePhD,andhavingyourworksubjecttotheintensescrutinyoftheacademicpeer-reviewprocess-nottomentionyourthesiscommittee.

IthinkofthePhDalittleliketheGrandTour,atraditioninthe16thand17thcenturieswhereyouthswouldtravelaroundEurope,gettingarichexposuretohighsocietyinFrance,ItalyandGermany,learningaboutart,architecture,language,literature,fencing,riding,ect...alloftheessentialliberalartsthatagentlemenwasexpectedtohaveexperiencewithtobeaninfluentialmemberofsociety.

ThetopPhDprogramssetanincrediblyhighbar:alotofcoursework,teachingexperience,qualifyingexams,athesisdefenseandofcoursemakingagroundbreakingresearchcontributioninyourarea.Havingtogothroughthisprocessgiveyouatremendousamountoftechnicalbreadthanddepth.

SomeimportantstuffIlearneddoingaPhDisasfollows.

Howtowritepapersandgivetalks.Beingfluentintechnicalcommunicationsisareallyimportantskillforengineers.I'venoticedabiggapbetweenthesoftwareengineersI’veworkedwithwhohavePhDsandthosewhodon’tinthisregard.PhD-trainedfolkstendtogiveclearwell-organizedtalksandknowhowtowriteuptheirworkandvisualizetheresultofexperiments.Asaresult,theycanbemuchmoreinfluential.

Howtofigureoutwhatproblemtoworkon.ThisisprobablythemostimportantaspectofPhDtraining.DoingaPhDwillforceyoutocastawayfromshoreandexploretheboundaryofhumanknowledge.(MattMight’scartoononthisisagreatvisualizationofthis.)Ithinkthatatleast80%ofmakingascientificcontributionisfiguringoutwhatproblemtotackle-aproblemthatisatonceinteresting,openandgoingtohaveimpactifyousolveit.Therearelotsofopenproblemsthattheresearchcommunityisnotinterestedin.Therearemanyinterestingproblemsthathavebeensolvedoverandoverandover.There’sarealtricktopickinggoodproblemsanddevelopingatasteforitisakeyskillifyouwanttobecomeatechnicalleader.

SoIthinkit’sworthhavingaPhD,especiallyifyouwanttoworkonthehardestandmostinterestingproblems.Thisistruewhetheryouwantacareerinacademia,aresearchlabormoretraditionalengineeringrole,butasmyPhDadvisorwasfondofsaying,“doingaPhDcostsyouahouse.”(IntermofthelostsalaryduringthePhDyears)

【答案】攻讀博士學(xué)位的過(guò)程能訓(xùn)練你做研究、讀文獻(xiàn)、做實(shí)驗(yàn)、寫(xiě)論文和做演講。它還會(huì)教你如何弄清楚需要解決的問(wèn)題。

頂尖的博士計(jì)劃設(shè)置了一個(gè)極高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：大量的課程作業(yè)、教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、資格考試、論文答辯，當(dāng)然，還包括在你的領(lǐng)域做出了開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的研究貢獻(xiàn)。

接受博士訓(xùn)練的人往往能發(fā)表?xiàng)l理清晰而有組織的演講，并且知道如何詳細(xì)記錄他們的工作，并將實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可視化。因此，他們具有很大的影響力。

如何找出需要解決的問(wèn)題，這可能是博士培訓(xùn)最重要的方面。攻讀博士學(xué)位會(huì)迫使你遠(yuǎn)離當(dāng)下領(lǐng)域，探索人類(lèi)知識(shí)的邊界。

所以，我認(rèn)為，讀博是值得的，尤其是如果你想研究最難且最有興趣的問(wèn)題。無(wú)論你是想在學(xué)術(shù)界、實(shí)驗(yàn)室或者更傳統(tǒng)的工程職業(yè)中謀職，讀博都是正確的選擇。

14.單選題

Myboneshavebeenachingagain,astheyoftendoinhumidweather.Theyachelikehistory:thingslongdonewith,thatstillremainaspain.Whentheacheisbadenoughitkeepsmefromsleeping.EverynightIyearnforsleep,Istriveforit;yetitfluttersonaheadofmelikeacurtain.Therearesleepingpills,ofcourse,butthedoctorhaswarnedmeagainstthem.

Lastnight,afterwhatseemedhoursofdampturmoil,Igotupandcreptslipperlessdownthestairs,feelingmywayinthefaintstreetlightthatcamethroughthewindow.Oncesafelyarrivedatthebottom,Iwalkedintothekitchenandlookedaroundintherefrigerator.TherewasnothingmuchIwantedtoeat:theremainsofabunchofcelery,ablue-tingedheelofbread,alemongoingsoft.I'vefallenintothe