2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)15

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-湘潭大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.revolved

B.resolved

C.revived

D.revolted

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析題。根據(jù)句意‘試想一下，當(dāng)他的三個(gè)高級(jí)內(nèi)閣同僚都在周五晚上向他遞交了辭呈并進(jìn)行抗議，這對(duì)這位首相的打擊有多大?！芍@里應(yīng)選與resignedinprotest“辭職抗議”為并列關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞。A選項(xiàng)revolve“旋轉(zhuǎn)”;B選項(xiàng)resolve“解決”；C選項(xiàng)revive“使復(fù)活，使恢復(fù)”;D選項(xiàng)revolt“反叛，起義”。D選項(xiàng)的revolted與protest相對(duì)應(yīng)，D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.outofthequestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofquestion

【答案】A

【解析】介詞短語辨析題。A選項(xiàng)outofthequestion“不可能的”B選項(xiàng);withinquestion“在….的問題”；C選項(xiàng)withoutquestion“毫無疑問，確鑿無疑”，用作副詞；D選項(xiàng)outofquestion“毫無疑問”，用作副詞。根據(jù)句意‘在兩個(gè)黨派之間如此的對(duì)抗之后，任何和解都將是不可能的?！挥蠥選項(xiàng)可以用作形容詞作be的表語，正確。

3.單選題

Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.Exactly10yearsago,ahedgefundcalledLong-TermCapitalManagement(LTCM)failedtoconvinceinvestorsthatitcouldrepayitsdebts,therebybringingtheworldtothebrinkofasimilar“l(fā)iquiditycrisis”totheonewenowsee.Disasterwasavertedthenonlybecauseregulatorsmanagedtoputtogetheramulti-billion-dollarbailoutpackage.

LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.Itsfallshouldhavebeenawake-upcalltobanksandtheirregulatorysupervisorsthatthemodelswerenotworkingaswellashoped-inparticularthattheywereignoringtherisksofextremeeventsandtheconnectionsthatsendsucheventsreverberatingaroundthefinancialsystem.Instead,theycarriedonusingthem?

Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain,somefinancialriskmodelers-the"quant’s"whohavewieldedsomuchinfluenceovermodembanking-aresayingtheyknowwherethegapsintheirknowledgeareandarepromisingtofillthem.Shouldwetrustthem?

Theirtrackrecorddoesnotinspireconfidence.Statisticalmodelshaveprovedalmostuselessatpredictingthekillerrisksforindividualbanks,andworsethanuselesswhenitcomestoriskstothefinancialsystemasawhole.Themodelsencouragedbankerstothinktheywereplayingahigh-stakescardgame,whenwhattheywereactuallydoingwasmoreakintolininguparowofdominoes.

Howcouldsomanysmartpeoplehavegottenitsowrong?Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel’spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.Financeoffersenormousscopefordissembling:almostanyfailurecanbeexplainedawaybyajudiciouschoiceoflanguageanddata.Wheninvestorsdonotbehaveliketheself-interestedhomoeconomicsthateconomistssupposethemtobe,theyaredescribedasbeing"irrationallyexuberant"orblindedbypanic.Analternativeview-thatinvestorsarereactinglogicallyinthefaceofuncertainty-israrelyconsidered.Similarly,extremeeventsaredescribedashappeningonly"onceinacentury"-eventhoughthereisinsufficientdataonwhichtobasesuchanassessment.

Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.Theeventsofthepastyearhavedriventhishomeinaspectacularfashion:bysomeestimates,thebankingindustryhaslostmoremoneyinthecurrentcrisisthanithasmadeinitsentirehistory.

1.Whathappenedadecadeagointhefinancialworld（

）.

2.ThestatisticalmodelsusedbyLTCM

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemajorcauseofthecurrentfinancialcrisis?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatriskcontrolofthefinancialmarket（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wasapredictoroftoday’ssituation

B.has,asamatteroffact,repeateditself

C.resultedfrominvestors'ignoranceofpotentialdanger

D.showedthenecessityofgovernmentintervention

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.hadaninfluenceontheentirefinancialsector

B.onlydealtwithriskswithinthescopeofthefund

C.wereappliedtodifferentfinancialoperations

D.hadinherentflawsknowntotheirusers

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thedecision-makerswerenotawareoftheriskofextremeevents.

B.Designersofthemechanismstopreventfinancialdisasterswereself-absorbed.

C.Relyingonthestatisticalmodels,bankerswereboldintheirbusinessoperations.

D.Riskmanagersfailedtoseetheweaknessinthesystemintime.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.shouldbefocusedonunexpectedchanges

B.hasbeensupervisedbythosewhoareoptimistic

C.becomeseffectiveonlywithbank'scompliancewithgeneralmarketrules

D.isinadequateifitisonlydesignedforwhatmayhappeninahundredyears

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目提問‘十年前在金融界發(fā)生的事情怎樣？’根據(jù)第一段第一句“Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.全球金融體系危機(jī)最令人擔(dān)憂的事情之一是，警告信號(hào)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了一段時(shí)間，但沒有人注意到它們。”和第三段第一句“Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain現(xiàn)在災(zāi)難又來了”。確定A選項(xiàng)“是今天情況的預(yù)兆”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問‘LTCM使用的數(shù)據(jù)模型怎么了？’根據(jù)第二段中“LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.LTCM的倒閉尤其引人注目，因?yàn)樗膭?chuàng)始人非常重視使用統(tǒng)計(jì)模型來跟蹤他們投資中所固有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！笨芍麄冏⒅赜谧约旱耐顿Y中固有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以B選項(xiàng)“只處理基金范圍內(nèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問‘作者認(rèn)為導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的主要原因是什么？’根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句“Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel'spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.原因之一是，他們對(duì)模型預(yù)測(cè)能力的信心導(dǎo)致他們忽視了現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中發(fā)生的事情?！笨芍麄冞^于信賴這個(gè)模型導(dǎo)致這一后果，所以C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)橐蕾嚱y(tǒng)計(jì)模型，銀行家在他們的商業(yè)運(yùn)作中很大膽”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題目提問‘從文章中可以推斷出，金融市場(chǎng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制怎樣？’根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.定量分析師的模型可能在大多數(shù)情況下都能成功預(yù)測(cè)市場(chǎng)的走勢(shì)，但依賴模型的銀行家們卻沒有意識(shí)到，市場(chǎng)偏離常態(tài)的情況要比市場(chǎng)順應(yīng)常態(tài)的情況重要得多?！贝_定C選項(xiàng)“只有在銀行服從一般市場(chǎng)規(guī)則的情況下才有效”正確。

4.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind:itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanations.Thedifferencebetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistbymeansofhisbalanceisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking,butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthattheformer.

Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionofacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

【答案】科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維運(yùn)作的必要模式的表現(xiàn)：它只不過是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行推理并給予精確和準(zhǔn)確解釋的方式。用普通的天平稱貨物的面包師與用精密天平的化學(xué)家在操作與方法上的區(qū)別，并不是面包師的天平與化學(xué)家的天平在構(gòu)造上和工作原理上的不同，而只是后者是比前者精密得多的儀器，當(dāng)然也能得出比前者更準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。

大概，這里不會(huì)有人一整天都沒有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)。這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類型上卻是完全一樣的。

5.單選題

Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune,itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystemonaplanewildlytiltedrelativetotherestoftheplanets.ItissmallerthanNeptune'slargestmoon,andthearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor’spath.

Foryears,ithasbeenseenasoursolarsystem'soddestplanet.Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPlutounknownuntil10yearsago—andfoundaworldthatrivalsPlutoinsize.Thescientistspositthatlargerrocksmustbeoutthere,perhapsevenlargerthanPluto,meaningPlutoismorelikelythekingofthisdistantrealmofspacedetritusthanthetiniestofthenineplanets.

Whendiscoveredin1930,’’Plutoatthatpointwastheonlything(thatfar)outthere,sotherewasnothingelsetocallitbutaplanet,"saysMikeBrown,anastronomerattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyinPasadena.“Nowitjustdoesn'tfit.”Inonesense,thequestionofPluto’splanetarystatusisarcane,theprovinceofpocket-protectedscientistsandsun-deprivedpenpushersdeterminedtodecidesomeofficialdesignationforaballofdustandice3billionmilesaway.

Yetitisalsounquestionablysomethingmore.Fromsciencefairdioramastogovernmentfunding,planetsholdaspecialplaceinthepublicimagination,andhowPlutoiseventuallyseen—bykidsandCongressalike—couldshapewhatfuturegenerationslearnaboutthismysteriousoutpostontheedgeofthesolarsystem.Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.EvenbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.

Elsewhere,thesolarsystemfitintonearfamilies:therockyinnerplanets,theasteroidbelt,thehugeandgaseousouterplanets.Pluto,though,waspeculiar.WiththediscoveryoftheKuiperBelt~countlessbitsofrockandiceleftunusedwhenthewheelofthesolarsystemfirstformed—Plutosuddenlyseemedtohavecousins.Yetuntilyesterday,itheldtoitsplanetarydistinctionbecauseitwasfarlargerthananythinglocatedthere.

TherubnowisQuaoar(pronouncedKWAH-oar),1billionmilesbeyondPlutoandroughlyhalfaslarge.NamedafterthecreationforceofthetribethatoriginallyinhabitedtheLosAngelesbasin,Quaoarforecastsproblemsfortheerstwhileninthplanet,saysdiscovererDr.Brown:"ThecaseisgoingtogetalothardertodefendthedaysomebodyfindssomethinglargerthanPluto."

Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof"planet".Inshort,thereisnone.TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant’wanderer”,describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.Today,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.

NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsagobysupposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.“Inreality,however,theplanetariumwasmakingamuchbroaderstatement，’’saysNellDegrasseTyson,anastrophysicistthere.Thetextbooksofthefutureshouldfocusmoreonfamiliesoflikeobjectsthan”planets，’.ThediscoveryofQuaoarstrengthensthisidea:"Everyoneneedstorethinkthestructureofoursolarsystem,"hesays,“We'vejuststoppedcountingplanets."

Still,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.Ithasathinatmosphere,forone.Itreflectsagreatdealoflight,whilemostKuiperBeltobjectsareverydark.AndunlikeallbutahandfulofknownKuiperBeltobjects,ithasamoon.”MaybePluto,then,shouldberepresentativeofanewclassofplanets,"saysMarkSykes,anastronomerattheUniversityofArizonainTucson,nIt*sthefirstexample,andwearejustbeginningtofindthiscategory?'

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.FromwhenwasPlutoseriouslyquestionedaboutitsplanetarystatus?

3.Thesentence"Inshort,thereisnone."(Para.7)canbeparaphrasedaswhichofthefollowing?

4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTsupportthestatementthatPlutoisour”solarsystem’soddestplanet”?

5.Theword’’commotion”intheexpression"NewYork’sHaydenPlanetariumcausedacommotiontwoyearsago”(Para.8)canbereplacedby（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.RockslargerthanPlutohavebeenfoundintheKuiperBelt

B.TheKuiperBeltdidnotexistwhenPlutowasfirstdiscovered

C.TheastronomersaredividedwithregardtothestatusofPluto

D.ThereisalmostnodifferencebetweenPlutoandotherKuiperBeltobject

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Asearlyas1930.

B.Morethanadecadeago.

C.WhentheKuiperBeltwasdiscovered.

D.WhenQuaoarwasdiscovered.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ThereisnoproblemwithPluto'splanetarystatus

B.ThereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenPlutoandotherplanets.

C.Thereisyetnoscientificdefinitionoftheterm"planet*'.

D.Thereisnocleardistinctionbetweenplanetsandstars.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsorbitistoooval.

B.Itisunusuallysmall.

C.Itisfarthestfromthesun.

D.Itmainlyconsistsofdustandice.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.exchangeofopinions

B.wildimagination

C.thoroughinvestigation

D.agitatedconfusion

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)短文，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?’。A選項(xiàng)“在柯伊伯帶已發(fā)現(xiàn)比冥王星更大的巖石”和B選項(xiàng)“在冥王星被首次發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)，柯伊伯帶是不存在的”在文中沒有提及，排除；由最后一段第二句“TheynotethatPluto,infact,isdistinctfrommanyKuiperBeltobjects.他們注意到冥王星實(shí)際上不同于許多柯伊伯帶的天體?！贝_定D選項(xiàng)“冥王星與其它柯伊伯帶物體之間幾乎沒有差異”錯(cuò)誤。由第三段第二句“Inonesense,thequestionofPluto'splanetarystatusisarcane,在某種意義上，冥王星的行星地位問題是晦澀難解的”和第四段中“Thedebatehasspilttheastronomicalcommunityfordecades.十年來，這個(gè)爭(zhēng)論一直困擾著天文學(xué)界，讓天文學(xué)界分成了持不同觀點(diǎn)的派系。”確定C選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于冥王星的地位，天文學(xué)家們出現(xiàn)了分歧”正確。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘冥王星的行星地位從什么時(shí)候開始受到嚴(yán)肅的質(zhì)疑?’。

文章第一段第一句“Eversinceitsdiscovery,Plutohasneverreallyfittedin.自從發(fā)現(xiàn)它以后，冥王星事實(shí)上一直未能融入太陽系?！备鶕?jù)第二段第二句“Yesterday,however,scientistsreleasedperhapsthemostconvincingevidenceyetthatPluto,infact,isnotaplanetatall.Forthefirsttime,astronomershavepeeredintoabeltofrocksbeyondPluto…然而，昨天，科學(xué)家們發(fā)布了可能是迄今為止最令人信服的證據(jù)，證明冥王星實(shí)際上根本不是一顆行星。天文學(xué)家們第一次觀測(cè)到冥王星以外的巖石帶?！焙偷谒亩巫詈笠痪洹癊venbeforethedistantbandofrocksknownastheKuiperBeltwasfound,Pluto'sunusualbehaviormadeitsuspicious.甚至在遙遠(yuǎn)的柯伊伯帶被發(fā)現(xiàn)之前，冥王星的異常行為就已經(jīng)讓人產(chǎn)生了懷疑?！?，確定C選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)凱伯帶被發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)”符合題意，正確。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘他說:“簡(jiǎn)而言之，沒有?！?第7段)可改述為下列哪一項(xiàng)?’，所以答案在第七段。由第七段第一句“Tosome,theproblemisnotwithPluto,butthedefinitionof’’planet’.在一些人看來，這個(gè)問題（即冥王星是否是行星的問題）與冥王星無關(guān)，而是與對(duì)‘行星’的定義有關(guān)?！?、第七段第二句“TotheGreeks,whocoinedtheterm,itmeant'wanderer",describingthewaythattheplanetsmovedacrossthenightskydifferentlyfromthestarsbehindthem.對(duì)于創(chuàng)造了“漫游者”一詞的希臘人來說，它的意思是“漫游者”，描述行星在夜空中移動(dòng)的方式與它們背后的恒星不同?！奔暗谄叨巫詈笠痪洹癟oday,withourmorenuancedunderstandingoftheuniverse,thewordnolongerhasmuchscientificmeaning.今天，隨著我們對(duì)宇宙更加細(xì)致入微的理解，這個(gè)詞不再有太多的科學(xué)意義?！贝_定C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)術(shù)語‘行星’仍沒有科學(xué)定義”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)不支持冥王星是我們“太陽系中最奇怪的行星”的說法?’。由第一段第二句“AfterthepaleandglowinggiantNeptune，itislittlemorethanacosmicdustmite,sweptthroughthefarthestreachesofthesolarsystem...蒼白,發(fā)光的巨頭海王星之后,它只不過是一個(gè)宇宙塵螨，橫掃最遠(yuǎn)到達(dá)太陽系的……”確定B選項(xiàng)“它非常小”和C選項(xiàng)“它離太陽最遠(yuǎn)”與原文一致；由第一段最后一句“thearcofitsorbitissoovalthatitoccasionallycrossesitsmassiveblueneighbor'spath.它的軌道呈橢圓形，偶爾會(huì)穿過它巨大的藍(lán)色鄰居的軌道。”確定A選項(xiàng)“它的軌道是很橢圓形的”與原文一致；所以用排除法，確定D選項(xiàng)“它主要地由塵埃和冰構(gòu)成”符合題意。

5.詞匯題。題干詢問‘“紐約的海登天文館在兩年前引起了一場(chǎng)騷亂”(第8段)中的“騷動(dòng)”一詞可以被替換為…’。由第八段第一句“supposedlydemotingPluto,lumpingitwiththeKuiperBeltobjectsinitshugemobileofthesolarsystem.據(jù)推測(cè)，冥王星將被降級(jí)，并與柯伊伯帶的巨大移動(dòng)星系中的物體放在一起?！焙偷诰哦蔚谝痪洹癝till,manyareloathtopartwiththeplanetPluto.盡管如此，許多人還是不愿與冥王星分離。”確定D選項(xiàng)“公開爭(zhēng)論不休的混淆”符合語境，正確。

6.單選題

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeactInnovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower,norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBachinstrikingoriginalways.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby(

).

2.WhyisBeethovenratedamonghighlycreativeartists,fromtheauthor’spointofview?

3.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat(

).

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheserespectivepursuits

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployincollectingdatatosupporttheirtheories

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalforms

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworks

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.

D.Becausehesynthesizedatranslationbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientists

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdata

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalists

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralization

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Inthesimilarmanner,severalmodecomposerssuccessfullyestablishedmusicalconventions.

B.Similarly,thesucceedinggenerationofcomposersmanipulatedacceptedmusicalforms.

C.IncontrasttoBeethoven,however,evengreatmodemcomposerslikeBelaBartokdidnotattempttoalteracceptedmusicalconventions.

D.Musicologistsarecontinuingtostudythecompositionalstylesofcomposersinordertodeterminewhethertheircontributionshavebeeninnovative.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。本題詢問在從事藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和自然科學(xué)之間的差別。根據(jù)原文“Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.極富創(chuàng)意的藝術(shù)和極具創(chuàng)意的科學(xué)之間的差異來自于自己的目標(biāo)的差異。對(duì)于科學(xué)，新理論是創(chuàng)造性行為的目的和歸宿。”可知兩者之間的差異是在它們的目的不同，A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容"IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.有關(guān)貝多芬，人們稱他推翻了種種規(guī)則，將音樂從傳統(tǒng)的令人窒息的范圍中解放出來。然而，對(duì)他音樂作品一番細(xì)致的研究會(huì)揭示出貝多芬根本沒有推翻任何規(guī)則。實(shí)質(zhì)上，他是一個(gè)無以倫比的謀略家。善于以令人矚目的獨(dú)特方式利用各種局限從諸如海頓和莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫這些前輩那里繼承而來的各種規(guī)則、形式和傳統(tǒng)?？芍狣選項(xiàng)‘他綜合了新舊音樂形式之間的轉(zhuǎn)換’正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第一段最后一句“Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.高度創(chuàng)造的藝術(shù)活動(dòng)所創(chuàng)造的，不是一種全新的、超越既已確立之局限的普遍性原則，而是一種美學(xué)上的獨(dú)特之物。由高度創(chuàng)造性的藝術(shù)家所創(chuàng)造的美學(xué)上的獨(dú)特事物，以一種富予創(chuàng)新的方式，拓寬或利用既存形式的局限，而不是超越那種形式本身。”可知，這種科學(xué)方面的原始貢獻(xiàn)是具有創(chuàng)新性的東西，所以D選項(xiàng)“生成一種新穎的、有根據(jù)的概括”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容“ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.”“然而，對(duì)他音樂作品一番細(xì)致的研究會(huì)揭示出貝多芬根本沒有推翻任何規(guī)則。實(shí)質(zhì)上，他是一個(gè)無以倫比的謀略家。善于以令人矚目的獨(dú)特方式利用各種局限——即他從諸如海頓和莫扎特、亨德爾和巴赫這些前輩那里繼承而來的各種規(guī)則、形式和傳統(tǒng)。以及本段中的論點(diǎn)：從另一方面來說，莫扎特的《費(fèi)加羅的婚禮》無疑屬于音樂的典范之作，雖然其樸素的創(chuàng)新僅限于將既存的創(chuàng)作手法予以拓展而已?！笨芍詈笠痪涮岬搅藦倪@些前輩繼承而來的各種規(guī)則和傳統(tǒng)，因此A選項(xiàng)“通過同樣的方法，這些模板作曲家成功地建立了音樂的規(guī)則”符合題意。

7.單選題

Theearthquakeof26thDecember,2004resultedinoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinlivingmemory.Itwasa（1）underwaterquakeandoccurredintheIndianOcean.It（2）coastlines,communitiesandbroughtdeathtoomanypeople.

Whydoearthquakeshappen?

Thesurfaceoftheearthhasnotalwayslookedasitdoestoday;itismoving（3）(althoughveryslowly)andhasdonesoforbillionsofyears.Thisisone

（4）

ofearthquakes,whenonesectionoftheearth(tectonicplate)

（5）

another.Scientistscanpredictwherebutnot

（6）thismighthappenandtheareabetweenplatesiscalledafaultline.OnonefaultlineinKobe,Japanin1923over200,000peoplewerekilled.

（7）

,earthquakesdonotalwayshappenonfaultlines,

（8）iswhytheyaresodangerousand

（9）

.

Wheredovolcanoeshappen?

Volcanoeshappenwheretheearth’s

（10）

isthin:lava,dustandgases（11）frombeneaththeearth.Theycanriseintoahugeconeshapelikeamountainanderupt,

（12）theycanbesoviolent

（13）

theyjustexplodedirectlyfromtheearthwithnowarning.Thereare1,511（14）volcanoesintheworld.Thismeansthattheymay

（15）BEDANGEROUS.In1985theColombianvolcanoNevadoDelRuizerupted.Thelavameltedaglacierandsenttonesofmud

（16）thetownbelow.Twentythousandpeopledied.

Naturaldisasterslikevolcaniceruptionsarcoftenunpredictable.Weregularlydonotknowwhenthey

（17）happen,or

（18）wheretheywillhappen.Inthefuture,scientistsmaybeabletowatchandpredict

（19）beforetheyhappen.Thiscould（20）manylives.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.massive

B.significant

C.great

D.grand

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.changed

B.converted

C.destroyed

D.transformed

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.frequently

B.periodically

C.regularly

D.continuously

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.source

B.cause

C.movement

D.reason

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.collideswith

B.confrontswith

C.meetswith

D.faceswith

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.how

B.why

C.when

D.what

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.Generally

B.However

C.Similarly

D.Anyway

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.which

B.it

C.this

D.that

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.irresistible

B.inevitable

C.unaccountable

D.unpredictable

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.surface

B.appearance

C.crust

D.cover

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.burstout

B.flowedout

C.leakedout

D.trickledout

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.or

C.nor

D.but

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.like

B.for

C.as

D.that

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.living

B.alive

C.active

D.live

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.relatively

B.still

C.hardly

D.gradually

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.beyond

B.on

C.across

D.down

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.might

B.should

C.must

D.areto

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.though

B.whether

C.even

D.else

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.accidents

B.incidents

C.occasions

D.events

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.rescue

B.save

C.preserve

D.shelter

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:C

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:D

第10題:C

第11題:A

第12題:B

第13題:D

第14題:C

第15題:B

第16題:D

第17題:A

第18題:C

第19題:D

第20題:B

【解析】（1）形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)massive“大而重的，巨大的”；B選項(xiàng)significant“重要的，暗示的，有含義的”；C選項(xiàng)great“大的，巨大的，非常的，很多的”；D選項(xiàng)grand“壯觀的，神氣活現(xiàn)的，顯赫的”，根據(jù)句意可知這里是指“嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難”，A選項(xiàng)正確。

（2）動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)change“改變”；B選項(xiàng)convert“改變（某事物）的形式或用途”；C選項(xiàng)destroy“摧毀，毀壞”；D選項(xiàng)transform“完全改變某物外觀或特性”，本句句意為‘地震毀壞了海岸線、社區(qū)，給太多人帶來了死亡’。根據(jù)句意可知這里強(qiáng)調(diào)“摧毀，毀壞”，C選項(xiàng)正確。

（3）副詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)frequently“頻繁地，屢次，時(shí)?！?；B選項(xiàng)periodically“周期性地，偶爾，定期地”，C選項(xiàng)regularly“有規(guī)律地，經(jīng)常地，習(xí)慣性地，定期地，整齊地,均勻地”；D選項(xiàng)continuously“連續(xù)不斷地，接連地”，句意‘地球表面一直以來都在“持續(xù)”運(yùn)動(dòng)，’D選項(xiàng)符合句意。

（4）名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)source“來源，根源”；B選項(xiàng)cause“原因，導(dǎo)致某事物發(fā)生的事物、人等”；C選項(xiàng)movement“運(yùn)動(dòng)”；D選項(xiàng)reason“理由，動(dòng)機(jī)”，根據(jù)句意“地球表面的持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)是導(dǎo)致地震的原因”，表示發(fā)生的客觀起因應(yīng)該用cause，B選項(xiàng)正確。

（5）動(dòng)詞短語詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)collidewith“（指運(yùn)動(dòng)中的物體或人）猛撞某物或互撞”；B選項(xiàng)confrontwith“使某人面對(duì)或正視令人不快、令人頭疼等的人/事物”；C選項(xiàng)meetwith“碰見（某人），相逢；D選項(xiàng)"facewith“面對(duì)或面向某人/某事物”，由常識(shí)和句意‘地震是地殼的不同板塊“碰撞”所造成的，’A選項(xiàng)正確。

（6）疑問詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)how“如何，多少，怎樣”；B選項(xiàng)why“為什么”；C選項(xiàng)when“何時(shí)，什么時(shí)候”；D選項(xiàng)what“什么”，由句意和語境‘科學(xué)家已經(jīng)能分析出地震的原因和預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，只有時(shí)間無法確認(rèn)。’C選項(xiàng)正確。

（7）副詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)generally“普遍地，一般來說”；B選項(xiàng)however“然而，不過，可是”；C選項(xiàng)similarly“同樣地，類似于”；D選項(xiàng)anyway“總之，無論如何”，此處與前一句形成轉(zhuǎn)折，說明地震不一定都發(fā)生在斷裂帶，因此地震很危險(xiǎn)且難以預(yù)測(cè)。所以填表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思的副詞，B選項(xiàng)However更符合語境。

（8）非限制性定語從句的用法。句意為“然而，地震并不總發(fā)生在斷層線上，這就是為什么它們非常危險(xiǎn)而且不可預(yù)測(cè)?！狈治鼍渥涌芍@是個(gè)為非限制性定語從句，先行詞指代前面的整句話，用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，A選項(xiàng)正確。

（9）形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)irresistible“不可抵抗的”；B選項(xiàng)inevitable“不可避免的”;C選項(xiàng)unaccountable“無法解釋的，難以說明的”；D選項(xiàng)unpredictable“無法預(yù)料的，不可預(yù)知的”，句意‘地震的不可預(yù)測(cè)大大増加它的危險(xiǎn)性’，下文中也提到了這個(gè)詞。D選項(xiàng)正確。

（10）名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)surface“表面，表層”；B選項(xiàng)appearance“外貌，外觀”；C選項(xiàng)crust“地殼，外殼”；D選項(xiàng)cover“封面，遮掩物”，句意為“火山發(fā)生在地殼很薄弱的地方”。這里earth’scrust指的是“地殼”，C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

（11）動(dòng)詞短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)burstout“爆炸，脹破，爆破”;B選項(xiàng)flowout“外流”；C選項(xiàng)leakout“（指情報(bào)）泄露，透露”;D選項(xiàng)trickleout“（使某物）成小股流動(dòng)”，句意為“巖漿、灰塵和氣體從地底下噴發(fā)出來”，A選項(xiàng)表示爆發(fā)出來，正確。

（12）連詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)and表示并列和順承關(guān)系；B選項(xiàng)or表示選擇或“否則”的意思；C選項(xiàng)nor不是；D選項(xiàng)but表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞，本句句意為“它們可以上升到像一座山一樣的一個(gè)巨大的錐形形狀并噴出，或者它們可以非常猛烈以至于毫無預(yù)警地直接在地球上爆炸”。分析句子可知，這里是描述火山噴發(fā)的兩種不同的狀態(tài)和表現(xiàn)，B選項(xiàng)正確。

（13）so...that...句型的用法。根據(jù)句意“它們可以上升到像一座山一樣的一個(gè)巨大的錐形形狀并噴出，或者它們可以非常猛烈以至于毫無預(yù)警地直接在地球上爆炸?！笨芍揪淇疾镾0+形容詞+that從句表示“如此……以至于……”，D選項(xiàng)正確。

（14）形容詞詞義和用法辨析。A選項(xiàng)living當(dāng)形容詞講意為“活的，現(xiàn)存的，活躍的，逼真的”；B選項(xiàng)alive作形容詞意為“活著的，活潑的，有生氣的”；C選項(xiàng)active意為“積極的，活躍的，主動(dòng)的，有效的”；D選項(xiàng)live作形容詞意為“活的，生動(dòng)的，實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的，精力充沛的”，句意為“現(xiàn)在世界上有1511座活火山”。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)