2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號91

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Themanagerspokehighlyofsuch（

）asloyalty,courageandtruthfulnessshownbyhisemployees.

問題1選項

A.virtues

B.features

C.properties

D.characteristics

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。virtue“美德，優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)”；feature“特征，特點”；property“特性，性能，財產(chǎn)”；characteristic“特征，特點”。句意：經(jīng)理高度贊揚了員工所體現(xiàn)的忠誠、勇敢和誠實的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。題干中的loyalty，courage和truthfulness都屬于“優(yōu)秀的品質(zhì)”，因此答案選A。

2.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

人們都有追求幸福的權(quán)利，但對幸福的理解卻因人而異。絕大多數(shù)人認為幸福來自于健康的身體、愿望的實現(xiàn)和事業(yè)有成。正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣，許多人在遇到痛苦時才意識到幸福的真正含義。

【答案】Peoplehavetherighttopursuehappiness,butdifferentpeoplehavedifferentunderstandingofhappiness.Mostpeoplebelievethathappinesscomesfromgoodhealth,wishfulfilmentandsuccessfulcareer.Asitoftenhappens,itisnotuntiltheysufferthatmanypeoplerealizethetruemeaningofhappiness.

3.單選題

Weareataseriousdisadvantagein（

）wehavenobodyproperlyqualifiedforthework

問題1選項

A.this

B.that

C.which

D.whom

【答案】B

【解析】考察固定搭配。inthat為固定搭配，意思是“由于，因為”。句意：我們現(xiàn)在處于非常不利的局面，因為我們沒有勝任這份工作的人選。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.ThemonkeysparticipatedinanOregonHealthandScienceUniversitystudy.Itshowedprimatesthatexercisedregularly~usingatreadmillfivedaysperweek—hadahigherbraincapillaryvolumeafter20weeksthanacontrolgroupthatdidnotexercise.Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.Thestudyshowedthatthemostsignificantbrainbenefitswereexperiencedbymonkeysdeemed“l(fā)eastfit”atthestartofthetrial.TheOregonresearcherssaidstudyingmonkeyseliminatesanyskewingfromthedecidedlyhumanbehaviorsofsmoking,drinkingandovereating.ThefindingswerediscussedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyforNeuroscienceinNewOrleans.

Anothernewstudyemployed39beaglestotestthebrain-enhancingeffectivenessofantioxidant-richfoods(especiallythoserichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene).UniversityofTorontoresearchersdiscoveredthatolddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtrickswiththeproperfortifiedfoodintheirdinnerbowls.“Wefoundolddogsontheantioxidantdietperformedbetteronavarietyofcognitiveteststhandogsnotonthediet,”saidP.DwightTapp,astudyco-authornowbasedattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine.”Infact,thedogseatingtheantioxidant-fortifiedfoodsperformedaswellasyoungbeagles.”Fortheuninitiated―orthoseofuswhohaveneverlivedwithanoldbeagleorothercanines—dogscanexperiencethesamememorylossandslowedcognitivefunctionthatoccurinhumans.

Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.Afollow-upstudyisongoingtodetermineiffeedingtheyoungerdogsthespecialdiethelpspreventlossofbrainfunction.

ArthurF.Kramerfigurestostickwithhumansinhisbrainresearch.KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hewasleadauthoronapioneeringstudypublishedearlierthisyearthatshowedpositivephysiologicalchangesinbrainmatterduetoregularexercise.

Thetypicalmanorwomanlosesbrainmatteraspartoftheagingprocess.Inafirst,Kramerandcolleaguesusedmagnetic-resonanceimaging(MRI)scanstoshowthatindividuals55andolderwhoexerciseregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—canpreservegray-andwhite-matterregionsofthebrain.”Thegreatthingisitdoesn'ttaketoolongtorealizethesebenefits,”Kramersaid,“Wesawsignificantcognitiveimprovementinpeople55andolderoverjustsixmonths.“Graymatterconsistsofaseriesofthintissuelayersinbraincellssuchasneuronsthatarecriticaltolearningandmemory.Whitematterisfoundinthemyelinsheathcontainingnervefibersthattransmitsignalsthroughoutthebrain.Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.Kramerandhiscolleagueshavecompletedothercutting-edgeresearchaboutthebrainandregularphysicalactivity.Onestudyslottedfor2004publicationfollowsuponthegray/white-matterstudy.Preliminaryresultsindicatethatthesamesortofbriskwalkingwillenhancetheperformancecapabilitiesofcorticalcircuitsinthebrain.

“Wearereportingonfunctionandnotjustthephysiologyofthegrayandwhitematter,’，Kramerexplained.Anotherstudytobepublishedin2004buildsonearlierfindingsthatactiveolderwomenonhormone-replacementtherapyexhibitgreatercognitiveabilitiesthanoldermenwhoareregularexercisers.Innewfindings,Kramerandcolleagueshavefoundlessactualbraintissuedeteriorationinwomen55andolderwhohavehigherlevelsofestrogenintheirbodies.Despitebeinga“formerjock,”Kramerdidn'texpectthathisresearchcareerwouldturnsodirectlytowardfitnessandphysicalactivity.Hehasbecomealeadingresearcherintheareaduringthelastdecadeand,alongwithseveralcolleagues,turnedtheUniversityofIllinoisintoarespectedcenterforresearchonhealthyaging.

“Thereisnodownsidetophysicalactivityforolderadultswhogetclearancefromtheirphysicianstostartaprogram,”hesaid,“Weknowitcanhelppreventheartdiseaseandprotectagainststrokedamage.Nowwearebuildingevidencethatregularphysicalactivityallowsyoutothinkbetter.”

1.ThestudyconductedbyOregonHealthandScienceUniversityshowedthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementaboutantioxidant-richfoodsisfalse?

3.ArthurF.Kramerisaprofessorin（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,peoplebegintoageafter（）.

5.FromProfessorKramer’sresearch,wecaninferthat（）.

問題1選項

A.monkeyscanlearnnewtasksmorerapidlyiftheyexercisedregularlythananyotheranimals

B.regularphysicalexercisecanhelptopromotethebrainfunction

C.monkeysaremorecooperativethanhumanbeing

D.monkeysaregoodatusingtreadmill

問題2選項

A.Antioxidant-richfoodsarerichinvitaminsCandEandbetacarotene.

B.Antioxidant-richfoodscanhelpthebraintoperformbetter.

C.Olddogsmightpossiblyevenlearnsomenewtricksiftheyhaveantioxidant-richfoods.

D.Antioxidant-richfoodshelpedimprovecognitiveskillsnotonlyinolddogsbutalsoinyoungdogs.

問題3選項

A.OregonHealthandScienceUniversity

B.theUniversityofToronto

C.theUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine

D.theUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign

問題4選項

A.33

B.55

C.39

D.30

問題5選項

A.gray-andwhite-matterinthebrainareimportantindecidingaperson’scognitiveability

B.whitematteriscriticaltolearningandmemory

C.peoplewhoare55andoldercanonlypreservetheirgray-andwhite-matterinthebrainbywalking

D.6weeksofexercisingregularly—walkingbrisklyfor20minutesthreetimesperweek—isenoughforkeepinghealthy

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第一段“Monkeysandbeagleswerecentraltorecentstudieslinkingregularphysicalactivityandanenhanceddiettoimprovedbrainfunction.”可知，猴子和小獵犬對最近把定期體育活動和加強飲食與改善大腦功能聯(lián)系起來的研究是極為重要的。而根據(jù)“Also,monkeysintheexercisegroupmorerapidlylearnednewtasks.”可知，鍛煉組的猴子可以更快地學會新任務(wù)。因此，可推測B項“定期體育鍛煉能幫助改善大腦功能”正確。A項“如果能定期接受鍛煉，那么猴子會比任何其它動物更快地學會新任務(wù)”；C項“猴子比人類協(xié)作性更強”；D項“猴子擅長使用跑步機”。A、C、D三項均不能由原文推斷得出，故本題正確答案為B項。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第三段“Tappandcolleaguesfoundthattheantioxidant-richdiethelpedimprovecognitiveskillsinolddogsbutnotyoungdogs.”可知，Tapp和同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，富含抗氧化劑的飲食有助于改善老狗的認知技能，但對幼狗卻沒用，因此D項“富含抗氧化劑的食物對老狗和幼狗的智力改善都有幫助”表述錯誤。根據(jù)原文第二段內(nèi)容可判斷，A項“富含抗氧化劑的食物含有豐富的維他命C、E和β-胡蘿卜素”；B項“富含抗氧化劑的食物能幫助大腦更好的運轉(zhuǎn)”及C項“如果老狗食用富含抗氧化劑的食物，它們甚至可以學得一些新的技巧”均正確。故本題正確答案為D項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第四段“KramerisaprofessorofpsychologyattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.”可知，Kramer是伊利諾伊大學厄巴納—香檳分校的一位心理學教授，故D項正確。A項“俄勒岡健康與科學大學”；B項“多倫多大學”；C項“加州大學歐文分?！?。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，人們是在30歲后開始變老。故D項“30歲”正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第五段“Aspeopleage,beginningafter30,thetwotypesofmattershrinkinapatterncloselymatchedbydecreasedcognitiveperformance,Kramersaid.”可知，隨著人在30歲后開始變老，這兩種物質(zhì)（即大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)）與認知能力的下降密切相關(guān)，故A項表述正確。由原文第五段內(nèi)容可知“（大腦中的）灰質(zhì)對學習和記憶至關(guān)重要”，故B項錯誤；原文提到有規(guī)律的鍛煉可以使大腦物質(zhì)發(fā)生積極地變化，故C項“55歲以上的人只能通過走路來保存他們大腦中的灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)”表述片面，不正確；而原文提及“55歲以上的人如果經(jīng)常進行規(guī)律的鍛煉——每周三次快走20分鐘——就可以保留大部分灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)區(qū)域，6個月后，認知能力會有顯著提高”，故D項不正確。

5.單選題

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

問題1選項

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B選項becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C選項beconvincedof表示“確信；認識到”；D選項beconfrontedwith表示“面臨，面對”。根據(jù)youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，雖然致力于工作是好的，但你不應(yīng)該讓工作占據(jù)所有的休閑時間。因此，B選項最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B。

6.單選題

Therewasonlyasmall（）inthecity'spopulationoverthelasttenyears.

問題1選項

A.intimacy

B.immortality

C.increment

D.incidence

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項intimacy表示“性關(guān)系，親密；親昵行為”；B選項immortality表示“不朽，不滅”；C選項increment表示“增量，增加，盈余”；D選項incidence表示“發(fā)生率，影響，后果”。由句意“在過去十年里，這個城市的人口只有少量”可知，只有C項最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為C項。

7.單選題

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

問題1選項

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】句意:他們嘗試著通過利用工廠排出的廢物來創(chuàng)造利潤。

考查動詞辨析。expose揭發(fā)，揭露;exhaust用完，花光，使筋疲力盡；exhibit展覽，顯示；exploit運用。故D符合句意。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Mostpeoplebenefitfrominternationaltrade,forthesamegeneralreasonsthatmostpeoplebenefitfromthedivisionoflaborwithinnationsandwithinlocalities.Byparticipatinginabroadercommunitywithinwhichindividualsandgroupssellwhattheycanproducewiththegreatest(comparative)efficiency,peoplecansecureafargreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsthaneachindividualcouldpossiblyobtainifhehadtoproduceeveryonehimself.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinstanceswhenblockingorlimitingtradecanbringadvantagestoparticulargroupsattheexpenseofthebroadersociety.Butthemorethesegroupssucceedinenforcingsuchrestrictions,thelowerthestandardoflivingandtheslowerthepaceofeconomicgrowthforthecommunityasawhole.

Aswithcommunities,sotoowithnations.Specificinterestscangainfromimportrestrictionsandeconomictheoryevenrecognizescasesinwhichatradebarriermightleaveanentirenationbetteroffalbeitattheexpenseofothernations.Inmostcircumstances,however,opentrade--bymaximizingeconomicefficiency—enhancesthewelfareandthestandardoflivingofthenationandofthewiderworld.

【答案】大多數(shù)人從國際貿(mào)易中獲益，這跟大多數(shù)人從國家內(nèi)部和地方內(nèi)部的分工中獲益的原因大致相同。通過參與一個更廣泛的社區(qū)，這個社區(qū)中個人與團體以最高的（相對）效率出售他們所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，人們獲得的商品數(shù)量與種類遠遠超過自己能生產(chǎn)的。當然，在很多情況下，組織或者限制貿(mào)易能夠給某些特定群體帶來好處，代價是整個社會的利益。但是，這些團體越是成功地執(zhí)行這些限制，整個社區(qū)的生活水平就越低，經(jīng)濟增長的速度就越慢。

社區(qū)如此，國家也是如此。特定的利益能夠從進口限制中獲得，經(jīng)濟理論甚至承認，在某些情況下，貿(mào)易壁壘可能常會使國家經(jīng)濟變得更好，盡管是以別國利益為代價。然而，在大多情況下，開放貿(mào)易——通過最大化經(jīng)濟效率——提高國家和更廣泛世界的福利和生活水平。

9.單選題

Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenthatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.

Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.

Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute（貧民）.OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?

3.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment

（

）.

5.Whydoestheauthorsay"OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire"(Lines10-11,Para.3)?

問題1選項

A.Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.

B.Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.

C.Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.

D.Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.

問題2選項

A.Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.

B.Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.

C.Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.

D.People'sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.

問題3選項

A.theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducation

B.anewleisureclasshasdeveloped

C.theyarestillsufferingfromthedepression

D.anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem

問題4選項

A.shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducation

B.shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupport

C.shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducation

D.shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment.

問題5選項

A.OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.

B.CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.

C.Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.

D.EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。原文前兩段引出公共教育存在的問題，文章的最后一段表明如何解決這個問題。所以全文的主旨應(yīng)是“如何解決公共教育資金短缺的問題”。A選項“怎樣勸說當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)提供更多資金”與第三段第一句Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities不符。C選項“如何解決日益嚴重的就業(yè)問題”和D選項“怎樣改善公共教育系統(tǒng)”過于籠統(tǒng)。因此，本題選擇B項最符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題干詢問學生人數(shù)增加的原因。根據(jù)原文第一段第三句可知，法定就業(yè)年齡提前了，并且到了法定年齡也可能找不到工作。再由第一段第五句Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment以及最后一句可以得出，法定就業(yè)年齡持續(xù)提高，而孩子們?nèi)绻麤]有就業(yè)，就得繼續(xù)讀書，所以造成了學生人數(shù)的增加，因此B項正確。A選項“企業(yè)需要受過教育的工人”、C選項“工作時間縮短的趨勢”；D選項“人們對下一代未來的擔憂”都不符合題意，可排除。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段最后一句Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer可以推測，成人教育的公共教育機構(gòu)不好可能因為是得不到足夠的稅收支持。因此，本題正確答案為D。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文最后一段可知，解決失業(yè)問題要靠聯(lián)邦政府救濟，公共教育也是如此。全國人民都感興趣的應(yīng)是實現(xiàn)良好教育。所得稅現(xiàn)在部分用于維持我們鄰居的生活，另一部分也應(yīng)該用于提高鄰居的教育，因此政府應(yīng)該從稅收中撥出資金來解決公共教育問題，故A選項正確，B選項“應(yīng)該要求當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)提供支持”錯誤。C選項“應(yīng)該提高稅收滿足公共教育的需求”，不符合原文故排除。D選項“應(yīng)該首先解決失業(yè)問題”，屬于無中生有。因此本題正確答案為A項。

5.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問為何作者會說“只有決定毀掉下一代的民族才會拒絕聯(lián)邦資金投入公共教育”。A選項“只有撥出足夠的聯(lián)邦教育經(jīng)費，下一代才能有光明的未來”表述正確；B選項“全國人民都認為支持教育的最好方式是使用聯(lián)邦資金?！痹闹皇翘岬饺駥步逃信d趣，并未說支持使用聯(lián)邦資金，更未提及這是最好的方式；C選項“全國人都應(yīng)該為了下一代的利益做出貢獻”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有；D選項“受過教育的人決心用部分聯(lián)邦資金幫助窮人”，原文沒有該項信息。因此，本題正確答案為A項。

10.單選題

Whilebeingquestionedonthecourt,themandenied（

）theoldlady’snecklace.

問題1選項

A.havingtaken

B.taking

C.tohavetaken

D.totake

【答案】A

【解析】句意:法庭傳訓他的吋候，他拒不承認拿了老太太的項鏈。

考查固定搭配。denydoingsth.否認做了某事。另外由于動作是發(fā)生在過去，因此需要用完成時態(tài)，故答案選A。

11.單選題

Arecentstudy,publishedinlastweek'sJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,offersapictureofhowriskyitistogetaliftfromateenagedriver.Indeed,a16-year-olddriverwiththreeormorepassengersisthreetimesaslikelytohaveafatalaccidentasateenagerdrivingalone.Bycontrast,theriskofdeathfordriversbetween30and59decreaseswitheachadditionalpassenger.

Theauthoralsofoundthatthedeathratesforteenagedriversincreaseddramaticallyafter10p.m.,andespeciallyaftermidnight.Withpassengersinthecar,thedriverwasevenmorelikelytodieinalate-nightaccident.

RobertFoss,ascientistattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaHighwaySafetyResearchCenter,saysthehigherdeathratesforteenagedrivershavelesstodowith"reallystupidbehavior"thanwithjustalackofdrivingexperience."Thebasicissue"hesays,"isthatadultswhoareresponsibleforissuinglicensesfailtorecognizehowcomplexandskilledataskdrivingis."

Bothheandtheauthorofthestudybelievethatthewaytomitigate(使緩解)theproblemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems,inwhichgettingalicenseisamultistageprocess.Agraduatedlicenserequiresthatateenagerfirstprovehimselfcapableofdrivinginthepresenceofanadult,followedbyaperiodofdrivingwithnightofpassengerrestrictions,beforegraduatingtofulldrivingprivileges.

Graduatedlicensingsystemshavereducedteenagedrivercrashes,accordingtorecentstudies.Abouthalfofthestatesnowhavesomesortofgraduatedlicensingsysteminplace,butonly10ofthosestateshaverestrictionsonpassengers.Californiaisthestrictest,withanovicedriverprohibitedfromcarryinganypassengerunder20(withoutthepresenceofanadultover25)forthefirstsixmonths.

1.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostdangerousaccordingtothepassage?

2.AccordingtoRobertFoss,thehighdeathrateofteenagedriversismainlydueto（

）.

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

4.Asuggestedmeasuretobetakentoreduceteenagers'drivingaccidentsisthat

（

）.

5.Thepresentsituationinabouthalfofthestatesisthatthegraduatedlicensingsystem（

）.

問題1選項

A.Adultsgivingalifttoteenagersonthehighwayafter10p.m.

B.Ateenagerdrivingaftermidnightwithpassengersinthecar.

C.Adultsdrivingwiththreeormoreteenagepassengerslateatnight.

D.Ateenagergettingaliftfromastrangeronthehighwayatmidnight.

問題2選項

A.theirfrequentdrivingatnight

B.theirimproperwayofdriving

C.theirlackofdrivingexperience

D.theirdrivingwithpassengers

問題3選項

A.Teenagersshouldspendmoretimelearningtodrive.

B.Drivingisaskilltoocomplicatedforteenagerstolearn.

C.Restrictionsshouldbeimposedonteenagersapplyingtotakedrivinglessons.

D.Thelicensingauthoritiesarepartlyresponsibleforteenagers'drivingaccidents.

問題4選項

A.drivinginthepresenceofanadultshouldbemadearule

B.theyshouldbeprohibitedfromtakingonpassengers

C.theyshouldnotbeallowedtodriveafter10p.m.

D.thelicensingsystemshouldbeimproved

問題5選項

A.isunderdiscussion

B.isabouttobesetup

C.hasbeenputintoeffect

D.hasbeenperfected

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干要求判斷四個選項中哪種情況最危險。根據(jù)原文前兩段可知，青少年駕車載著超過3名乘客出行發(fā)生致命事故的概率是那些獨自開車青少年的3倍，而青少年司機的死亡率在晚上10點，特別是午夜之后急劇上升。因此，B選項正確。A選項“成年人在晚上10點鐘后搭載青少年”與C選項“成年人在晚上很晚時搭載3名以上青少年乘客”均不正確。D選項“青少年在午夜搭陌生人的車”在原文沒有提及，可排除。

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問RobertFoss認為青少年死亡率高的原因。根據(jù)題干定位至原文第三段第一句可知，青少年司機的死亡率高與其真正愚蠢的行為關(guān)系不大，而是因為他們?nèi)狈︸{駛經(jīng)驗，故本題正確答案為C。A選項“頻繁在晚上駕駛”：B選項“他們不恰當?shù)鸟{駛方式”；D選項“他們載乘客駕駛”均與原文不符，故排除。

3.細節(jié)事實題。A選項“青少年應(yīng)該花更多的時間學習駕駛”在原文并未提及，可排除；B選項“駕駛對青少年來說太復(fù)雜了所以學不會”，屬于無中生有，可排除；C選項“青少年申請參加駕駛課程應(yīng)當有一些限制”由第三段內(nèi)容不能得出，可排除。根據(jù)原文第三段最后一句可知，根本問題是，負責發(fā)放駕照的成年人沒有意識到駕駛是一項多么復(fù)雜和需要熟練度的任務(wù)。也就是說駕照發(fā)行機構(gòu)應(yīng)該對此事負有一定的責任。因此，只有D項與原文內(nèi)容相符，故本題正確答案為D選項。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段thewaytomitigatetheproblemistohavestatesinstituteso-calledgraduatedlicensingsystems可知，緩解青少年駕駛事故的方法是建立所謂的駕照分級許可制度，因此D選項“改善駕照許可制度”正確。A選項為“規(guī)定青少年要在成人陪同下駕駛”；B選項為“應(yīng)該不準他們載客”：C選項為“應(yīng)該禁止他們晚上10點后開車”。A、B、C三項均不符合題意，因此本題正確答案為D項。

5.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至原文最后一段第二句Abouthalfofthestatesnowhavesomesoilofgraduatedlicensingsysteminplace,butonly10ofthosestateshaverestrictionsonpassengers可知，美國現(xiàn)在大約有一半的州已經(jīng)有了分級許可制度，但只有10個州對乘客有限制。說明這種制度已經(jīng)建立了，只是還不夠完善。A選項“在討論中”、B選項“即將建立”和C選項“已經(jīng)被實施”都不符合，因此本題正確答案為C項。

12.單選題

Thepuzzleofleft-handednessseemstobeamodestgrowthareaincurrentresearch.Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms,althoughitisnotclearwhethertheoverproductionofhormonecausesthedefensedefect,orissimplyonesymptomofageneralimbalance.Couldthisexplainwhy13percentofmalechildren,butonly10percentoffemales,areleft-handed?

Today,veryroughly10percentofthepopulationisleft-handed.Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory.Fromwrittenrecords,andevenpainting,researcherscangetaguidetotheincidenceofleft-handednessamongourrecentancestors

Lookingfurtherback,someexpertsclaimtobeabletotellfromtheshapingofflint(打火石)toolswhetherourStoneAgeforebearswereleft-orright-handedwhilethehabitofcavepaintersofleavinghandprints(as“signatures”)onwallsatleasttellsuswhichhandanindividualusedformarkingwalls.Theevidencesuggeststhat10percentofthepopulationwasleft-handed.

Thisisacommonevolutionarypatternwheretherearevariationsthateachprovidessomeadvantagefortheindividualthatcarriesthem,butnotanoverwhelmingadvantage,sothatallthevariationsexistsomewhereinthepopulation.

Abalanceisstruckinwhichtheproportionsofthepopulationinwhicheachversionisexpressedstayroughlythesameformgenerationtogeneration-asinthecaseofbloodgroups,forexample.Theremustbesomeadvantage,inDarwinianterms,inbeingaleft-handeramongapopulationofpredominantlyright-handedpeople.Butthisisverydifferentfromthepatternseeninmostanimals.

Ournearrelatives,thechimpanzees,alsoshowindividualpreferenceforonehandortheother,buthalfthechimppopulationisleft-handed.Evenratsshowthesamesplit-50percentleft-pawedand50percentright-pawed.Manmaynotquitebeuniqueamongmammals;therehavebeenclaimsthatpolarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfewexperimentshavebeendonewithpolarbearsunderlaboratoryconditions.Butbycomparisonwithourcousinapes,itlooksasifresearchintoleft-handednessinpeoplemaybeaskingthewrongquestion.

Therealpuzzleisnotwhy10percentofpeopleareleft-handed,butwhy90percentareright-handed.Whathashappenedtothehumanspecies,inevolutionaryterms,totiltthebalanceawayfromleft-handersinfavorofright-handers?Whyismantheright-handedape?Nobodyhasasatisfactoryanswer.Butitisoneofthecuriositiesofscientificresearchthatstudiesofsomethingseeminglysomundaneasleft-handednessinpeoplecouldactuallyshednewlightonhumanevolution.

1.Thearticlesuggeststhatleft-handednessmightbedueto（）

2.Itappearsfromthearticlethat（）

3.Whatdowelearnaboutpolarbears?

4.Whatadvantageisshowninbeingaleft-hander?

5.Fromthepassage,wecanguesstheword“mundane”inthelastparagraphmeans（）.

問題1選項

A.ashortageofmalehormone

B.veryweakdefensemechanisms

C.anexcessofmalehormone

D.therebeingmoremalethanfemalechildren

問題2選項

A.thereweremoreleft-handedpeopleinancienttimes

B.thepercentageofleft-handershasn'tchanged

C.therewerefewerleft-handedpeopleinancienttime

D.thenumberofleft-handershasn'treallychanged

問題3選項

A.Itisimpossibletodolaboratoryexperimentswiththem.

B.Therearemoreright-handedthanleft-handedones.

C.Theyareprobablynotallleft-handed.

D.Therearemoreleft-handedthanright-handedones.

問題4選項

A.Noclearadvantageisshown.

B.Youalwaysbelongto,thesamebloodgroup.

C.Youbelongtoanimportantminority.

D.Youarefreetomakeachoice.

問題5選項

A.strange

B.ordinary

C.confusing

D.interesting

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由原文第一段“Oneofthelatestproposalslinksleft-handednessbothwithanoverproductionofthemalehormoneandwithdeficienciesinthebody’sautomaticdefensemechanisms...”可知，最新一項研究表明左撇子可能與雄激素產(chǎn)生過剩以及人體自動防御機制缺陷有關(guān)，故A選項錯誤，C選項正確。原文指的是自動防御機制缺陷而非薄弱，故B項錯誤。D項內(nèi)容與題目無關(guān)。因此，本題選擇C選項最符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。本題詢問古今左撇子人數(shù)變化趨勢。根據(jù)原文第二段第二句“Theoddthingisthatthispercentageseemstohaveremainedconstantthroughouthistory,andindeedthroughouthumanprehistory”可知，雖然隨著人類發(fā)展，人口數(shù)目發(fā)生了變化，但是左撇子所占的比例幾乎維持不變。因此，本題正確答案為B項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問北極熊的相關(guān)情況。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段“polarbearsaremorelikelytobeleft-handedthanright,althoughunderstandablyfewexperimentshavebeendonewithpolarbearsunderlaboratoryconditions”可知，雖然難以在實驗室中對北極熊做實驗，但是左撇子的北極熊更多，故B項錯誤，D選項正確。原文只是說針對北極熊進行的實驗室實驗比較少，但并不是說不可能，故A項與原文不符。在提及北極熊前，原文提到哺乳動物不止人類有左撇子和右撇子之分，則說明北極熊肯定也會有這樣的區(qū)別，故C選項“它們可能不都是左撇子”錯誤。因此，本題正確答案為D。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問左撇子有何優(yōu)勢。由原文第五段可知，用達爾文的話說，在以右撇子為主的人群中，左撇子肯定有一些優(yōu)勢。但這些優(yōu)勢是什么，文中并沒有提及，故A項正確，B、C、D均未在原文出現(xiàn)。因此本題正確答案為A選項。

5.詞義推斷題。將“mundane”定位到原文最后一句。根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可推斷左撇子的研究雖說表面上看起來不足為奇，但是卻可能會對人類進化帶來新的啟示。故B項“ordinary”更符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為B選項。

13.單選題

Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.

Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthatthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker'shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshave