2023年職稱英語考試理工類

2023年職稱英語考試理工類〔B級〕真題及答案來源：2023-02-09大中小上海口譯考試漢譯英必備2023英語專四過關攻略職稱英語歷年真題及答案職稱英語固定搭配與短語6月英語四級寫作指導職稱英語概括大意匯總2023年全國職稱英語等級考試真題及答案理工類〔B級〕

第1局部：詞匯選項〔第1～15題，每題1分，共15分〕下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有橫線，請為每處劃線局部確定1個意義最為接近的選項。1Wouldyoupleasecallmyhusbandassoonaspossible？AvisitBphoneCconsultDinvite2Wehadalongconversationaboutherparents.AspeechBquestionCtalkDdebate3Thechairmanproposedthatwestopthemeeting.AstatedBannouncedCdemandedDsuggested4Obviouslythesepeoplecanbereliedoninacrisis.AlivedonBdependedonCbelievedinDjoinedin5ThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathletebreaksarecord.AbeatsBmaintainsCmatchesDtries6Allthepupilsseemtobeverycheerful.AhappyBhealthyCnaughtyDbusy7Thetraditionalpaintingsareexhibitedonthesecondfloor.AlaidBdisplayedCkeptDstored8Shestoodthere，shakingwithfury.AmiseryBlaughterCangerDcry9MaryevidentlyisthemostdiligentstudentamongusAintelligentBbeautifulCtalkativeDhardworking10PersistentattemptstointerviewGarbowerefruitless.AForcefulBReasonableCContinuousDFirm11Whycan'tyoustopyoureternalcomplaining？AeverlastingBlongCtemporaryDboring12Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.AshakenBdamagedCfallenDjumped13Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.AfaithfulBroyalCgenuineDsincere14Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics.AattractionBsimplicityCpowerDrigor15Tenyearsaftertheevent，herdeathstillremainsapuzzleAmistBfogCmysteryDsecret第2局部：閱讀判斷〔第16～22題，每題1分，共7分〕下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內容對每個句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C.RadiocarbonDatingNowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon〔放射性碳〕，orcarbon-14，dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened.Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarbon，calledcarbon-12，hassixprotons〔中子〕andsixneutrons〔質子〕initsnucleus.Carbon-14，orC-14，isaradioactive，unstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons〔原子核〕。Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay〔衰減〕。Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus.InLibby'sradiocarbondatingtechnique，theweakradioactiveemissions〔放射〕fromhisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.hedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated.Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth'satmospherewhennitrogen〔氮〕-14，orN-14，interactswithcosmicrays〔宇宙射線〕。ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformed，themountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.Consequently，C-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50，000years.AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules〔分子〕thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues〔組織〕。Onceanorganism〔有機體〕diesittopstakingincarboninanyform，andtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreases，andtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsgoesdown.Intermsofradiocarbondating，thefewerC-14atomsinasample，theolderthatsampleis.16Nowadaysmanyscientistsdependonradiocarbonfordatingage-oldobjectsARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Theradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsoldARightBWrongCNotmentioned18AnatomofordinarycarbonhassixprotonsandeightneutronsARightBWrongCNotmentioned19RadarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbonARightBWrongCNotmentioned20Radiocarbonisreliableindatinganobjectbacktoatleast50，000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned21TheC-14inanorganismbeginstodecaywhenitdiesARightBWrongCNotmentioned22Thehalf-lifeofC-14isabout25，000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3局部：概括大意與完成句子〔第23～30題，每題1分，共8分〕下面的短文后有2項測試任務：〔1〕第23～26題要求從所給的6個選項中為第1～4段每段1選擇個最正確標題；〔2〕第27～30題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定1個最正確選項。Chimpanzees1Chimpanzees〔黑猩猩〕willsoonbeextinct〔滅絕〕。Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat〔棲息地〕destructioncontinues，thenwithin20years，therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy〔悲劇〕。Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications〔含意〕forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings.2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes〔基因組〕matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouse，usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests，whichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infact，chimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgenetically，chimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority〔優(yōu)先〕。Butthereisanother，moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp.3Thechimpanzees'trumpcard〔王牌〕comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians〔獸醫(yī)〕oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticular，chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.4Forexample，chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIV，thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Indeed，theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing〔找到〕theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans，scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.This，theyhope，willallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration〔改變〕ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.23Paragraph124Paragraph225Paragraph326Paragraph4AReasonsforHIVresistanceBImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumansCEffectiveAIDStreatmentDGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumansEChimps'resistancetoHIVFGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting30ThediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfultoAsomehumandiseasetreatmentsBsomediseasesChumansurvivalDhumangenomesEkeyareasFhealthierlifestyle第4局部：閱讀理解〔第31～45題，每題3分，共45分〕下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內容，為每題確定1個最正確選項。第一篇WaterThesecondmostimportantconstituent〔構成成份〕ofthebiosphere〔生物圈〕isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures，sincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃。Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaplanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange.Theearth'ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccurately，butitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceans-about97percent.Therestisfresh，butthree-quartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains，andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfractionalwhichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewhole，thereis10-20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatiny，butextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheatmosphere.Watervaporintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation〔循環(huán)〕ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated〔蒸發(fā)〕fromthesurfaceoftheoceans，fromlakesandriversandfrommoist〔潮濕的〕earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnow，fallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereis，asmightbeexpected，amoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanovertheland，butthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceans，andthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers.31LiquidwateronlyexistsAinthecenteroftheearth.Bonthesurfaceofourplanet.Cinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures.Dinthecoastalareasoftheearth.32ThetotalquantityofwateronEarthAremainsalmostunchanged.Bhasgreatlyincreasedinrecentyears.Cisdecreasingconstantly.Disaffectedbyglobalwarming.33MostofthefreshwateronEarthAisstoredunderground.BisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains.Cisfoundinriversandlakes.Dcomesfromtherain.34Theword“fraction〞inthesecondparagraphmeansAaverysmallamount.Balargearea.Canimportantsystem.Damajorsourceofinformation35ThereismoreofrainfallAoverthemountainsthanovertherivers.BovertheriversthanoverthemountainsCovertheoceansthanovertheland.Doverthelandthanovertheoceans.第二篇Mind-readingMachineAteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning〔掃描〕what'shappeningintheirbrains.Whenyoulookatsomething，youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons〔神經(jīng)元〕areresponsibleforthisprocessing.ThefMRI〔functionalMagneticResonanceImaging〕〔功能性磁振造影〕brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody，activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons，andthemoreactiveaneuronis，themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain，themoreactiveitsneurons，andinturn，themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI，scientistscanvisualize〔使…顯現(xiàn)〕whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andtherefore，whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks，looksatsomething，orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimages，fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects，likepeople，animals，andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers'brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers'brainstolightuponthescan，indicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee.Inasecondtest，thescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebefore，theirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.Thistime，thescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexample，ifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttest，theirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples.36Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes？AThemagneticsysteminthebrain.BThecentralpartoftheheart.COxygen-richblood.DNeuronsinthebrain.37ThefunctionofanfMRImachineisAtoshowhowneutronstakeinoxygen-richblood.Btomeasurehowdensethebloodisinthebrain.Ctorecordhowmuchoxygenthebrainconsumes.Dtoidentifywhichpartsofthebrainareprocessinginformation38Theexpression“highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork'inparagraph5meansAgivinglighttothepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Bmarkingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Cputtingthepartsofthebraintowork.Dpreventingthepartsofthebrainfromworking.39TheresearchersexperimentedonAanimalsandobjects.BfMRImachines.Ctwovolunteers.Dthousandsofpictures.40Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethetitleofthepassage？ARecentDevelopmentinScienceandTechnology.BYourThoughtsCanBeScanned.CATechnologicalDream.DAnIntelligentRobot.第三篇YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes，saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.Tocoax〔勸誘〕youngpeoplefromtheirhomes，theInstitutestarteda“YouthEmancipation〔解放〕“programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs.Economistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious〔不穩(wěn)定的〕labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince2000.Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem，saysociologists〔社會學家〕。FamilytiesinsouthEurope-Italy，PortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEurope，saidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport“TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth：KeyforUnderstanding〞?！癐ngeneral，youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized，〞saidMinguez.InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside，itisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofaunts，uncles，cousins，niecesandnephews〔外侄/侄子〕alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules.“Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist，〞saidJoseAntonioG6mezYanez，asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores〔家務〕worsenstheproblem.DionisioMasso，a60-year-oldinMadrid，hasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest，28，hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood.“Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim；intheend，heliveswell，〞Massosaid.41The“YouthEmancipation〞programaimsathelpingyoungpeopleAfightforfreedom.Bliveinanindependentway.Cfightagainstsocialinjustice.Dgetridoffamilyresponsibilities.42Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthaninAFinland.BGreece.CSpain.DItaly.43Youngpeople'sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTAparents'tolerance.Bhousingproblems.Cculturaltraditions.Dunwillingnesstogetmarried.44WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDionisioMasso？ASheis60yearsold.BShehasaboyfriend.CShehasthreechildren.DShelivesinMadrid.45Thephrase“waryof〞inparagraph8couldbebestreplacedbyAtiredof.Bafraidof.Ccautiousabout.Dworriedabout.第5局部：補全短文〔第46～50題，每題2分，共10分〕下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根據(jù)短文內容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。ReducePackagingPressureincreasedrecentlyonBritishsupermarketsandretailerstoreducepackagingaspartofananti-wastecampaign.〔46〕Britaingenerates4.6milliontonsofhouseholdwasteeveryyearbypackaging.Dozensofpeoplehaveexpressedangerattheexcessofplasticwrapping.CampaignershavecalledonBritaintolearnfromotherEuropeancountries.〔47〕Whenreturnedbottlesareputinavendingmachine〔自動售貨機〕，thedepositisrefunded.EnvironmentalistswarnthatBritainlagsbehindinthis.Therewerereportsofgrowinguneaseamongconsumersovertheamountofpackagingtheyhavetodealwith.Tradestandardsofficersalsoobjecttoexcessivepackaging.〔48〕InresponsetoacampaignbyBritain'sTheIndependentnewspaper，leadingsupermarketshavepointedtovariousinitiativestowinthepublicconfidence.〔49〕Butcampaignerssaidretailersandthegovernmentcouldlearnmuchfromanti-wastepracticesontheContinent.InSweden，non-recyclablebatterieshavebeentaxedsince1991toencourageaswitchtoalternatives.〔50〕InGermany，plasticbagsareunheardofinsupermarketsanddepositsarepaidforreusableplasticandglassbeveragebottles.AInBelgium，whenyoubuysomethinginaplasticorglasscontainer，youmakeadeposit.BThisisbecausetoomuchpaddingcangivebuyersafalseimpressionofwhattheyarebuying.CThishasresultedina74percentreductioninsales.DTescosaiditwassaving112，000tonsofcardboardayearbyswitchingtoreusableplasticcrates〔裝貨箱〕fortransportingitsfreshproduce.EThecampaignwasinitiatedbyTheIndependentnewspaper.FIfaproductisover-packaged，don'tbuyit.第6局部：完形填空〔第51～55題，每題1分，共15分〕下面的短文有15處空白，請根據(jù)短文內容為每處空白確定一個最正確選項。TakingaNapduringtheDayMedicalexpertssaymostAmericansdonotgetenoughsleep.TheysaymoreAmericansneedto〔51〕forashortperiodinthemiddleoftheday.Theyareadvisingpeopletosleeplightly〔52〕continuingwithotheractivities.Onestudyearlierthisyearfoundthatpersonswhosleepforafewminutesduringthedaywerelesslikelytodieof〔53〕disease.Thestudyfollowedmorethan2，300Greek