托福排除列舉題

Paragraphs：Thesamethinghappenstothisday,thoughonasmallerscale,whereverasediment-ladenriverorstreamemergesfromamountainvalleyontorelativelyflatland,droppingitsloadasthecurrentslows:thewaterusuallyspreadsoutfanwise,depositingthesedimentintheformofasmooth,fan-shapedslope.Sedimentsarealsodroppedwhereariverslowsonenteringalakeorthesea,thedepositedsedimentsareonalakefloorortheseaflooratfirst,butwillbelocatedinlandatsomefuturedate,whenthesealevelfallsorthelandrises;suchbedsaresometimesthousandsofmetersthick.6.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph3asplacesthatsediment-ladenriverscandeposittheirsedimentsEXCEPToAmountainvalleyoFlatlandoAlakeflooroTheseafloorParagraph5:Inadditiontoexploringthepossibleantecedentsoftheater,scholarshavealsotheorizedaboutthemotivesthatledpeopletodeveloptheater.Whydidtheaterdevelop,andwhywasitvaluedafteritceasedtofulfillthefunctionofritual?Mostanswersfallbackonthetheoriesaboutthehumanmindandbasichumanneeds.One,setforthbyAristotleinthefourthcenturyB.C.,seeshumansasnaturallyimitative一astakingpleasureinimitatingpersons,things,andactionsandinseeingsuchimitations.Another,advancedinthetwentiethcentury,suggeststhathumanshaveagiftforfantasy,throughwhichtheyseektoreshaperealityintomoresatisfyingformsthanthoseencounteredindailylife.Thus,fantasyorfiction(ofwhichdramaisoneform)permitspeopletoobjectifytheiranxietiesandfears,confrontthem,andfulfilltheirhopesinfictionifnotfact.Thetheater,then,isonetoolwherebypeopledefineandunderstandtheirworldorescapefromunpleasantrealities.Alloffollowingarementionedinparagraph5aspossiblereasonsthatledsocietiestodeveloptheaterEXCEPT:oTheaterallowspeopletofacethattheyareafraidof.oTheatergivesanopportunitytoimagineabetterreality.oTheaterisawaytoenjoyimitatingotherpeople.oTheaterprovidespeopletheopportunitytobetterunderstandthehumanmindParagraph4:Thisunprecedenteddevelopmentofafinitegroundwaterresourcewithanalmostnegligiblenaturalrechargerate—thatis,virtuallynonaturalwatersourcetoreplenishthewatersupply—hascausedwatertablesintheregiontofalldrastically.Inthe19305s,wellsencounteredplentifulwateratadepthofabout15meters;currently,theymustbedugtodepthsof45to60metersormore.Inplaces,thewatertableisdecliningatarateofameterayear,necessitatingtheperiodicdeepeningofwellsandtheuseofever-more-powerfulpumps.Itisestimatedthatatcurrentwithdrawalrates,muchoftheaquiferwillrundrywithin40years.ThesituationismostcriticalinTexas,wheretheclimateisdriest,thegreatestamountofwaterisbeingpumped,andtheaquifercontainstheleastwater.ItisprojectedthattheremainingOgallalawaterwill,bytheyear2030,supportonly35to40percentoftheirrigatedacreageinTexasthatissupportedin1980.8.Accordingtoparagraph4,alloffollowingareconsequencesoftheheavyuseoftheOgallalaaquiferforirrigationEXCEPT:oTherechargerateoftheaquiferisdecreasing.oWatertablesintheregionarebecomingincreasinglylower.oWellsnowhavetobedugtomuchgreaterdepthsthanbefore.oIncreasinglypowerfulpumpsareneededtodrawwaterfromtheaquifer.P121Paragraph1:Plantcommunitiesassemblethemselvesflexibly,andtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.Ecologistsusetheterm“succession”torefertothechangesthathappeninplantcommunitiesandecosystemsovertime.Thefirstcommunityinasuccessioniscalledapioneercommunity,whilethelong-livedcommunityattheendofsuccessioniscalledaclimaxcommunity.Pioneerandsuccessionalplantcommunitiesaresaidtochangeoverperiodsfrom1to500years.Thesechanges—inplantnumbersandthemixofspecies—arecumulative.Climaxcommunitiesthemselveschangebutoverperiodsoftimegreaterthanabout500years.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofclimaxcommunities?oTheyoccurattheendofasuccession.oTheylastlongerthananyothertypeofcommunity.oThenumbersofplantsinthemandthemixofspeciesdonotchange.oTheyremainstableforatleast500yearsatatime.P127Paragraph7:Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.8.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributingtothelongevityofanoaktreeEXCEPToThecapacitytocreateshadeoLeavescontainingtanninoTheabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfireoThelargenumberofacornsthetreeproducesParagraph5：Thecausesofthispopulationreboundareconsequencesofotherhumanactions.First,themajorpredatorsofdeer---wolves,cougar,andlynx--havebeengreatlyreducedinnumbers.Second,conservationhasbeeninsuredbylimitingtimesforandtypesofhunting.Butthemostprofoundreasonfortherestorationofhighpopulationnumbershasbeenthegateoftheforests.Greattractsoflowlandcountrydeforestedbylogging,fire,orbothhavebecomeidealfeedinggroundsofdeer.Inadditiontofindinganincreaseofsuitablebrowse,likehuckleberryandvinemaple,ArthurEinarsen,longtimegamebiologistinthePacificNorthwest,foundqualityofbrowseintheopenareastobesubstantiallymorenutritive.Theproteincontentofshade-grownvegetation,forexample,wasmuchlowerthanthatforplantsgrowninclearings.12.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph5asafactorthathasincreaseddeerpopulations?oAreductioninthenumberofpredatorsoRestrictionsonhuntingoTheeffectsofloggingandfireoLawsthatprotectedfeedinggroundsofdeerP158Paragraph4：TheparticularsymbolicsignificanceofthecavepaintingsinsouthwesternFranceismoreexplicitlyrevealed,perhaps,bytheresultsofastudyconductedbyresearchersPatriciaRiceandAnnPaterson.Thedatatheypresentsuggestthattheanimalsportrayedinthecavepaintingsweremostlytheonesthatthepainterspreferredformeatandformaterialssuchashides.Forexample,wildcattle(bovines)andhorsesareportrayedmoreoftenthanwewouldexpectbychance,probablybecausetheywerelargerandheavier(meatier)thanotheranimalsintheenvironment.Inaddition,thepaintingsmostlyportrayanimalsthatthepaintersmayhavefearedthemostbecauseoftheirsize,speed,naturalweaponssuchastusksandhorns,andtheunpredictabilityoftheirbehavior.Thatis,mammoths,bovines,andhorsesareportrayedmoreoftenthandeerandreindeer.Thus,thepaintingsareconsistentwiththeideathattheartisrelatedtotheimportanceofhuntingintheeconomyofUpperPaleolithicpeople.Consistentwiththisidea,accordingtotheinvestigators,isthefactthattheartoftheculturalperiodthatfollowedtheUpperPaleolithicalsoseemstoreflecthowpeoplegottheirfood.Butinthatperiod,whengettingfoodnolongerdependedonhuntinglargegameanimals(becausetheywerebecomingextinct),theartceasedtofocusonportrayalsofanimals.Accordingtoparagraph4,scholarsbelievethatwildcattle,horses,andmammothsaretheanimalsmostfrequentlyportrayedincavepaintingsforallofthefollowingreasonsEXPECT:oTheseanimalsweredifficulttohuntbecausetheirunpredictablebehavior.oPeoplepreferredtheseanimalsfortheirmeatandfortheirskins.oThepaintersadmiredthebeautyoftheselargeanimals.oPeoplefearedtheseanimalsbecauseoftheirsizeandspeed.P165Paragraph5：Ofcourse,thereisfarmoreoilundergroundthancanberecovered.Itmaybeinapooltoosmallortoofarfromapotentialmarkettojustifytheexpenseofdrilling.Someoilliesunderregionswheredrillingisforbidden,suchasnationalparksorotherpubliclands.Evengiventhebestextractiontechniques,onlyabout30to40percentoftheoilinagivenpoolcanbebroughttothesurface.Therestisfartoodifficulttoextractandhastoremainunderground.Accordingtoparagraph5,thedecisiontodrillforoildependsonallofthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTopermissiontoaccesstheareawhereoilhasbeenfoundotheavailabilityofsufficientquantitiesofoilinapoolothelocationofthemarketinrelationtothedrillingsiteothepoliticalsituationintheregionwheredrillingwouldoccurP17310.Paragraph4:Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Presumably,thoseenvironmentaldisasterscouldhavebeenresponsibleforthemassextinction,includingthedeathofthedinosaurs.7.Accordingtoparagraph4,allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueoftheimpactattheendoftheCretaceousperiodEXCEPT:oAlargeamountofdustblockedsunlightfromEarth.oEarthbecamecoldanddarkforseveralmonths.oNewelementswereformedinEarth'scrust.oLargequantitiesofnitricacidwereproduced.P18011.Paragraph1:ThegreaterPacificregion,traditionallycalledOceania,consistsofthreeculturalareas:Melanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesia.Melanesia,inthesouthwestPacific,containsthelargeislandsofNewGuinea,theSolomons,Vanuatu,andNewCaledonia.Micronesia,theareanorthofMelanesia,consistsprimarilyofsmallscatteredislands.PolynesiaisthecentralPacificareainthegreattriangledefinedbyHawaii,EasterIsland,andNewZealand.BeforethearrivalofEuropeans,theislandsinthetwolargestculturalareas,PolynesiaandMicronesia,togethercontainedapopulationestimatedat700,000.1.AccordingtoParagraph1,allofthefollowingaretruestatementsaboutMelanesia,Micronesia,andPolynesiaEXCEPToCollectively,theseregionsaretraditionallyknownasOceania.oTheseislandsofMicronesiaaresmallandspreadoutoHawaii,EasterIsland,andNewZealandmarktheboundariesofPolynesia.oMelanesiaissituatedtothenorthofMicronesia.P194Paragraph3:ThebasicculturalrequirementsforthesuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsincludetheappropriateboat-building,sailing,andnavigationskillstogettotheislandsinthefirstplace,domesticatedplantsandgardeningskillssuitedtooftenmarginalconditions,andavariedinventoryoffishingimplementsandtechniques.ItisnowgenerallybelievedthattheseprerequisitesoriginatedwithpeoplesspeakingAustronesianlanguages(agroupofseveralhundredrelatedlanguages)andbegantoemergeinSoutheastAsiabyabout5000B.C.E.Thecultureofthattime,basedonarchaeologyandlinguisticreconstruction,isassumedtohavehadabroadinventoryofcultivatedplantsincludingtaro,yarns,banana,sugarcane,breadfruit,coconut,sago,andrice.Justasimportant,theculturealsopossessedthebasicfoundationforaneffectivemaritimeadaptation,includingoutriggercanoesandavarietyoffishingtechniquesthatcouldbeeffectiveforoverseasvoyaging.7.AllofthefollowingarementionedinParagraphsasrequiredforsuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsEXCEPToknowledgeofvariousAustronesianlanguagesoavarietyoffishingtechniquesonavigationalskillsoknowledgeofplantqcultivationP196Paragraph4:ContrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthepacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymaroonedafterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthisfeatwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonizationexpeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.DetailedstudiesofthewindsandcurrentsusingcomputersimulationssuggestthatdriftingcanoeswouldhavebeenamostunlikelymeansofcolonizingthePacific.Theseexpeditionswerelikelydrivenbypopulationgrowthandpoliticaldynamicsonthehomeislands,aswellasthechallengeandexcitementofexploringunknownwaters.BecauseallPolynesians,Micronesians,andmanyMelanesiansspeakAustronesianlanguagesandgrowcropsderivedfromSoutheastAsia,allthesepeoplesmostcertainlyderivedfromthatregionandnottheNewWorldorelsewhere.Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpresenceinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl's“AmericanIndiansinthePacific”theories.However,thisisoneplantoutofalonglistofSoutheastAsiandomesticates.AsPatrickKirch,anAmericananthropologist,pointsout,ratherthanbeingbroughtbyraftingSouthAmericans,sweetpotatoesmightjusthaveeasilybeenbroughtbackbyreturningPolynesiannavigatorswhocouldhavereachedthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.11.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingisNOTanexplanationforwhyagroupofpeoplemighthavewantedtocolonizethePacificislands?oAstheirnumbersincreased,theyneededadditionalterritory.oThewindsandcurrentsmadetheislandseasytoreach.oThepoliticalsituationathomemadeemigrationdesirable.oTheyfoundexplorationchallengingandexciting.P197P