主要英語國家概況chapter 10課件

Chapter10USGovernmentI.TheUSConstitutionII.TheExecutiveBranchIII.TheLegislativeBranchIV.TheJudicialBranchV.PoliticalPartiesAmericanConstitution

TheConstitutionof1787-theoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworldTheUSConstitutionTwoCharacteristicsFederalismSeparationofpowers

:checksandbalancesFederalismFederalismmeansthedivisionofthepowersofgovernmentbetweenthenationandthestate.EachAmericanissubjecttotwogovernments:1)thegovernmentofhisstateand2)thegovernmentoftheUnion.Thestateshavetheprimaryfunctionsofprovidinglawandorder,education,publichealthandmostofthethings,whichconcernday-to-daylife.ThefederalgovernmentatWashingtonisconcernedwithforeignaffairsandwithmattersofgeneralconcerntothestates,includingcommercebetweenthestates.TheUSConstitutionSeparationofpowers:checksandbalances

SeparationofPowersItreferstotheprinciplethatthenationalgovernmentissplitinto3branches:legislative,executiveandjudicial.Inthelegislativebranch,powerissplitfurtherinto2houses.ExecutiveBranchPresidentLegislativeBranchCongressJudicialBranchSupremeCourtchecksandbalancesSeparationofpowers:checksandbalances

ChecksandBalancesEachbranchhaspartofthepowersbutnotallthepower.Eachbranchofgovernmentcancheck,orblock,theactionsoftheother.The3branchesareinbalance.

Congressmaypassalaw,butthePresidentcanveto,orcancelit.ThenCongressmaypassthelawagain---thistimebya2/3vote---andthepresidentcannotvetoit.ButthelawmaystillbecancellediftheSupremeCourtdecidesitunconstitutional.

TheCongresscanimpeach(sack)thepresidentoraSupremeCourtjudgeChecksandBalancesExamplesPoliticalPrinciplesoftheU.S.GovernmentTheseparationofpowersFederalismRespectfortheconstitutionandtheruleoflawUSFederalGovernmentTheLegislativeBranch

ATwo-chamber(Bicameral)CongresstheSenate(UpperHouse)2/states6-yeartermstheHouseofRepresentatives(LowerHouse)determinedbypopulation2-yeartermsQualificationsSenatorsMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativeUSCapitolBuildingPowersoftheHouseandSenate

BothHouseshavethepowertointroducelegislationonanysubject.TheSenatehastheauthoritytoconfirmpresidentialappointmentsofhighofficialsaswellasratifyalltreaties.TheHousehaspoweroverrevenuebillsandbringschargesofimproperbehaviorofofficials.

TheLegislativeBranch

HowaBillBecomesaLaw

1.AmemberofCongressintroducesabill

2.Committeesreviewandvoteonthebill

Committeesaremadeupofsmallgroupsofsenatorsorrepresentatives.Thecommitteemayrejectthebilland“table”it,meaningitisneverdiscussedagain.Oritmayholdhearingstolistentofactsandopinions,makechangesinthebillandcastvotes.Ifmostcommitteemembersvoteinfavorofthebill,itissentbacktotheSenateandtheHousefordebate.

TheExecutiveBranch

ThePresidencyTheformofgovernmentintheUSisdescribedasthe“presidentialsystem”.Thepresidentisheadoftheexecutivebranch,headofthestate,andcommanderofthearmedforces.TheFirstCitizen

﹥﹥TheFirstLadyTwosuccessivefour-yearstermsQualificationsforaUSPresidentAnatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast35yearsold.CandidatesforthePresidencyarechosenbypoliticalpartiesbeforethepresidentialelectionPowersinforeignaffairsrelationswithforeignnations.Heappointsambassadorsandreceivesforeignambassadorsandotherpublicofficials.Judicialpowerstogivereprievesandpardonsinfederalcriminalcases.offerapardontoagroupofpeople,anamnestyinfluencethejudicialsystembyappointingfederaljudgesandSupremeCourtjusticesPresidentialPowersTheExecutiveDepartmentsThePresidentTheCabinetTheVice-president13departmentsdepartmentsofState,Treasury,Defense,Justice,Interior,Agriculture,Commerce,Labor,HealthandHumanResources,HousingandUrbanDevelopment,Transportation,Energy,andEducation.

TheJudicialBranch

Thestructure:theSupremeCourt,11courtsofappeals,91districtcourts,3courtsofspecialjurisdictionTheJurysystemandcommonlawTheSupremeCourttheonlyorganthathasthepowertointerprettheConstitution.aChiefJusticeand8AssociateJustices

Judges

areappointedbythePresidentandconfirmedbytheSenate.

ImpeachedbytheCongressOpening:1stMon.Oct.﹥﹥middleofJuneInterpretslawscanhearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases.

tohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheConstitutionornationallaws.

maydeclarealawunconstitutional.maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutionalTheSupremeCourtTherewillalwaysbetwo-partysystemintheUnitedStatessimplybecauseitworkswelltogettwonamesontheballotforeveryoffice.PoliticalPartiesDifferentviewsofthe2partiesOneconomicissuestheDemocratsfavorgovernmentintervention

theRepublicansstresstheroleofthemarket

Onsocialissues

theDemocratssupportastrongsocialsecuritysystemtheRepublicansopposelargegovernmentalsocialsecurityprograms.PoliticalParties

ElectingPresident

1.Primaryelection(Feb.-June)2.Themajorpartiesholdconventions

tochoosecandidatesforPresident

todeterminetheparties

platforms3.Thecampaigningstage

radio,television,newspapers,andpersonalcommunications4.Chooseaslate(list)ofpresidentialelectorswhomakeuptheElectoralCollege5.

Tuesdayfollowingthe1stMondayinNovember(Electionday)NOTPOPULARVOTEBUTELECTORALVOTESElectoralcollegemembershipintheUSElectoralCollegeTheelectorsofall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia(3electors)---atotalof538

Tobesuccessful,acandidateforPresidencymustreceiveatleast270votes.Ifnocandidatehasamajority,thedecisionshallbemadebytheHouseofRepresentatives,withallmembersfromastatevotingasaunit.Inthisevent,eachstateandtheDistrictofColumbiawouldbeallottedonevoteonly.

The“winner-take-all”systemThecandidatewiththemostvotes