第1周 文體與翻譯概述

BackCourse:StylisticsandTranslationLecturer:LiuQian劉倩E-mail:1BackCONTENTSofthiscoursepracticeStylisticsandTranslationVariousstylesandtheirtranslation2BackStylisticsandTranslationAcquiresomeknowledgeofstylisticsandtranslationaswellastherelationshipbetweenstyleandtranslation;Masterfeaturesandcharacteristicsofvariousstyles;Improvethecapabilityintranslatingvariousstyles.OBJECTIVES3BackCourseIntroductionCoursetitle:StylisticsandtranslationCoursehours:2perweek,36intotalAssessment:1.Attendance;After-classpreparationforrelatedtopicsandpractice;In-classperformanceandinvolvement2.Finalexam4BackPreparation(1)Notebook,exercisesheet,blackpenandredpen(2)homework(punctual,cleanandtidy,writingintherightplace);5Aboutthecourse6781.Whatistranslation?What

isstylistics?

2.stylisticsandtranslation

ExitToday’stasks:3.theoreticalframework9Back翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語言把另一種語言所表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來的語言活動。（張培基）Definitionof

Translation把已說出或?qū)懗龅脑挼囊馑加昧硪环N語言表達(dá)出來的活動。（季羨林、許國璋）翻譯是將一種語言文字所蘊(yùn)含的意思用另外一種語言文字表達(dá)出來的文化活動。（王克非）10BackDefinitionof

TranslationTranslationconsistsinproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Eugine.A.Nida)Translationistheexpressioninonelanguage(ortargetlanguage)ofwhathavebeenexpressedinanother(sourcelanguage)preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalence.(Dubois.J.etal)11BackF.Tytler’sthreelawsoftranslation:Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginal.Translationprinciples12Back

嚴(yán)復(fù)：信達(dá)雅

faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.傅雷：神似

spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.強(qiáng)調(diào)原作神韻再現(xiàn)。Translationprinciples13BackWhatIsStylistics?Languageisamediumofcommunicatinginformationandconveyingfeelings.Consideringdifferentcommunicativeenvironmentsandpurposes,communicatorschoosedifferentlanguagevarieties(語言“變體”）orcorrespondingmethodswhichhavedifferentlanguagefunctionssoastoachievetheirpurposes.Thesevarietiesarethe“styles”.(文體)14Stylemaybeseenasthevariouscharacteristicusesoflanguagethatapersonorgroupofpersonsmakeinvarioussocialcontexts.文體又可理解為風(fēng)格，既可指一個(gè)作家運(yùn)用語言的特色，又可指某個(gè)時(shí)代盛行的文風(fēng)；既可指某種語篇體裁的語言特征，又可指某篇作品的語言格調(diào)和表現(xiàn)風(fēng)格。狹義的文體指文學(xué)文體；廣義的文體則指包括文學(xué)文體在內(nèi)的各種語言變體。15Back英語中已經(jīng)形成的各種變體，例如因交際媒介不同而形成的口語語體和書面語體；因交際者雙方關(guān)系不同而形成的正式語體和非正式語體等;因語言的使用領(lǐng)域不同而形成的各種功能變體（新聞?wù)Z體、廣告語體、法律語體、旅游語體、科技語體等）。16BackWhatIsStylistics?Forinstance,wemayclassifythewritingsinto“EST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology),EnglishforAdvertising,EnglishforPress,EnglishforTourism,etc.Asfor“文體”,LiuXie,afamousliterarycriticinancientChina,oncementionedthat“若總其歸涂,則數(shù)窮八體:一曰典雅,二曰遠(yuǎn)奧,三曰精約,四曰顯附,五曰繁縟,六曰壯麗,七曰新奇,八曰清靡?！?7BackWhatIsStylistics?Inthemiddle1970s,manyscholarsmadetheapplicationofmodernlinguisticsandliterarystudiestotheexploringstudyofvariousstylesorvarioustypesofwritings,whichbroughtusanewdiscipline---Stylistics.(文體學(xué)）Simplydefined,STYLISTICSisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguage.18Backstylisticscoverssuchfields:

analyzingvarioushabitsoflanguageusetoensurethetypicalcharacteristicsofacertainstyle;explainingthereasonthatacertainstylehasitsowncharacteristics;classifyingthesecharacteraccordingtotheirlanguagefunctions.

19Backstylisticscoverssuchfields:

Asamatteroffact,differentwritingshavedifferentlinguisticcharacteristicsintheaspectsof

vocabulary,syntax,rhetoric,structureetc.

20BackStylisticsandTranslationAccordingtolinguistsBulerandJackbson,therearethreefunctionsoflanguage:expressivefunction(表情功能）,informativefunction（信息功能）,andvocativefunction（呼喚功能）.

21BackAnyoriginalworkhasthethreefunctions,butdifferentwritingsarecharacterizedbydifferentfunctions.Newmarksays,“Themainfunctionsoflanguageareexpressive(thesubjectiveor“I”form),thedescriptiveorinformative(the‘it’from),andthevocativeordirectiveorpersuasive(the‘you’form).22Backliterarywork:focusesontheexpressivefunctionnon-literaryworks:mainlycenteroninformativefunction.Forexample:誰跑到最后,誰笑得最好。（輪胎廣告）2.InMiami,it’snonewelty.(atourads)游了邁阿密，才知天下奇。1.Helaughsbestwhorunslongest.23BackStylisticsandTranslation眼前不遠(yuǎn),漁舟三五,凝滯不前,檣影映在水上,仿佛睡去,偶爾微見顫動,似又未嘗熟睡,恍若驚夢。3.Somefishingboatswerebecalmedjustinfrontofus.Theirshadowsslept,oralmostslept,uponthewater,agentlequiveringaloneshowingthatwasnotcompletesleeporifsleep,thatwassleepwithdream.24BackStylisticsandTranslation4.Portia:Andyoumustcutthisfleshfromoffhisbreast.Thelawallowsit,andthecourtawardsit.Shylock:Mostlearnedjudge!Asentence!Come,prepare!鮑西婭:你必須從他的胸前割下這磅肉來;法律許可你,法庭判給你。夏洛克：博學(xué)多才的法官！判得好！來，預(yù)備！25BackWhycanStylisticsbeappliedtotranslationstudy?Itliesinthatbothofthemhavethesameaim,thatis,howtofulfillsocialcommunicationwitheffectivelinguisticmethods.Theybothputemphasisonthesocialstandardofcommunicativefunction;theydon’tignorethetimelinessandindividualityofwritingstyleaswell.Intheprocessoftranslation,itisnecessaryfortranslatortodealwithhistranslationcarefullyinordertomakethetranslationaccordwiththesourcetextintheaspectofstyle.26BackStylisticsandTranslationTherearemanytypesofwritingsinbothEnglishandChinese.Englishwritingscanbeclassifiedintosuchtypes:1.EnglishforPress

2.PracticalEnglishWritings(Letters,telex,notice,contract,instruction,etc.)3.EnglishforAdvertising4.EnglishforTourism5.EST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)6.EnglishforLiteraryWorks27BackStylisticsandTranslation李龍植的《文體學(xué)與語言實(shí)踐》：“文體就是在特定的交際領(lǐng)域,通過有目的地選擇所產(chǎn)生的表現(xiàn)手段和表達(dá)方式的總體。它是在歷史上形成的，同時(shí)被整個(gè)社會所接受的完整體系。文學(xué)文體（詩歌、小說、散文、戲?。?yīng)用文體（公文、法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)、條據(jù)、啟事等）28BackStylisticsandTranslationLiteratureTranslationNovelTranslationPoetryTranslationEssayTranslationDramaTranslationProverbTranslationPracticalTranslationTourismtranslationAdvertisementtranslationEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)NewstranslationContracttranslationMenutranslation29BackTheoreticalframework:Functionalequivalence(Eugine.A.Nida)Skopostheory(Hans.J.Vermeer)30Back“Thereceptorsofthetranslatedtextcouldrespondtoitwithcomprehensionandappreciationinessentiallythesamemannerandtothesamedegreeastheoriginalreceptorsofthemessage”;“Translationshouldarousethesamefeelinginitsreceptorsasthefeelingofthereadersoftheoriginal”----Nida31Back“SkoposisaGreekwordfor‘purpose’.Accordingtoskopostheorie(thetheorythatappliesthenotionofskopostotranslation),theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthepurpose(skopos)oftheoveralltranslationalaction.”32Back目的論(skopos

theorie)是德國功能翻譯理論中的核心理論。Skopos

是希臘語，其意思是目的、意圖、目標(biāo)、功能。弗美爾（HansJ.Vermeer）在20世紀(jì)70年代把這一術(shù)語引入了翻譯理論，指翻譯的目的。翻譯的目的可分為三種：譯者的目的（如賺錢）、譯文在譯語文化中的交際目的（如傳遞信息）以及使用某種翻譯策略所要達(dá)到的目的（如直譯以顯示源語的語言結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)）。目的論中的目的主要是指譯文的交際目的。目的論認(rèn)為，翻譯行為所要達(dá)到的目的決定整個(gè)翻譯過程，即結(jié)果決定方法（參見仲偉合、鐘鈺，1999：47）。33Back弗美爾的“目的論”包括三條法則，即目的法則(skoposrule)、連貫法則(coherenceruleorintra-textualcoherence)和忠實(shí)法則(fidelityruleorinter-textualcoherence)。目的法則(skoposrule)指的是翻譯應(yīng)能在譯語環(huán)境和文化中，按譯語接受者期待的方式發(fā)生作用。連貫法則(coherenceruleorintra-textualcoherence)是指譯文具有可讀性和可接受性，達(dá)到語內(nèi)連貫，與譯語接受者的交際情境連貫一致，讓譯語接受者理解。34Back忠實(shí)法則(fidelityruleorinter-textualcoherence)是指譯文和原文的連貫性，實(shí)現(xiàn)語際連貫，相當(dāng)于其他翻譯理論所謂的忠實(shí)于原文，不過與原文忠實(shí)的程度和形式取決于翻譯的目的。這三條法則的關(guān)系是：忠實(shí)法則服從于連貫法則，而這二者都服從于目的法則。

35BackRecommendedBooks:[1]陳小慰.新編實(shí)用翻譯教程（增訂版）.北京：經(jīng)濟(jì)科學(xué)出版社，2011年.[2]劉宓