報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語)

報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語)報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語)報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語)xxx公司報(bào)刊閱讀(新聞導(dǎo)語)文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度新聞導(dǎo)語(newslead)是新聞報(bào)道開頭的第一段文字，也是新聞報(bào)道全文最重要的部分。它以最簡練的語言把新聞報(bào)道中最重要、最精彩的內(nèi)容完整地呈現(xiàn)出來，使讀者讀完導(dǎo)語之后就能獲悉新聞報(bào)道的主要內(nèi)容。新聞報(bào)道的導(dǎo)語一般具有六個(gè)要素，俗稱5個(gè)W和一個(gè)H：Who，What,Where,When,Why和How。一、新聞導(dǎo)語的分類目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)界對英語導(dǎo)語的分類還沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，所分類別也五花八門，多少不一。但是有的分類過細(xì)，有的分類過于繁瑣，各種分類之間還有重疊交叉之處，所以一般我們把英語新聞導(dǎo)語分為兩類：直接式導(dǎo)語（Directlead）和延緩式導(dǎo)語(Delayedlead)。Adirectleadtellsreadersthemostimportantaspectofthestory(thefiveWs)inadirectandstraightforwardway,andisoftenusedin“hardnews”.Adelayedleadattractsreadersbyhintingthecontentofthestory.Itisusuallyfoundinnewsfeaturesandother“softstories”thatputmoreemphasisonhumaninterestratherthantimelinessofanevent.Adelayedleadusuallysetsasceneorevokesamoodwithanincident,anecdote,orexample.直接式導(dǎo)語要求記者在導(dǎo)語中把最重要的新聞事實(shí)直截了當(dāng)、簡潔明快地告訴讀者，這種導(dǎo)語主要用于時(shí)效性極強(qiáng)的硬新聞（hardnews）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語，要求記者有高超的駕馭語言文字的能力，能夠?qū)懗隹勺x性強(qiáng)、引人入勝的報(bào)道，這種導(dǎo)語主要用于解釋性報(bào)道、新聞特寫、新聞評論等軟新聞（Softnews）報(bào)道。延緩式導(dǎo)語按照寫作方法可以分為：描述式導(dǎo)語、對比式導(dǎo)語、引語式導(dǎo)語、提問式導(dǎo)語、多成分式導(dǎo)語、直呼式導(dǎo)語、空洞式導(dǎo)語、華爾街日報(bào)式,懸念式導(dǎo)語。二、新聞導(dǎo)語的特點(diǎn)Theleadshouldbebriefyetcatchy,givingthereaderaninstantsenseofwhatthearticleisaboutandmakinghimorherwanttoreadmore.Inasoftnewsstory,however,theleadshouldpresentthesubjectofthestorybyallusion(暗示;引喻).Thistypeofopeningissomewhatliterary.Likeanovelist,theroleofthewriteristograbtheattentionofthereader.新聞導(dǎo)語是新聞的“導(dǎo)讀之語”，是整個(gè)新聞報(bào)道的核心，是新聞報(bào)道內(nèi)容的高度濃縮與概括。所以，一條好的新聞導(dǎo)語有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1.結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、信息量大。新聞導(dǎo)語是用最簡潔的語言把報(bào)道中最重要的事件概括出來，在導(dǎo)語中記者盡可能用最少的詞語，表達(dá)最多的內(nèi)容，用一兩句話說清楚導(dǎo)語的全部的或幾個(gè)基本要素。2.簡明扼要、敘述清楚。導(dǎo)語是新聞內(nèi)容的概括和濃縮。英語導(dǎo)語通常只用一句話說清楚新聞報(bào)道中的主要事實(shí)和結(jié)果。3.內(nèi)容充實(shí)、生動(dòng)形象。新聞導(dǎo)語精煉簡潔地概括了新聞主要事實(shí)，所以不能寫得空洞無物，也不能過于詳細(xì)，所以語言要詳略得當(dāng)，言之有物。4.充滿活力、引人入勝。新聞導(dǎo)語要能對讀者產(chǎn)生一種吸引力，讓讀者有一種欲罷不能的感覺。所以，好的新聞導(dǎo)語不僅具有高度的概括性和濃縮性，還要語言形象生動(dòng)，充滿活力，多用動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞。三、實(shí)例分析下面我們用實(shí)例來說明每一種導(dǎo)語。1.直接式導(dǎo)語（Directlead）直接式導(dǎo)語也稱作概括性導(dǎo)語（Summarylead），是新聞報(bào)道寫作中最常用的、最普遍的一種形式，尤其適用于“倒金字塔”結(jié)構(gòu)的硬消息。其特點(diǎn)就是在第一段寫出導(dǎo)語的六個(gè)要素，即：5個(gè)W和一個(gè)H。當(dāng)然，在導(dǎo)語中有的記者回答全部六個(gè)問題，有的只回答其中的部分問題。Forinstance:(1)IsraellaunchedamajorgroundinvasionoftheGazaStriponSaturdaynight,movingintanks,infantry(步兵)andartillery(炮兵)unitsaftereightdaysofrelentlessairattacksfailedtohaltHamasrocketfire(火箭炮)fromthenarrowcoastalterritory.在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者回答了全部的6個(gè)問題。Who：IsraelWhat:launchedamajorgroundinvasionWhen:onSaturdaynightWhere:theGazaStripWhy:tohaltHamasrocketfireHow:movingintanks,infantryandartilleryunits(2)Atleast1,000riotersclashedwiththepoliceonSundayinaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaafterdaysofrisingtensionsbetweenMuslimUyghursandHanChinese,accordingtowitnessesandphotographsoftheriot.在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者只回答了5個(gè)問題。Who：atleast1,000riotersWhat:clashedwiththepoliceWhen:onSundayWhere:inaregionalcapitalinwesternChinaWhy:risingtensionsbetweenMuslimUighursandHanChinese2．描述式導(dǎo)語(Descriptivelead)描述式導(dǎo)語指報(bào)道的第一段描寫與新聞事件有關(guān)的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，制造氣氛，烘托主題，確定基調(diào)，讓讀者身臨其境般地閱讀理解新聞報(bào)道。Forinstance:GUNSHOTS,carhornsandfirecrackersrangoutacrossthesnowystreetshereyesterdayasKosovodeclareditselfthenewestnationintheworld.在這條導(dǎo)語中，記者詳細(xì)地描述了人們鳴槍、放煙火、汽車鳴笛的喜慶氛圍，以說明人們對科索沃獨(dú)立的支持。3.對比式導(dǎo)語（Contrastlead）有時(shí)，一篇新聞報(bào)道要凸顯兩個(gè)極端的事實(shí)，過去和現(xiàn)在、大與小、好與壞、悲與喜等情形。這時(shí)就可以使用對比式導(dǎo)語，以突出新聞報(bào)道的主旨。Forinstance:Intwoelectionsthisweek,voterstossedincumbents(現(xiàn)任\在職官員)outofpower.Oneelectionmadebarelyarippleinternationally.Theotherbrokelikeatsunamiovertheentireworld.Theresponsetoeachvoteshouldteachusthedangerofpretendingthatelectionsalonecanmakedemocracyhappen.在這條導(dǎo)語中，作者對比了一周內(nèi)的兩次選舉。盡管兩次選舉都更換了現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，但是一次選舉在國際上影響甚微，而另一次選舉則在全世界掀起了“海嘯”，影響巨大。4.引語式導(dǎo)語(Quotationlead)引語式導(dǎo)語主要是引用新聞報(bào)道中人物關(guān)鍵性的、或代表性的談會話，以增強(qiáng)報(bào)道的真實(shí)性、可信性或權(quán)威性。引語式導(dǎo)語又分為兩種：“完整引語式導(dǎo)語”（fullquotationlead）和“部分引語式導(dǎo)語”（partialquotationlead）Forinstance:1.“Wedidnotthink,even1percent,thatthecapturewouldleadtoawaratthistimeandofthismagnitude.Youaskme,ifIhadknownonJuly11...thattheoperationwouldleadtosuchawar,wouldIdoitIsayno,absolutelynot.”---HasanNasrallah,2.PresidentBushtoldIraq'sprimeministerandhiscabinetTuesdaythat"we'llkeepourcommitment"nottowithdrawtroopsfromthecountryuntilthenewgovernmentiscapableofdefendingitself.例一是“完整引語式導(dǎo)語”，例二是“部分引語式導(dǎo)語”。5.提問式導(dǎo)語(QuestionLead)一般來說，記者在新聞報(bào)道中是回答問題而不是提出問題。但是記者可以通過提問題來推遲對問題的回答。這樣可以引發(fā)讀者思考，激發(fā)讀者興趣，然后用事實(shí)回答問題。Forinstance:WhokilledBenazirBhuttoDespiteformaladmissionofresponsibilitybyal-Qaeda,wemayneverknowforsure.Inonerecentconversationshetoldmethatshehad“solemnwarnings”fromadozengroupswhosawherasthemainobstacletotheirdreamoftransformingPakistanintoan“Islamicstate”,whateverthatmeans.6.多成分式導(dǎo)語(Multi-elementlead)多成分式導(dǎo)語是指一個(gè)導(dǎo)語中有多個(gè)價(jià)值相同，或重要性相同的新聞事實(shí)。接著后面的段落會提供每一個(gè)新聞事實(shí)的細(xì)節(jié)。Forinstance:InChicago,anambulancedriverrefusedtotransportapatientforanabortion.InCalifornia,fertilityspecialists(生育專家)rebuffed(斷然拒絕)agaywomanseekingartificialinsemination(人工授精).InTexas,apharmacistturnedawayarapevictimseekingthemorning-afterpill(緊急避孕藥).這條導(dǎo)語提供了三個(gè)價(jià)值相同的新聞事實(shí)。7.直呼式導(dǎo)語（Directaddresslead）直呼式導(dǎo)語也叫作“人稱式導(dǎo)語”（Personallead）是指記者以一種和讀者直接對話的方式，寫出的導(dǎo)語，這種導(dǎo)語縮短了記者和讀者之間的距離，令讀者有一種親切感。Forinstance：IfyouthoughttheDubaiportdealmarkedarecordhighinWashingtoncynicism,thinkagain.Nothingcanmatchthespectacleofpoliticiansscramblingforcover(“幌子”\“偽裝”)duringaspike(peak)ingasolineprices.Andthistimethepanderfest(拉攏人心，拉攏選民,拉票戰(zhàn))hasgoneallthewaytotheOvalOffice(美國白宮內(nèi)總統(tǒng)的辦公室).PresidentBushhasjoinedthebraying(粗聲粗氣地講話或大笑）congressionalhordesbyorderingtheEnergyandJusticedepartmentsandtheFederalTradeCommissiontolaunchaninvestigationintopossiblegasolinepricefixing.8.空洞式導(dǎo)語（Punchlead）空洞式導(dǎo)語是指泛泛介紹一種情況而不具體說明人物、事件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，即：毫無實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容的導(dǎo)語。它只起到一種“引出話題”或“鋪路”的作用。后面的第二段或第三短才提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)。這種導(dǎo)語在二次大戰(zhàn)以后曾非常流行，很多報(bào)紙上的所有報(bào)道幾乎都用空洞式導(dǎo)語。Forinstance：AseniorCIAofficial,meetingwithSenatestaffinasecureroomoftheCapitollastJune,promisedrepeatedlythattheagencydidnotviolateorseektoviolateaninternationaltreatythatbarscruel,inhumaneordegradingtreatmentofdetainees,duringinterrogationsitconductedintheMiddleEastandelsewhere.ButanotherCIAofficer--theagency'sdeputyinspectorgeneral,whoforthepreviousyearhadbeenprobingallegationsofcriminalmistreatmentbytheCIAanditscontractorsinIraqandAfghanistan--wasstartledtohearwhatsheconsideredanoutrightfalsehood,accordingtopeoplefamiliarwithheraccount.ItcameduringthediscussionoflegislationthatwouldconstraintheCIA'sinterrogations.這是一條典型的空洞式導(dǎo)語，兩段里只泛泛地介紹了兩位CIA官員，具體是誰全然不知。后面第三段才作了詳細(xì)的交代。9.華爾街日報(bào)式導(dǎo)語（WallStreetJournallead）這種導(dǎo)語的特點(diǎn)就是第一段先給出一個(gè)典型的例子，由該例子引出一個(gè)更大的，普遍性的問題或事件，接著是問題或事件所帶來的后果，最后提出解決方法。Forinstance：GregHayworth,44,madeagoodlivinginhishomestate,California,fromrealestateandmortgagefinance(按揭貸款；抵押融資).Thenthatbusinesscrashed,andearlylastyearthebankforeclosed(取消抵押品的贖回權(quán))onthehousehisfamilywasrenting,forcingtheireviction(（租地，租房等的）收回;被逐出).NowtheHayworthsandtheirthreechildrenrepresentanewfaceofhomelessnessinOrangeCounty:formerlymiddleincome,livingweektoweekinacrampedmotelroom.這條導(dǎo)語以GregHayworth一家為例說明美國次貸危機(jī)導(dǎo)致很多家庭被迫搬出沒有還清房款的房子，住進(jìn)條件極差的汽車旅館這一普遍問題。10.懸念式導(dǎo)語（Suspended–interestLead）懸念式導(dǎo)語是指記者在導(dǎo)語中給讀者提供新聞事件的一點(diǎn)驚人的或戲劇性的細(xì)節(jié)，制造懸念，以吸引讀者繼續(xù)讀下去。Forinstance:Thehistoryofrecenttrademeetings—fromSeattletoDohatoCancuntoHongKong—showsthatsomethingiswrongwiththeglobaltradingsystem.Behindthediscontent(不滿)arefactsandtheories.這條導(dǎo)語的最后一句話Behindthediscontentarefactsandtheories制造了一個(gè)很好的懸念，讀者不禁要問：什么事實(shí)什么理論Exercise:Readthefollowingnewsleadsandfindoutasmanyelementsaspossibleineachofthem.1.BEIJING(AP)----ChinasuspendedmilitaryexchangeswiththeUnitedStatesandthreatenedsanctionsagainstAmericandefensecompaniesSaturday,justhoursafterWashingtonannounced$billioninplannedarmssalestoTaiwan.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:2.URUMQI----Atleast140peoplewerekilledand828othersinjuredinriotsthateruptedinthecapitaloftheXinjiangUygurautonomousregiononSundaynight,officialssaidMonday.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How3.NEWYORK(AFP)---–OilpricespostedamodestriseMonday,trackingaWallStreetstockreboundandamidgeopoliticalconcernsaskeyproducerIrantest-firedmissilesaheadoftalksoveritsatomicprogram.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:4.NEWYORK----AtorrentialdownpoursentwatersurgingthroughNewYork'ssubwaysystemandhighwaytunnelsandacrossairportrunwaysWednesday,leavingthousandsofcommutersstrandedandonebigquestion:Howcould3inchesofrainbringthenation'slargestmasstransitsystemtoahaltWho:What:Where:When:Why:How:5.SHANGHAI----Torrentialrainsthathavecausedsomeoftheworstfloodingin50yearsandkilledscoresofpeoplecontinuedtobatterahugeswathofsouthernChinaonTuesdaynearoneofthebiggestmanufacturingzonesinthecountry.Who:What:Where:When:Why:How:6.EDINBURGH,Scotland----S