2022年廣東省中考英語真題

機(jī)密★啟用前2022年廣東省初中學(xué)業(yè)水平考試英語說明:1.全卷共10頁(yè),滿分為120分.考試用時(shí)為100分鐘。答卷前,考生務(wù)必用黑色字跡的簽字筆或鋼筆在答題卡填寫自己的準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、姓名、考場(chǎng)號(hào)、座位號(hào)。用2B鉛筆把對(duì)應(yīng)該號(hào)碼的標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。選擇題每小題選出答案后,用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目選項(xiàng)的答案信息點(diǎn)涂黑,如需改動(dòng),用橡皮擦干凈后,再選涂其他答案,答案不能答在試題上。非選擇題必須用黑色字跡鋼筆或簽字筆作答,答案必須寫在答題卡各題目指定區(qū)域內(nèi)相應(yīng)位置上;如需改動(dòng),先劃掉原來的答案,然后再寫上新的答案;不準(zhǔn)使用鉛筆和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案無效。考生務(wù)必保持答題卡的整潔。考試結(jié)時(shí),將試卷和答題卡ー并交回。ー、聽說應(yīng)用（本大題共30小題,每小題1分,共30分,分為A、B、C、D四部分,）省略二、語法選擇（本大題共10小題,每小題1分,共10分）請(qǐng)通讀下面短文,掌握其大意,根據(jù)語法和上下文連貫的要求,從每小題3個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳的答案,并將答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目所選的選項(xiàng)涂黑。WangYiyiisanexcellentBeijingOpera（京劇）artist.Shewasbomandraised_31villageinHebeiprovince.Shelovedsinginganddancing32shewasalittlegirl.Shewashermusic_33—favoritestudent.Oneday,theteachertoldher_34_atest.Ifshepassedthetest,shecouldenteraBeijingOperaschool.WangYiyipassedthetest 35 andbecameastudentofthatschool.Sheworked 36 Studentsintheschool 37 togetupat6:45a.m.topracticetheirbasic Butshegotupat6:00inthemorning.Andshe

wasalwaysthelastonetogotobed.Sometimesshewastiredthatshefeltlikecrying,shewouldfind_38_quietplaceandcriedaloud.She_39_herselfthatshestillhadalongwaytogoandthatsheshouldkeeppracticing Yearswentby.Finally, 40 hardworkpaidoff.Shegotintoa herlifeasaBeijingOperaactress.31、A.inB.forC.with32、A.ifB.whenC.because33、A.teacherB.teachersc.teacher's34、A.takeB.totakec.taking35、A.successB.successfulc.successfully36、A.hardB.harderc.thehardest3フ、A.askB.askedc.wereasked38、A.aB.anc.the39、A.tellB.tellsc.told40、A.sheB.herc.hers二、完形填空（本大題有10小題,每小題1分,共10分）通該下面短文,掌握其大意,然后在每小題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出ー個(gè)最佳答案。并將答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目所選的選項(xiàng)涂黑。AlmosteverySaturdaymorning,Mollypullsatableintoherfrontyard.Onthetableshelaysoutsome 41 inseason,suchascarrotsandtomatoes.Theyareallfromhergardenandfreeforherneighborsto_42 ."H'sjustlovely,likeyouwalkbyandgetabeautifulgiftaroundthecomer,“saidaneighbor.Mollystarteddoingthisinthesummerof2020.Earlierthatyear,afirebrokeoutinherhouse.Molly's 43 hadahardtime.t4Peopleinthecommunitycameto 44 .Theybroughtusfoodandoftencalledtomakesureweweredoingfine.Iwasdeeply 45 ,"Mollysaid.Thenthepandemic（疫情）came.Mollyandherfamilyhadmuchtimeto_46 intheirgarden.Theydecidedto_47 whattheygrewintheirgarden.

Nooneknewaboutitatfirst.But_48 ,peoplegotintothehabitofcomingaround.Theywouldstopbyandleavewithsomevegetables.Molly*syardbecamea 49 place.OnethingMollyhaslearnedfromthisexperienceisthatpeoplehavetoworktogetherwhendaysare_50 .Sheisgladthatlovehasspreadinthiscommunity.41.A.fruitsB.flowersC.leavesD.vegetables42.A.lookatB.takeawayC.giveupD.throwaway43.A.familyB.classC.officeD.team44.A.cryB.seeC.helpD.rest45.A.movedB.interestedC.tiredD.bored46.A.playB.workC.sleepD.dance47.A.eatB.sellC.shareD.cook48.A.sadlyB.slowlyC.badlyD.carefully49.A.cleanB.smallC.terribleD.popular50.A.difficultB.sunnyC.shortD.cool四.閱讀理解（本大題共I5小題,每小題2分,共30分）請(qǐng)閱讀A、B兩篇短文,從毎小題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選岀能回答所提問題或完成所給句子的最佳答案.并將答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目所選的選項(xiàng)涂黑。AImaginewakinguptofindaCupofcoffeereadyandfloorswept.Withsmartdevices（裝置）controlledbyAI.Allhouseworkcanbedonewhileyouareasleep.Nowyourkidscantrythesedevicesatthesmallhome,showinourcommunitysciencecenterfromAugust1sttoAugust14th.Hereinthecenterwehavemanyfunactivities.ChildrencanalsotryoutcleaningrobotLittleQ.Itisacuterobotwitharoundhead,twobigeyesandtwolonglegs.Ifslikeabigtoy,Yourchildrenwillloveit.OpeningHours:1:00p.m.-9:00p.m,fromTuesdaytoSunday,closedonMonday.Visitors:Peopleofallagesarewelcome.Childrenunder12shouldcomealongwiththeirparents.Nopetsareallowed.Food&Drinks:Nooutsidefoodordrinks.Visitorscanbuyfoodanddrinksinthecenter.

Tickets:Pleasecall769520tobookaticket.KindlynotethatYouCAN'Tbookaticketonourwebsiteorthroughe-mail.AnditisNOTpossibletobuyaticketatourticketofficeasitisclosed.WhatcanthesmartdevicesinParagraphIdo?A.Farming.B.Business.C.Housework.D.SchoolworkA.Farming.B.Business.C.Housework.D.Schoolwork52.WhatdoesLittleQlooklike?53.Whencanavisitorenterthesciencecenter?B.OnSundaymorning.B.OnSundaymorning.D.OnSundayafternoonB.An8-year-oldboyalone.D.Agirlwithfoodfromoutside.B.Bysendingane-mail.D.Bygoingtotheticketoffice.BA.OnMondaymorning,C.OnMondayafternoon.Whocanbeallowedtovisitthecenter?A.Amanwithacat.C.Amanwithhis3-year-oldson.Howcanavisitorbookaticket?A.Bymakingaphonecall.C.Byvisitingthewebsite.Jerryisaworld-famousmountainclimber.Hehasclimbedmanyhighmountainsintheworld.Startingin2015,heandhisfriendsspenttwoyearsonanadventure（探險(xiǎn)）inSouthAmerica,covering7,800miles.HewasevennamedAdventureoftheYearbyafamousgeographymagazinein2018.AlthoughJerryhadachievedgreatsuccess,hedidn'tfeelfulfilled.Heaskedhimself,“Isitenoughtoclimbthehighestmountains?AmIdoingsomethinghelpful?HowcanIturnmyadventuresintosomethingthatcanhelptheworld?"Jerrylearnedthatscientistsneedplans,rocksandwatersamples（樣本）fromtheplacesfarawaytodoresearch.Butscientistscan'tgettherethemselvesassuchplacesarehardtoreach onlythebravestadventurerscanmakeit.Jerrythoughthimselfcoulddosomethingtohelp.Hethencameupwithanidea.Hesetupateamoftopadventurestocollectsamplesfbrscientists.Bystudyingthesamples,scientistscouldknowmoreabouttheearthandfindwaystoprotectit.RecentlyJerryandhisadventurerfriendshavediscoveredaspecialplantlifeofMountainQomolangma.Thesamplestheybroughtbackhavehelpedscientistshowplantsliveinextreme（極端的）condition.ForJerry,thiskindofadventureismostsatisfying.4tSuchadventureshadmadeusseelifeinadifferentway.Now,beingthebestclimberisn'timportantfbrme.whatmattersisdoingsomethinghelpfulwhileclimbingthemountains.Thereisstillmuchmorewecando."Jerrysaidtoanewspaper.whatisparagraph1mainlyabout?A.Jerry'sfriends. B.Jerry'sachievements.C.Highmountains. D.Ageographymagazine.whatdoestheunderlineword"fulfilled"inparagraph2mean?A.Satisfied B.lonely C.Patient D.WorriedwhydidJerrysetateamoftopadventures?A.lbmakefriends. B.1bhelpscientists.C.Tostudyplants. D.Totrainscientists.Jerry'sandhisfriendsadventurershaschanged.A.theirhobbies. B.theirfriendship.C.theirunderstandingoflife. D.theirlivingconditions.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?DangerousMountainsClimbing.ImportantScientificDiscoveries.PlantsFoundonHighMountains.AdventuresTurnedintoSomethingGreater.C配對(duì)閱讀。左欄是五則短信,右欄是七則回復(fù)。請(qǐng)將短信和回復(fù)進(jìn)行匹配,并將答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目所選的選項(xiàng)涂黑。61.Tara,couldyoubuysomemilkattheA.Whatapity!Shallwemeetsometimenext

supermarketwhenyouarebackfromschoolthisafternoon?week?Afterall,shoppingwon'tbefunwithoutyou.62.Alice,I'mafraidIcan'tjointheshoppingtriptomorrow.Mycousiniscomingtovisitme.B.Westillhavesomeinthekitchen.Iboughtabottleofmilkthedaybeforeyesterdayandwehaven'topenedityet.63.Sorry,Tony.Imissedthetrainandrilbelate.Ifyougettotherestaurantontime,couldyoupleaseorderorangejuiceandsaladforme?C.Great!I'llcollectthemonmywaytoworktomorrowmorning.Manythanks.64.Hi,Peter.Hasyourleggotanybetter?Wewillhaveamatchnextweek.Hopeyoucancomeandwatchit!D.Sure.Thereisafruitshoponmywayhome.Whatwouldyoulikemetobuy?Whataboutsomebananas?65.Tom,thesportsshoponWestStreetphoned.Theyhaverepairedyourbasketballshoes!E.Fakeyourtime.1willbethereinafewminutes.Whatsaladwouldyoulike,fruitsaladorvegetablesalad?F.YoucantakeNo.27bustomyhouse.GetoffatEastStreet.Thereisashopnearthebusstop.Iwillwaitforyouthere.G.Fhanks.Itisgettingmuchbetternow.MydoctorsaidIcouldreturntothesportsfieldnextmonth.Anyway,I'llbetherenextweek.五、短文填空（本大題共10小題,每小題L5分,共15分）請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文,在所給的每個(gè)空格中填入一個(gè)形式正確、意義相符的單詞,并將答案寫在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答題位置上。Wouldyouliketostartyourdaywithacupoftea?Iftheansweris66 .youmayhavethesamehabitasmanypeople.Youmaynotknow67popularteais.Amongallkindsofdrinks,teaisoneof...twochoices.Peoplelikeitbecauseitis68fortheirhealth.Teaismostlyproduced69AsiancountrieslikeChinaandIndia.Chinesepeoplestartedtodrinkteaasearlyas5,000years70.Atthattime,peoplemadeteainasimplewayjustputfreshtealeavesintohot71.Teawasn'tintroducedintoEuropeuntiltheearly17thcentury.Andnowithas72popularinEuropeandAmerica.Peoplethereliketo73teawithsugarormilkinit.Asthepopulationofteadrinkersgetslarger,teabusinessisgetting74importantthanbefore.ThefirstInternationalTeaDaywasonMay21st,2020.Sincethen,peoplehavecelebrated75everyyear.TheDaymakespeoplerealizetheimportanceofteaworkersand....六、讀寫綜合（本大題分為A、B兩部分,共25分）A.回答問題（本題共5小題,每小題2分,共10分）請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)所提供的信息,回答5か問題,要求所寫答案語法正確,語義完整切題,并把答案寫在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答題位置上。Weallknowdoingexercisemakesushealthy.Butmanyofusdon'tknowwhichisbetter,toexerciseinthedayoratnight.Dr.Yang,afamoussleepdoctor,advisespeopletodooutdoorexerciseforatleast30minutesadayinthedaytime.Dr.Yanghasbeendoingresearchonsportsandsleepforyears.Hefindsoutthatthosewhoexerciseinnaturallightforhalfanhoureverydayhavebettersleepandmoreenergy（能量）.Dr.Yanghimselfgetsupat6:30a.m.Thenheusuallytakesawalkoutside.Sometimes,hewalkshistwodogsintheparkintheafternoonwithhissunglassesleftathome.ManyschoolsputDr.Yang'sfindingsintopractice.Theymadeitarulethatstudentsshoulddooutdoorexerciseonceortwiceaday.Insomeschools,studentsevenformedoutdoorrunningclubs.Aftersometime,moststudentssaidtheybenefited（受血:）alotfromoutdoorexercise.Nowtheysleepbetterandconcentrate（集中）morethantheirstudies.Somestudentsarenowthinkingaboutinvitingtheirteacherstojointhemintheirdailyruns.AccordingtoDr.Yang,whenisitbettertoexercise,inthedayoratnight?WhatisDr.Yang'sresearchabout?WhatdoesDr.Yangusuallydoafterhegetsup?Howoftendostudentsdooutdoorexerciseinmanyschools?Whowillsomestudentsinvitetojoinintheirdailyruns?B.書面表達(dá)(本題15分)請(qǐng)根據(jù)要求完成短文寫作,并將作文寫在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答題位置上。81.假如你叫李明,你所在的跑步俱樂鯽組織一次師生戶外跑活動(dòng).請(qǐng)你寫信給外教布朗先生,邀請(qǐng)他參加此次活動(dòng),內(nèi)容包括:(1)寫信意圖和邀請(qǐng)?jiān)?(2)活動(dòng)路線和距離(3)活動(dòng)注意事項(xiàng)(至少兩點(diǎn))作文要求:(1)不能照抄原文:不得在作文中出現(xiàn)真實(shí)校名、地點(diǎn)和考生的真實(shí)姓名。(2)語句連貫,詞數(shù)80詞左右。作文的開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù),也不必抄寫在答題卡上。DearMr.Brown,Howareyoudoing?OurrunningclubwillgoforarunthisSaturdaymorning. Bestregards,LiMing2022年廣東中考英語參考答案二、語法選擇（本大題共!0小題,每小顔1分,共10分）31-35:ABCBC36-40:ACACB三、完形填空（本大題共10小88,每小題1分,共10分）41-45:DBACA 46-50:BCBDA四、閱讀理解（本大!S共15小題,毎小題2分,共30分）51-55:CDDCA 56-60:BABCD 61-65;BAEGC五、短文均空（毎小題L5分.共15分）66.yes67.how68.good69.in70.ago71.water72.become73.drink74.more75.it六、A回答冋題（毎小題2分,共10分）Intheday./lt'sbettertoexerciseintheday.It'saboutsportsandsleep./Sportsandsleep./Hisresearchisaboutsportsandsleep.Heusuallytakesawalkoutside.Studentsshoulddooutdoorexerciseonceortwiceaday.Theyshoulddooutdoorexerciseonceortwiceaday./Onceortwiceaday.Studentswillinvitetheirteachers./Theywillinvitetheirteachers./Theirteachers.B書面表達(dá)（本題15分）略贈(zèng)送:

初中數(shù)學(xué)必考定理公式匯編ー、數(shù)與代數(shù)數(shù)與式(1)實(shí)數(shù)實(shí)數(shù)的性質(zhì):①實(shí)數(shù)a的相反數(shù)是一a,實(shí)數(shù)a的倒數(shù)是丄(aナ0)；a②實(shí)數(shù)a的絕對(duì)值:[a[a>0)|a|=Jo(a=O)\-a(a<0)③正數(shù)大于〇,負(fù)數(shù)小于0,兩個(gè)負(fù)實(shí)數(shù),絕對(duì)值大的反而小。二次根式:①積與商的方根的運(yùn)算性質(zhì):y[ab=y[a-4b(a20,b，〇)；(a20,b>0)；\b4b②二次根式的性質(zhì):げ=同=ド/①[-a(a<0)（2）整式與分式①同底數(shù)裏的乘法法則:同底數(shù)裏相乘,底數(shù)不變,指數(shù)相加,即ペ.優(yōu)=，,+"（m、n為正整數(shù)）；②同底數(shù)裏的除法法則:同底數(shù)累相除,底數(shù)不變,指數(shù)相減,即グチゴ=グ-"（aKO,m、n為正整數(shù),m>n）；③累的乘方法則:累的乘方,底數(shù)不變,指數(shù)相乘,即（姉）"=クブ（n為正整數(shù)）；④零指數(shù):ザ=1（aナ0）;⑤負(fù)整數(shù)指數(shù):a-n=—（a/O,n為正整數(shù)）；⑥平方差公式:兩個(gè)數(shù)的和與這兩個(gè)數(shù)的差的積等于這兩個(gè)數(shù)的平方,即（a+b）（a-b）=a2ーガ;⑦完全平方公式:兩數(shù)和（或差）的平方,等于它們的平方和,加上（或減去）它們的積的2倍,BP（a±b）2=a2±2ab+b2;分式①分式的基本性質(zhì)：分式的分子和分母都乘以（或除以）同一個(gè)不等于零的整式,分式的值不變,即絲え;巴=絲セ,其中m是不等于零的代數(shù)式;bbxmbb+m②分式的乘法法則:bdbd③分式的除法法則:（c^o）；bdbcbe④分式的乘方法則:（/4（n為正整數(shù)）；⑤同分母分式加減法則:-±-=^；CCC⑥異分母分式加減法則:巴土丄=坦セ;cbhe方程與不等式①一元二次方程ax2+hx+c=O（aWO）的求根公式:-b+ylb2-4ac.,2 . 、ハ、x= （b-4ac>0）2a②一元二次方程根的判別式:△=パ_4叫叫做一元二次方程収2+かr+0=（）（a#0）的根的判別式：>0。方程有兩個(gè)不相等的實(shí)數(shù)根;=0。方程有兩個(gè)相等的實(shí)數(shù)根;<00方程沒有實(shí)數(shù)根;③一元二次方程根與系數(shù)的關(guān)系:設(shè)陽、スZ是方程以2+か+。=0（aズ0）的兩個(gè)根,那么才|+巧=-2，X]x2=—；a~a不等式的基本性質(zhì)：①不等式兩邊都加上（或減去）同一個(gè)數(shù)或同一個(gè)整式,不等號(hào)的方向不變;②不等式兩邊都乘以（或除以）同一個(gè)正數(shù),不等號(hào)的方向不變;③不等式兩邊都乘以（或除以）同一個(gè)負(fù)數(shù),不等號(hào)的方向改變;3.函數(shù)一次函數(shù)的圖象:函數(shù)y=kx+b（k、b是常數(shù),kナ0）的圖象是過點(diǎn)（0,b）且與直線y=kx平行的一條直線;一次函數(shù)的性質(zhì):設(shè)y=kx+b（kWO）,則當(dāng)k>0時(shí),y隨x的增大而增大;當(dāng)kく0,y隨x的增大而減小;正比例函數(shù)的圖象:函數(shù)y=い的圖象是過原點(diǎn)及點(diǎn)（1,k）的一條直線。正比例函數(shù)的性質(zhì):設(shè)ヅ=七（ス。0）,貝リ:①當(dāng)k>0時(shí),y隨x的增大而增大;②當(dāng)kく0時(shí),y隨x的增大而減小;反比例函數(shù)的圖象：函數(shù)y=&（kr0）是雙曲線;反比例函數(shù)性質(zhì):設(shè)y=&（kWO）,如果k>0,則當(dāng)x>0時(shí)或xく0時(shí),y分別隨X的增大而減小;如果kく〇,則當(dāng)x>0時(shí)或x<0時(shí),y分別隨X的增大而增大;二次函數(shù)的圖象:函數(shù)y=++以+c（"0）的圖象是對(duì)稱軸平行于y軸的拋物線;①開口方向:當(dāng)a>0時(shí),拋物線開口向上,當(dāng)aく0時(shí),拋物線開口向下;②對(duì)稱軸:直線ス=-2；2a③頂點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)（ーセ,セマ）；2a4a④增減性:當(dāng)a>0時(shí),如果イ4ー2,則y隨x的增大而減小,如果ス〉ー2,則y隨x的增大而增大;當(dāng)aく0時(shí),如果則y隨x的增大而增大,如2a果ス>一セ,則y隨x的增大而減小;2a二、空間與圖形1. 圖形的認(rèn)識(shí)⑴角角平分線的性質(zhì):角平分線上的點(diǎn)到角的兩邊距離相等,角的內(nèi)部到兩邊距離相等的點(diǎn)在角平分線上。(2)相交線與平行線同角或等角的補(bǔ)角相等,同角或等角的余角相等;對(duì)頂角的性質(zhì):對(duì)頂角相等垂線的性質(zhì):①過一點(diǎn)有且只有一條直線與已知直線垂直；②直線外一點(diǎn)有與直線上各點(diǎn)連結(jié)的所有線段中,垂線段最短；線段垂直平分線定義:過線段的中點(diǎn)并且垂直于線段的直線叫做線段的垂直平分線;線段垂直平分線的性質(zhì):線段垂直平分線上的點(diǎn)到線段兩端點(diǎn)的距離相等,到線段兩端點(diǎn)的距離相等的點(diǎn)在線段的垂直平分線;平行線的定義：在同一平面內(nèi)不相交的兩條直線叫做平行線;平行線的判定:①同位角相等,兩直線平行;②內(nèi)錯(cuò)角相等,兩直線平行;③同旁內(nèi)角互補(bǔ),兩直線平行;平行線的特征:①兩直線平行,同位角相等；②兩直線平行,內(nèi)錯(cuò)角相等;③兩直線平行,同旁內(nèi)角互補(bǔ)；平行公理;經(jīng)過直線外一點(diǎn)有且只有一條直線平行于已知直線。（3）三角形三角形的三邊關(guān)系定理及推論:三角形的兩邊之和大于第三邊,兩邊之差小于第三邊；三角形的內(nèi)角和定理:三角形的三個(gè)內(nèi)角的和等于180。；三角形的外角和定理:三角形的一個(gè)外角等于和它不相鄰的兩個(gè)的和;三角形的外角和定理推理:三角形的一個(gè)外角大于任何ー個(gè)和它不相鄰的內(nèi)角;三角形的三條角平分線交于一點(diǎn)（內(nèi)心）;三角形的三邊的垂直平分線交于一點(diǎn)（外心）；三角形中位線定理:三角形兩邊中點(diǎn)的連線平行于第三邊,并且等于第三邊的一半;全等三角形的判定:①邊角邊公理（SAS）②角邊角公理（ASA）③角角邊定理（AAS）④邊邊邊公理（SSS）⑤斜邊、直角邊公理（HL）等腰三角形的性質(zhì):①等腰三角形的兩個(gè)底角相等;②等腰三角形的頂角平分線、底邊上的中線、底邊上的高互相重合（三線合一）等腰三角形的判定:有兩個(gè)角相等的三角形是等腰三角形；直角三角形的性質(zhì):①直角三角形的兩個(gè)銳角互為余角；②直角三角形斜邊上的中線等于斜邊的一半;③直角三角形的兩直角邊的平方和等于斜邊的平方（勾股定理）；④直角三角形中30。角所對(duì)的直角邊等于斜邊的一半；直角三角形的判定:①有兩個(gè)角互余的三角形是直角三角形;②如果三角形的三邊長(zhǎng)a、b、c有下面關(guān)系ア+け=°2,那么這個(gè)三角形是直角三角形（勾股定理的逆定理）。（4）四邊形多邊形的內(nèi)角和定理:n邊形的內(nèi)角和等于（〃ー2）」80。（n23,n是正整數(shù)）；平行四邊形的性質(zhì):①平行四邊形的對(duì)邊相等;②平行四邊形的對(duì)角相等;③平行四邊形的對(duì)角線互相平分；平行四邊形的判定;①兩組對(duì)角分別相等的四邊形是平行四邊形；②兩組對(duì)邊分別相等的四邊形是平行四邊形;③對(duì)角線互相平分的四邊形是平行四邊形;④ー組對(duì)邊平行且相等的四邊形是平行四邊形。矩形的性質(zhì);（除具有平行四邊形所有性質(zhì)外）①矩形的四個(gè)角都是直角；②矩形的對(duì)角線相等；矩形的判定;①有三個(gè)角是直角的四邊形是矩形；②對(duì)角線相等的平行四邊形是矩形；菱形的特征;（除具有平行四邊形所有性質(zhì)外①菱形的四邊相等；②菱形的對(duì)角線互相垂直平分,并且每一條對(duì)角線平分ー組對(duì)角；菱形的判定;四邊相等的四邊形是菱形;正方形的特征:①正方形的四邊相等;②正方形的四個(gè)角都是直角;③正方形的兩條對(duì)角線相等,且互相垂直平分,每一條對(duì)角線平分ー組對(duì)角;正方形的判定:①有一個(gè)角是直角的菱形是正方形；②有一組鄰邊相等的矩形是正方形。等腰梯形的特征:①等腰梯形同一底邊上的兩個(gè)內(nèi)角相等②等腰梯形的兩條對(duì)角線相等。等腰梯形的判定:①同一底邊上的兩個(gè)內(nèi)角相等的梯形是等腰梯形；②兩條對(duì)角線相等的梯形是等腰梯形。平面圖形的鑲嵌:任意一個(gè)三角形、四邊形或正六邊形可以鑲嵌平面;⑸圓點(diǎn)與圓的位置關(guān)系（設(shè)圓的半徑為r,點(diǎn)P到圓心。的距離為d）：①點(diǎn)P在圓上,則d=r,反之也成立;②點(diǎn)P在圓內(nèi),則ckr,反之也成立;③點(diǎn)P在圓外,則d>r,反之也成立;圓心角、弦和弧三者之間的關(guān)系:在同圓或等圓中,圓心角、弦和弧三者之間只要有一組相等,可以得到另外兩組也相等;圓的確定:不在一直線上的三個(gè)點(diǎn)確定一個(gè)圓；垂徑定理（及垂徑定理的推論）:垂直于弦的直徑平分弦,并且平分弦所對(duì)的兩條弧;平行弦夾等弧:圓的兩條平行弦所夾的弧相等;圓心角定理:圓心角的度數(shù)等于它所對(duì)弧的度數(shù);圓心角、弧、弦、弦心距之間的關(guān)系定理及推論：在同圓或等圓中,相等的圓心角所對(duì)的弧相等,所對(duì)的弦的弦心距相等;推論:在同圓或等圓中,如果兩個(gè)圓心角、兩條弧、兩條弦或兩條弦心距中有一組量相等,那么它們所對(duì)應(yīng)的其余各組量分別相等；圓周角定理;圓周角的度數(shù)等于它所對(duì)的弧的度數(shù)的一半；圓周角定理的推論;直徑所對(duì)的圓周角是直角,反過來,90。的圓周角所對(duì)的弦是直徑;切線的判定定理;經(jīng)過半徑的外端并且垂直于這條半徑的直線是圓的切線;切線的性質(zhì)定理；圓的切線垂直于過切點(diǎn)的半徑；切線長(zhǎng)定理;從圓外一點(diǎn)引圓的兩條切線,這一點(diǎn)到兩切點(diǎn)的線段相等,它與圓心的連線平分兩切線的夾角;弧長(zhǎng)計(jì)算公式:/=上羽（R為圓的半徑,n是弧所對(duì)的圓心角的度數(shù),，為弧長(zhǎng)）扇形面積:s扇形=上欣2或S扇形（R為半徑,n是扇形所對(duì)的圓心角的度數(shù),/為扇形的弧長(zhǎng)）弓形面積S弓形=S扇形土（6）尺規(guī)作圖（基本作圖、利用基本圖形作三角形和圓）作一條線段等于已知線段,作一個(gè)角等于已知角;作已知角的平分線;作線段的垂直平分線;過一點(diǎn)作已知直線的垂線;（7）視圖與投影畫基本幾何體（直棱柱、圓柱、圓錐、球）的三視圖（主視圖、左視圖、俯視圖）；基本幾何體的展開圖（除球外）、根據(jù)展開圖判斷和設(shè)別立體模型;2.圖形與變換圖形的軸對(duì)稱軸對(duì)稱的基本性質(zhì):對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)所連的線段被對(duì)稱軸平分;等腰三角形、矩形、菱形、等腰梯形、正多邊形、圓是軸對(duì)稱圖形;圖形的平移圖形平移的基本性質(zhì):對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)的連線平行且相等;圖形的旋轉(zhuǎn)圖形旋轉(zhuǎn)的基本性質(zhì):對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)到旋轉(zhuǎn)中心的距離相等,對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)與旋轉(zhuǎn)中心的距離相等、對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)與旋轉(zhuǎn)中心連線所成的角彼此相等;平行四邊形、矩形、菱形、正多邊形（邊數(shù)是偶數(shù)）、圓是中心對(duì)稱圖形;圖形的相似比例的基本性質(zhì):如果q=￡,則ad=0c,如果ad=ん,貝”=￡（g0,4工0）hd bd相似三角形的設(shè)別方法:①兩組角對(duì)應(yīng)相等；②兩邊對(duì)應(yīng)成比例且夾角對(duì)應(yīng)相等；③三邊對(duì)應(yīng)成比例相似三角形的性質(zhì):①相似三角形的對(duì)應(yīng)角相等；②相似三角形的對(duì)應(yīng)邊成比例；③相似三角形的周長(zhǎng)之比等于相似比；④相似三角形的面積比等于相似比的平方；相似多邊形的性質(zhì):①相似多邊形的對(duì)應(yīng)角相等；②相似多邊形的對(duì)應(yīng)邊成比例；③相似多邊形的面積之比等于相似比的平方；圖形的位似與圖形相似的關(guān)系:兩個(gè)圖形相似不一定是位似圖形,兩個(gè)位似圖形ー定是相似圖形；RtZiABC中,/C=90°,SinA=4的對(duì)邊,ccsA=ス的鄰邊,tanA=na的對(duì)邊,斜邊 斜邊 NA的鄰邊CotA二生型NA的對(duì)邊特殊角的三角函數(shù)值:X30°45°60°sina2V2V3cosaV3T邁j_2tanaV3~3-1cota61旦三、概率與統(tǒng)計(jì)1.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)收集方法、數(shù)據(jù)的表示方法（統(tǒng)計(jì)表和扇形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖、折線統(tǒng)計(jì)圖、條形統(tǒng)計(jì)圖）（1）總體與樣本所要考察對(duì)象的全體叫做總體,其中每一個(gè)考察對(duì)象叫做個(gè)體,從總體中所抽取的一部分個(gè)體叫做總體的ー個(gè)樣本,樣本中個(gè)體數(shù)目叫做樣本的容量。數(shù)據(jù)的分析與決策（借助所學(xué)的統(tǒng)計(jì)知識(shí),對(duì)所收集到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行整理、分析,在分析的結(jié)果上再作判斷和決策）（2）眾數(shù)與中位數(shù)眾數(shù):ー組數(shù)據(jù)中,出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多的數(shù)據(jù);中位數(shù):將一組數(shù)據(jù)按從大到小依次排列,處在最中間位置的數(shù)據(jù)。（3）頻率分布直方圖頻率=楚燮,各小組的頻數(shù)之和等于總數(shù),各小組的頻率之和等于1,頻率分布直方圖中各個(gè)小長(zhǎng)方形的面積為各組頻率。(4)平均數(shù)的兩個(gè)公式①n個(gè)數(shù)メ、々……,ち的平均數(shù)為:ス=一+ム+…一.+*"；n②如果在n個(gè)數(shù)中,將出現(xiàn)人次、スユ出現(xiàn)ル次 ,ム出現(xiàn)ん次,并且t；+f2 +fk=n,則ス="/+々ル+…ー?+ムん;n(5)極差、方差與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差計(jì)算公式:①極差:用ー組數(shù)據(jù)的最大值減去最小值所得的差來反映這組數(shù)據(jù)的變化范圍,用這種方法得到的差稱為極差,即:極差=最大值-最小值;②方差：數(shù)據(jù)再、X2 ,ム的方差為S2,③標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差:數(shù)據(jù)內(nèi)、x2 ,ム的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差S,ー組數(shù)據(jù)的方差越大,這組數(shù)據(jù)的波動(dòng)越大。2.概率①如果用P表示一個(gè)事件發(fā)生的概率,則0くP（A）く1；P（必然事件）=1；P（不可能事件）=0；②在具體情境中了解概率的意義,運(yùn)用列舉法（包括列表、畫樹狀圖）計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)單事件發(fā)生的概率。③大量的重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)頻率可視為事件發(fā)生概率的估計(jì)值;3.統(tǒng)計(jì)的初步知識(shí)、概率在社會(huì)生活中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用,能用所學(xué)的這些知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問題。中小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)方法之初中各科學(xué)習(xí)方法中小學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)方法之初中各學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)方法,幫助各位同學(xué)在進(jìn)入初中后面對(duì)各個(gè)學(xué)科能夠有個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)方法,避免出現(xiàn)因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)方法不正確而出現(xiàn)跟不上進(jìn)度的問題,和極客數(shù)學(xué)幫ー起來看看吧。數(shù)學(xué)首先,學(xué)生需要分析自身情況,在緊跟課堂復(fù)習(xí)進(jìn)度,同時(shí)針對(duì)薄弱知識(shí)點(diǎn)有針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練。課本復(fù)習(xí)主要是對(duì)基礎(chǔ)概念的再了解,以及定理與公式的基本應(yīng)用,以便對(duì)初中數(shù)學(xué)實(shí)現(xiàn)整體把握,對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較差的學(xué)生應(yīng)該注意課本的學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)較好的學(xué)生應(yīng)加強(qiáng)知識(shí)運(yùn)用與歸類總結(jié),形成有層次的復(fù)習(xí)過程。試卷將作為ー輪復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),試卷題分為基礎(chǔ)題和壓軸題?；A(chǔ)題占據(jù)試卷大部分分?jǐn)?shù),所以基礎(chǔ)分是獲取高分的前提。對(duì)于基礎(chǔ)部分的復(fù)習(xí),首先要避免馬虎和答題方式的丟分;二是提高基礎(chǔ)題的做題速度,為壓軸題節(jié)省時(shí)間。壓軸題應(yīng)該首先分類,將重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)及題型細(xì)化為模型,根據(jù)題型不同,找到