案例成果解析版

LakeWheredoesthewaterinalakecomefrom,andhowdoeswaterleaveit?Waterentersalakefrominflowingrivers,fromunderwaterseepsandsprings,fromoverlandflowoffthesurroundingland,andfromrainfallingdirectlyonthelakesurface.Waterleavesalakeviaoutflowingrivers,bysoakingintothebedofthelake,andbyevaporation.Somuchisobvious.Thequestions emorecomplicatedwhenactualvolumesofwaterareconsidered:howmuchwaterentersandleavesbyeachroute?Discoveringtheinputsandoutputsofriversisamatterofmeasuringthedischargesofeveryinflowingandoutflowingstreamandriver.Thenexchangeswiththeatmospherearecalculatedbyfindingthedifferencebetweenthegainsfromrain,asmeasured(ratherroughly)byraingauges,andthelossesbyevaporation,measuredwithmodelsthatcorrectfortheothersourcesofwaterloss.Forthemajorityoflakes,certainlythosesurroundedbyforests,inputfromoverlandflowistoosmalltohaveanoticeableeffect.Changesinlakelevelnotexplainedbyriverflowsplusexchangeswiththeatmospheremustbeduetothenetdifferencebetweenwhatseepsintothelakefromthegroundwaterandwhatleaksintothegroundwater.Notetheword"net":measuringtheactualamountsofgroundwaterseepageintothelakeandoutofthelakeisamuorecomplicatedmatterthanmerelyinferringtheirdifference.Onceallthisinformationhasbeengathered,it espossibletojudgewhetheralake’sflowismainlyduetoitssurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.Iftheformeraregreater,thelakeisasurface-water-dominatedlake;ifthelatter,itisaseedominatedlake.Occasionally,commonsenselsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilitiesapplies.Forexample,apondinhillycountrythatmaintainsasteadywaterlevelallthroughadrysummerinspiteofhavingnostreamsflowingintoitmustobviouslybeseepagedominated.Conversely,apondwithastreamflowinginoneendandouttheother,whichdriesupwhenthestreamdriesup,isclearlysurfacewaterdominated.Bywhatevermeans,alakeisconstantlygainingwaterandlosingwater:itswaterdoesnotjustsitthere,or,anyway,notforlong.Thisraisesthematterofalake’sresidencetime.Theresidencetimeistheaveragelengthoftimethatanyparticularmoleculeofwaterremainsinthelake,anditiscalculatedbydividingthevolumeofwaterinthelakebytherateatwhichwaterleavesthelake.Theresidencetimeisaage;thetimespentinthelakebyagivenmolecule(ifwecouldfollowitsfate)woulddependontherouteittook:itmightflowthroughaspartofthefastest,mostdirectcurrent,oritmightcircleinabackwaterforanindefiniylongtime.Residencetimesvaryenormously.Theyrangefromafewdaysforsmalllakesuptoseveralhundredyearsforlargeones;LakeTahoe,inCalifornia,hasaresidencetimeof700years.TheresidencetimesfortheGreatLakesofNorthAmerica,namely,LakesSuperior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,andOntario,are,respectively,190,100,22,2.5,and6years.LakeErie’sisthelowest:althoughitsareaislargerthanLakeOntario’s,itsvolumeislessthanone-thirdasgreatbecauseitissoshallow-lessthan20metersoage.Agivenlake’sresidencetimeisbynomeansafixedty.Itdependsontherateatwhichwaterentersthelake,andthatdependsontherainfallandtheevaporationrate.Climaticchange(theresultofglobalwarming?)isdramaticallyaffectingtheresidencetimesofsomelakesinnorthwesternOntario,Canada.Intheperiod1970to1986,rainfallintheareadecreasedfrom1,000millimetersto650millimetersperannum,whileabove-averagetemperaturesspeededuptheevapotranspirationrate(therateatwhichwaterislosttotheatmospherethroughevaporationtheprocessesofplantlife).Theresulthasbeenthattheresidencetimeofoneofthelakesincreasedfrom5to18yearsduringthestudyperiod.Theslowingdownofwaterrenewalleadstoachainoffurtherconsequences;itcausesdissolvedchemicalsto eincreasinglyconcentrated,andthis,inturn,hasamarkedeffectonalllivingthingsinthelake.Paragraph1:Wheredoesthewaterinalakecomefrom,andhowdoeswaterleaveit?Waterentersalakefrominflowingrivers,fromunderwaterseepsandsprings,fromoverlandflowoffthesurroundingland,andfromrainfallingdirectlyonthelakesurface.Waterleavesalakeviaoutflowingrivers,bysoakingintothebedofthelake,andbyevaporation.Somuchisobvious.ThephraseSomuchinthepassagerefersthenegativeeffectsofoverlandflow,rain,andevaporationonriverwaterwaterthatalakelosestooutflowingrivers,tothelakebed,andtotheimportanceofriverstothemaintenanceoflakewatertheinformationgivenaboutwaysthatwatercanenterorexitaParagraph2:Thequestions emorecomplicatedwhenactualvolumesofwaterareconsideredhowmuchwaterentersandleavesbyeachrouteDiscoveringtheinputsandoutputsofriversisamatterofmeasuringthedischargesofeveryinflowingandoutflowingstreamandriver.Thenexchangeswiththeatmospherearecalculatedbyfindingthedifferencebetweenthegainsfromrain,asmeasured(ratherroughly)byraingauges,andthelossesbyevaporation,measuredwithmodelsthatcorrectfortheothersourcesofwaterlossForthemajorityoflakescertainly因果thosesurroundedbyforestsinputfromoverlandflowistoosmalltohaveanoticeableeffect.thenetdifferencebetweenwhatseepsintothelakefromthegroundwaterandwhatleaksintothegroundwater.Notetheword"net":measuringtheactualamountsofgroundwaterseepageintotheThewordgainsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph2aboutthemovementofwaterintoalake?強(qiáng)調(diào)，certainly暗含的因果HeavyrainaccountsformostofthewaterthatentersintoRainfallreplaces虛假否定approximaytheamountofwaterlostthroughOverlandflowintolakesisreducedbythepresenceofSeepagehasasmaller虛較effectonwaterlevelthananyotherWhydoestheauthorusethephraseNotetheword"net"intheToemphasizetheimpactofseepageonwaterTopointoutthatseepageiscalculateddifferentlyfromriverflowsandTocomparethedifferentmethodsofcalculatingToemphasizethedifficultyofobtainingspecificvaluesforseepageinputsandParagraph3:Onceallthisinformationhasbeengathered,it espossibletojudgewhetheralake’sflowismainlyduetoitssurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.Iftheformeraregreater,thelakeisasurface-water-dominatedlake;ifthelatter,itisaseedominatedlake.Occasionally,commonsenselsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilitiesapplies.Forexample,apondinhillycountrythatmaintainsasteadywaterlevelallthroughadrysummerinspiteofhavingnostreamsflowingintoitmustobviouslybeseepagedominated.Conversely,apondwithastreamflowinginoneendandouttheother,whichdriesupwhenthestreamdriesup,isclearlysurfacewaterdominated.ThewordConverselymeaningontheotherinthesameinother Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingbestdescribesaseedominatedAlakethatisfedbystreamsbutstillhasfluctuatingwaterAlakewithaconstantwaterlevelthathasnostreamsorriversasAlakewithastreamflowingintoitandastreamflowingoutofAlakethathassurfaceandundergroundinputsbutloseswaterduringdryParagraph4:Bywhatevermeans,alakeisconstantlygainingwaterandlosingwater:itswaterdoesnotjustsitthere,or,anyway,notforlong.Thisraisesthematterofalake’sresidencetime.Theresidencetimeistheaveragelengthoftimethatanyparticularmoleculeofwaterremainsinthelake,anditiscalculatedbydividingthevolumeofwaterinthelakebytherateatwhichwaterleavesthelake.Theresidencetimeisanaverage;thetimespentinthelakebyagivenmolecule(ifwecouldfollowitsfate)woulddependontherouteittook:itmightflowthroughaspartofthefastest,mostdirectcurrent,oritmightcircleinabackwaterforanindefiniylongtime.慢的情況Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph4thatthelengthoftimeagivenmoleculeofwaterremainsinalakedependsentirelyupontheaveragespeedofalake'scanbemeasuredbythevolumeofthelakecanbegreaterorlesserthantheresidenceissimilartothelengthoftimeallothermoleculesremaininthatParagraph5:Residencetimesvaryenormously.Theyrangefromafewdaysforsmalllakesuptoseveralhundredyearsforlargeones;LakeTahoe,inCalifornia,hasaresidencetimeof700years.TheresidencetimesfortheGreatLakesofNorthAmerica,namely,LakesSuperior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,andOntario,are,respectively,190,100,22,2.5,and6years.LakeErie’sisthelowest:althoughitsareaislargerthanLakeOntario’s,itsvolumeislessthanone-thirdasgreatbecauseitissoshallowlessthan20metersoage.Accordingtoparagraph5,LakeErie'sresidencetimeislowerthanLakeOntario'sforwhichofthefollowingreasons?比較因果LakeEriehasalargerareathanLakeLakeOntarioisshallowerthanLakeLakeOntariohasagreatervolumethanLakeLakeEriereceiveslessrainfallthanLakeWhydoestheauthordiscusstheGreatLakesinparagraphTodemonstratetheextenttowhichresidencetimesvaryfromlaketoToillustratehowresidencetimesarecalculatedforspecificToarguethattheresidencetimeofalakeincreaseswithToemphasizethatLakeTahoe'sresidencetimeisunusuallyParagraph6:Agivenlake’sresidencetimeisbynomeansafixedty.Itdependsontherateatwhichwaterentersthelake,andthatdependsontherainfallandtheevaporationrate.Climaticchange(theresultofglobalwarming?)isdramaticallyaffectingtheresidencetimesofsomelakesinnorthwesternOntario,Canada.Intheperiod1970to1986,rainfallintheareadecreasedfrom1,000millimetersto650millimetersperannum,whileabove-averagetemperaturesspeededuptheevaporationrate(therateatwhichwaterislosttotheatmospherethroughevaporationandtheprocessesofplantlife).Theresulthasbeenthattheresidencetimeofoneofthelakesincreasedfrom5to18yearsduringthestudyperiod.Theslowingdownofwaterrenewalleadstoachainoffurtherconsequences;itcausesdissolvedchemicalstoeincreasinglyconcentrated,andthis,inturn,hasamarkedeffectonalllivingthingsintheThewordfurtherinthepassageisclosestinmeaningAccordingtoparagraph6,whichofthefollowingexplainstheincreaseinresidencetimeofsomelakesofnorthwesternOntario?TheamountofwaterflowingintothelakeshasTherateofevaporationhasdecreasedmoresharplythantheamountofTherenewalofthelakes'waterhasslowedduetochangesinclimate.(3個因素抽象,模糊PlantshaverequiredlesswaterfromtheAccordingtoparagraph6,residencetimeisaffectedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT問amountofrainfallrateofevaporationtemperatureofsurroundingairconcentrationofchemicalsinlakewater是結(jié)果不是原 原文信息不在考點(diǎn)Paragraph3:Onceallthisinformationhasbeengathered,it espossibletojudgewhetheralake’sflowismainlyduetoitssurfaceinputsandoutputsortoitsundergroundinputsandoutputs.[■]Iftheformer表明此句前面不可aregreater,thelakeisasurface-water-dominatedlake;ifthelatter,表明此句前面不可itisaseedominatedlake.■Occasionallycommonsenselsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilities表明此句前面不可applies.[■]Forexample,表明此句前面不可apondinhillycountrythatmaintainsasteadywaterlevelallthroughadrysummerinspiteofhavingnostreamsflowingintoitmustobviouslybeseepagedominated.Converselyapondwithastreamflowinginoneendandouttheother,whichdriesupwhenthestreamdriesup,isclearlysurfacewaterdominated.[■]LookatthefoursquaresIIIthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Ofcourse,alakemaybeneithersurface-water-norseedominatedif,forexample,itsinputsarepredominantlysurfaceanditsoutputsarepredominantlyseepage.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?ClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetotheDirections:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpreeasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2Waterenters,remains,andeventuallyleavesalakeinavarietyofBymeasuringthewatertiesateachofalake'sinputsandoutputs,itcanbedeterminedwhetherwaterentersthelakemainlyfromsurface roundwatersources.第三段前Changesinlakelevelandvolumearecausedprincipally詞bytheamountofevaporationofwater細(xì)節(jié)intotheatmosphere.Itissometimespossibletodecidewhetheralakeissurfacewaterdominatedorseepagedominatedbysimpleobservationatdifferentseasons.第三段后Occasionallycommon lsyouwhichofthesetwopossibilitiesapplies.對Theaverageperiodoftimethatmoleculesofwaterspendinalake—theresidencevariesfromlaketolakeandovertimewithinaparticularTheresidencetimesofsurface-water-dominatedlakesareusuallylongerthanthoseofseedominatedlakes.虛較Theresidencetimeofalakefrequentlydependsonthekindsof anismstobefoundinthelake.兩個信息點(diǎn)的拼接DBCDABCCABCDDBymeasuringthe...Changesinlakelevel...Theresidencetimes...湖里的水從哪里來,又流向哪里去呢?湖中的水來自于河流的水,水的滲透以及溫泉,還有從四周地面流進(jìn)來的水,另外還有直接降到湖面的雨水.湖中的水通過向外流的河流,滲透進(jìn)河床以及蒸發(fā)離開湖泊.這些都是顯而易見的.當(dāng)考慮到水的含量的時候問題就會變得更加復(fù)雜:水通過上述方式流進(jìn)和流出的具體含量是多少?發(fā)現(xiàn)河流水量的流進(jìn)和流出量是測量河水進(jìn)出容量的法.和大氣水分的交流是通過發(fā)現(xiàn)雨水中得到的水(按雨量的測量規(guī)格計算)和那些通過其他方式測得水損失量的蒸發(fā)的水的差別來計算的.對于大多數(shù)的湖來說,特別是那些被森林環(huán)繞的湖,從四周流進(jìn)湖中的水的含量很少以至于可以忽略不計.湖中水平面的變化不能被河水和大氣水量變化的凈差量所解釋是因為水的滲入和滲出.注意一下”凈”這個詞:測量真正的水滲入和滲出量比僅僅推斷它們的差量要復(fù)雜的多.一旦所有的這些信息都收集到了,那么判斷一個湖的水流量是由表面蒸發(fā)決定的還是由水進(jìn)出量決定的就變得可能了.如果前者大,那么湖泊就是一個表面水決定的湖,如果是后者,那么它就是一個滲透水決定的湖.有時候會告訴你這兩種可能性哪一種是對的.比如說一個多山地區(qū)的在整個干燥的夏天都保持著穩(wěn)固的水含量,而并沒有河流流進(jìn)這個湖泊,那么顯然它是一個滲透水決定的.相反,一個有河流流進(jìn)和流出,河水干枯的時候就干枯,那么這就是一個表面水決定的.停留時間變化非常的大，從小湖的幾天到大型湖泊的幾百年。加利福利亞州的Tahoe湖的停留時間就長達(dá)700年大型湖泊的停留時間如Superior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,和Ontario190,100,22,2.56年。ErieOntario湖要大，20米。的Ontario湖群中的一些湖泊的停留時間。在1970到1986這段時間里，這個地區(qū)的降雨量BreathingDuringOfallthephysiologicaldifferencesinhumansleepcomparedwithwakefulnessthathavebeendiscoveredinthelastdecade,changesinrespiratorycontrolaremostdramatic.Notonlyaretheredifferencesinthelevelofthefunctioningofrespiratorysystems,thereareevenchangesinhowtheyfunction.Movementsoftheribcageforbreathingarereducedduringsleep,makingthecontractionsofthediaphragmmoreimportant.Yetbecauseofthephysicsoflyingdown,thestomachappliesweightagainstthediaphragmandmakesitmoredifficultforthediaphragmtodoitsjob.However,therearemanyotherchangesthataffectrespirationwhenDuringwakefulness,breathingiscontrolledbytwointeractingsystems.Theisanautomatic,metabolicsystemwhosecontroliscenteredinthebrainstem.Itsubconsciouslyadjustsbreathingrateanddepthinordertoregulatethelevelsofcarbondioxide(CO2)andoxygen(O2),andtheacid-baseratiointheblood.Thesecondsystemisthevoluntary,behavioralsystem.Itscontrolcenterisbasedintheforebrain,anditregulatesbreathingforuseinspeech,singing,sighing,andsoon.Itiscapableofignoringoroverridingtheautomatic,metabolicsystemandproducesanirregularpatternofbreathing.DuringNREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisnorapideyemovement)breathingesdeeperandmoreregular,butthereisalsoadecreaseinthebreathingrate,resultinglessairbeingexchangedoverall.ThisoccursbecauseduringNREMsleeptheautomatic,metabolicsystemhasexclusivecontroloverbreathingandthebodyuseslessoxygenandproduceslesscarbondioxide.Also,duringsleeptheautomaticmetabolicsystemislessresponsivetocarbondioxidelevelsandoxygenlevelsintheblood.Twothingsresultfromthesechangesinbreathingcontrolthatoccurduringsleep.,theremaybeabriefcessationorreductionofbreathingwhenfallingasleepasthesleeperwaxesandwanesbetweensleepandwakefulnesstheirdifferingcontrolmechanisms.Second,oncesleepisfullyobtained,thereisanincreaseofcarbondioxideandadecreaseofoxygeninthebloodthatpersistsduringNREM.Butthatisnotallthatchanges.Duringallphasesofsleep,severalchangesintheairpassageshavebeenobserved.Ittakestwiceasmuchefforttobreatheduringsleepbecauseofgreatertoairflowintheairwaysandchangesintheefficiencyofthemusclesusedforbreathing.Someofthemusclesthathelpkeeptheupperairwayopenwhenbreathingtendto emorerelaxedduringsleep,especiallyduringREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisrapideyemovement).Withoutthismuscularaction,inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon—thenarrowpassagestendtocollapse.Alsothereisaregularcycleofchangein betweenthetwosidesofthenose.Ifsomethingblocksthe"good"side,suchascongestionfromallergiesoracold, increasesdramatically.Coupledwiththesefactorsisthelossofthecomplexinteractionsamongthemusclesthatcanchangetherouteofairflowfromnosetomouth.Otherrespiratoryregulatingmechanismsapparentlyceasefunctioningduringsleep.Forexample,duringwakefulnessthereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingeffortwheninhalingismademoredifficult(suchasbreathingthrougharestrictivefacemask).ThisreflexiveadjustmentistotallyabsentduringNREMsleep.Onlyafterseveralinadequatebreathsundersuchconditions,resultingintheconsiderableelevationofcarbondioxideandreductionofoxygenintheblood,isbreathingeffortadjusted.Finally,thecoughingreflexinreactiontoirritantsintheairwayproducesnotacoughduringsleepbutacessationofbreathing.Iftheirritationissevereenough,asleewillarouse,cleartheairway,thenresumebreathingandlikelyreturntosleep.AdditionalbreathingchangesoccurduringREMsleepthatareevenmoredramaticthanthechangesthatoccurduringNREM.TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.Inaddition,breathingduringREMdependsmuoreontheactionofthediaphragmandmuchlessonribcageaction.Paragraph1:Ofallthephysiologicaldifferencesinhumansleepcomparedwithwakefulnessthathavebeendiscoveredinthelastdecade,changesinrespiratorycontrolaremostdramatic.Notonlyaretheredifferencesinthelevelofthefunctioningofrespiratorysystems,thereareevenchangesinhowtheyfunction.Movementsoftheribcageforbreathingarereducedduringsleep,makingthecontractionsofthediaphragmmoreimportant.Yetbecauseofthephysicsoflyingdown,thestomachappliesweightagainstthediaphragmandmakesitmoredifficultforthediaphragmtotsjob.However,therearemanyotherchangesthataffectrespirationwhenAccordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthediaphragmduringsleep?原因?qū)е陆Y(jié)果否定DuringsleepthediaphragmrequiresincreasedmovementoftheribThediaphragmhelpswithbreathingasmovementsoftheribcagedecreaseduringThediaphragmrequiresagreatamountofpressuretofunctionThediaphragmcontributestotheeffectivefunctioningoftheribParagraph2:Duringwakefulness,breathingiscontrolledbytwointeractingsystems.isanautomatic,metabolicsystemwhosecontroliscenteredinthebrainstem.Itsubconsciouslyadjustsbreathingrateanddepthinordertoregulatethelevelsofcarbondioxide(CO2)andoxygen(O2),andtheacid-baseratiointheblood.Thesecondsystemisthevoluntary,behavioralsystem.Itscontrolcenterisbasedintheforebrain,anditregulatesbreathingforuseinspeech,singing,sighing,andsoon.Itiscapableofignoringoroverridingtheautomatic,metabolicsystemandproducesanirregularpatternofbreathing.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingaretrueofthevoluntarybreathingsystemIthasitscontrolcenterinthebrainstem.Itcontrolsbreathingforanumberofactivitiesduringwakefulness.Itisabletobypasstheautomaticsystem.Itproducesanirregularbreathingpattern.Paragraph3:DuringNREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisnorapideyemovement) esdeeperandmoreregular,butthereisalsoadecreaseinthebreathingrate,resultinginlessairbeingexchangedoverall.ThisoccursbecauseduringNREMsleeptheautomatic,metabolicsystemhasexclusivecontroloverbreathingandthebodyuseslessoxygenandproduceslesscarbondioxide.Also,duringsleeptheautomaticmetabolicsystemislessresponsivetocarbondioxidelevelsandoxygenlevelsintheblood.Twothingsresultfromthesechangesinbreathingcontrolthatoccurduringsleep.,theremaybeabriefcessationorreductionofbreathingwhenfallingasleepasthesleeperwaxesandwanesbetweensleepandwakefulnessandtheirdifferingcontrolmechanisms.Second,oncesleepisfullyobtained,thereisanincreaseofcarbondioxideandadecreaseofoxygeninthebloodthatpersistsduringNREM.Thewordexclusiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningjustbefore ）Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofjustbefore ）Theautomatic,metabolicsystemmayincreaseitsdependenceonairBreathingcanstop否定forashorttime rsonfallsAnincreaseintheoxygenlevelinthebloodcanoccuras esfullyThelevelofcarbondioxideinthebloodmaydropParagraph4:Butthatisnotallthatchanges.Duringallphasesofsleep,severalchanges中心句中出現(xiàn)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，后文必并列展開intheairpassageshavebeenobserved.Ittakestwiceasmuchefforttobreatheduringsleepbecauseofgreatertoairflowintheairwaysandchangesintheefficiencyofthemusclesusedforbreathing.Someofthemusclesthathelpkeeptheupperairwayopenwhenbreathingtendto emorerelaxedduringsleep,especiallyduringREM(thephaseofsleepinwhichthereisrapideyemovement).Without否定muscularaction,inhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon—thenarrowpassagestendtocollapse.Also并列thereisaregularcycleofchangein betweenthetwosidesofthenose.Ifsomethingblocksthe"good"side,suchascongestionfromallergiesoracold,thenincreasesdramatically.Coupledwiththesefactorsistheloss否定ofthecomplexinteractionsamongthemusclesthatcanchangetherouteofairflowfromnosetoWhatistheauthor'spurposeinstatingthatinhalingislikesuckingairoutofaTorefutetheargumentthatadditionaleffortisnecessaryforbreathingduringToarguethatREMsleepismoreimportantthanNREMsleep虛ToillustratethedifficultyofbreathingduringToillustratehowblockageof ssagescanbepreventedduringAllofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph4asbeingcharacteristicofbreathingduringsleepEXCEPTrelaxationofthemusclesinvolvedintherespiratorysystemchanges betweenthetwosidesofthenoseeasier虛較airflowinthepassagesoftheupperairway粉紅色的信息滯留absenceofcertaincomplexmuscleinteractionsParagraph5:Otherrespiratoryregulatingmechanismsapparentlyceasefunctioningduringsleep.Forexample,duringwakefulnessthereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingeffortwheninhalingismademoredifficult否定(suchasbreathingthrougharestrictivefacemask).ThisreflexiveadjustmentistotallyabsentduringNREMsleep.Onlyafterseveralinadequate否定breathsundersuchconditions,resultingintheconsiderableelevationofcarbondioxideandreductionofoxygenintheblood,isbreathingeffortadjusted.Finally,thecoughingreflexinreactiontoirritantsintheairwayproducesnot否定acoughduringsleepbut肯定acessation否定ofbreathing.Iftheirritationissevere（取非推理出前文是averymildirritation，所以前句是答案）enough,aslee willarouse,cleartheairway,thenresumebreathingandlikelyreturntosleep.Accordingtoparagraph5,whathappensduringNREMsleepwheninhalingisThereisanimmediate,automatic,adaptiveincreaseinbreathingThesleetakesseveralinadequate否定breathsbeforethebreathingeffortisThecoughingreflexcausesthebreathingefforttoThe eclearedasthebloodremovesItcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thataverymildirritationduringsleepwilllikelycausetheslee to否定因果increasethebreathingwakeupandremovethesourceofcoughwhilestillstopbreathingtemporarilywhilestillThewordconsiderablemeaningThewordresumeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningParagraph6:AdditionalbreathingchangesoccurduringREMsleepthatareevenmoredramaticthanthechangesthatoccurduringNREM.Theamountofairexchangedisevenlower比inREMthanNREMbecause因果,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.Inaddition,breathingduringREMdependsmuoreontheactionofthediaphragmandmuchlessonribcageaction.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessair比較isexchangedinREM.BreathinginNREMislesseffective比較點(diǎn)錯thanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.Becausebreathingismorerapid；而且是讓步中的內(nèi)容，和中心相反inNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoften esshallow.AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.（讓步轉(zhuǎn)折相反；R比N快）BCD沒有主句信息，結(jié)Theamountofairexchangedisevenlower比較inREMthanParagraph1:Ofallthephysiologicaldifferencesinhumansleepcomparedwithwakefulnessthathavebeendiscoveredinthelastdecade,changesinrespiratorycontrolaremostdramatic.Notonlyaretheredifferencesinthelevelofthefunctioningofrespiratorysystems,thereareevenchangesinhowtheyfunction.Movementsoftheribcageforbreathingarereducedduringsleep,makingthecontractionsofthediaphragmmoreimportant.■Yetbecauseofthephysicsoflyingdown,thestomachappliesweightagainstthediaphragmandmakesitmoredifficultforthediaphragmtotsjob.[■]However,therearemanyotherchangesthataffectrespiration強(qiáng)干擾whenasleep.Paragraph2:[■]Duringwakefulness,breathingiscontrolledbytwointeractingsystems.[■]Theisanautomatic,metabolicsystemwhosecontroliscenteredinthebrainstem.Itsubconsciouslyadjustsbreathingrateanddepthinordertoregulatethelevelsofcarbondioxide(CO2)andoxygen(O2),andtheacid-baseratiointheblood.Thesecondsystemisthevoluntary,behavioralsystem.Itscontrolcenterisbasedintheforebrain,anditregulatesbreathingforuseinspeech,singing,sighing,andsoon.Itiscapableofignoringoroverridingtheautomatic,metabolicsystemandproducesanirregularpatternofbreathing.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Tobetterunderstandbreathingduringsleep,itis,however,helpfulto howrespirationworksingeneral.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?ClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetotheDirections:Fromthesevenstatementsbelow,selectthestatementsthatcorrectlycharacteriz