萬煒課程-課堂筆記

GRE考試介筆記：萬煒機(jī)經(jīng)：G神團(tuán)個(gè)人郵箱 成績報(bào)告網(wǎng)盤資源充資料（GRE_GMAT_LSAT閱讀大全，40篇高頻GRE機(jī)經(jīng)），早上yticWriting0-6avg:2.930min– yzeanIssue30min yzean(tativeReasoning,VerbalReasoning)每個(gè)Section30minQ和V的總分各自都是130-170每次會(huì)有2個(gè)V計(jì)分和2個(gè)Q計(jì)分，有一個(gè)隨機(jī)的加 V 無法判斷哪個(gè)Section是加Section-AdaptiveTest，第二個(gè)Section的難度和第一個(gè)Section的準(zhǔn)每個(gè)VerbalSection都是20道題，10道填空，10道閱Section1,2單空1,單空3 雙空3,(4,雙空 三空(4,5)三空7, 短閱7,短閱912長閱9–長閱讀（假13–16六選 12–15六選短閱讀（邏輯短閱讀（邏輯1820長閱讀（假17,短閱19,短閱第一個(gè)Section難度區(qū)間：68-72第一個(gè)Section做錯(cuò)5道（含）以內(nèi)時(shí)，第二個(gè)Section難度最第一個(gè)Section做錯(cuò)14道（含）以上時(shí)，第二個(gè)Section難度最SectionI錯(cuò) 難 錯(cuò)分22696理工完美分正常分保底分43VQ普通文完美分正常分保底分54VQ文章開始判斷文章的對象：一個(gè)對象or兩個(gè)對象之間的關(guān)隨時(shí)注意是否出現(xiàn)了觀點(diǎn)：作者的觀點(diǎn)or的觀1)：挑因果當(dāng)中的，用“→”聯(lián)系成A→B，不需要理解A和：不需要理解類比對象的細(xì)節(jié)，只需要記錄“原始概念~念2)a.讓步：不需要理解，但是記筆記為【讓】+b.對比：站隊(duì)（不同隊(duì)伍c.轉(zhuǎn)折：Manyculturalanthropologistshavecometorejectthescientificframeworkofempiricismthatdominatedthefielduntilthe1970sandnowregardallscientificknowledgeassociallyconstructed.Theyarguethatinformationaboutculturesduringtheempiricisteratypicallycamefromanthropologistswhobroughtwiththemaprepackagedsetofconsciousandunconsciousbiases.Culturalanthropology,accordingtothepost-1970scritique,isunavoidablysubjective,andtheanthropologistshouldbeexplicitinacknowledgingthatAnthropologyshouldstopstrivingtobuildabetterdatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorandshouldturntodeveloamorehumanisticinterpretationofcultures.ThenewframeworkholdsthatitmaybemoreenlighteningtoinvestigatethebiasesofearliertextsthantocontinuewithempiricalTheauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutmostculturalanthropologistsworkingpriortothe1970s?TheyarguedthatscientificknowledgewassociallyTheywereexplicitinacknowledgingthebiasesinherentinscientificTheyregardedscientificknowledgeasconsistingofempiricalTheysharedthesameconsciousandunconsciousTheyacknowledgedtheneedforanewscientificAccordingtothepassage,“manyculturalanthropologists”todaywouldthatanthropologistsbuildabetter,lesssubjectivedatabaseaboutculturalstrivetoimprovetheempiricalmethodologiesuseduntiltherejectthenotionthatscientificknowledgeissociallyturntoexaminingolderanthropologicaltextsforunacknowledgedintegratehumanisticinterpretationswithempiricalOnereasonresearchershavelongbelievedthatMarsneverenjoyedanextensiveperiodofwarmandwetclimateisthatmuchofthesurfacenotcoveredbywind-bornedustappeartobecomposedofunweatheredmaterial.Ifwaterflowedforanextendedperiod,researchersreasoned,itshouldhavealteredandweatheredthevolcanicminerals,creatingclaysorotheroxidized,hydratedphases(mineralsthatincorporatewatermoleculesintheircrystalItturnsout,though,thatthescientistswerenotlookingcloselyenough.Newhigh-resolutionmapdataandclose-upsurfacestudieshaverevealedclaysandotherhydratedmineralsinmanyregions.Theclaydepositsarescatteredallover,inancientvolcanicsurfacesandheavilycrateredhighlandregions,someofwhichhaveapparentlybeenexposedbyerosiononlyrecently.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsareabletodiscoverweatheredmaterialAnewmethod yzevolcaniccraterscreatedontheMartianAnimprovedabilitytodetecthydratedmaterialsontheMartianAmoresophisticatedunderstandingoftheeffectofwind-bornedustonMartianAdecisiontolookforwaterprimarilyinheavilycrateredhighlandAbetterunderstandingofhowerosionmightaffectclayConsidereachofthechoices yandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthereasoningdiscussedinthehighlightedItprovidesthebasisforanexplanationofwhywateronMarshasbeendifficulttofinduntilrecently.ItcorrectlyidentifiesaconsequenceofwaterflowingontheMartianItdependsonafalseassumptionabouthowwaterandvolcanicmaterialsinteractonMars.Mostseismologistsassumethatfollowingamajorearthquakeanditsaftershocks,thefault(abreakinEarth’scrustwherepressurecantriggeranearthquake)willremainquietuntilstresseshavetimetorebuild,typicallyoverhundredsorthousandsofyears.Recentevidenceofsubtleinteractionsbetweenearthquakesmayoverturnthisassumption,however.Accordingtothestress-triggeringhypothesis,faultsareunexpectedlyresponsivetosubtlestressestheyacquireasneighboringfaultsshift.Ratherthansimplydissipating,stressrelievedduringanearthquaketravelsalongthefault,concentratinginsitesnearby;eventhesmallestadditionalstressesmaythentriggeranotherquakealongthefaultoronanearbyfault.Althoughscientistshavelongviewedsuchsubtleinteractionsasnonexistent,thehypothesishasexplainedthelocationandfrequencyofearthquakesfollowingseveraldestructivequakesinCalifornia,Japan,andAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisanassumptionthatmaybeinvalidatedbyrecentseismologicalevidence?EarthquakesarecausedbystressesbuildingupinfaultswithinEarth’sMostmajorearthquakescanbepredictedwithreasonableFaultsarehighlyresponsivetoevenminorstressesinneighboringMostmajorearthquakesarefollowedbypredictableAfaultthathasresultedinamajorearthquake esquietforalongForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatapply.Thepassagesuggeststhatmostseismologistsbelievewhichofthefollowingaboutfaultstresses?TheyaredissipatedwhentheyresultinanTheyaretransferredbetweenneighboringTheywillnotcauseamajorearthquakealongthesamefaultinthespaceofafewyears.SomehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimprovingeducationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnitedStatesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.TheynotethatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwasneverrapidorsteady:disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans’educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Blacksouthernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschoolsinpercapitaspendingandteachers’salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans’ estilllaggedbehindthatofWhites.Nonetheless,educationalprogressdidcontributetowardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans’ nstosupportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlacknewspachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrateamongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewsp rspublishedintheSouth.ItspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationofBlacknewsp ItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanItwastheforceprimarilyresponsibleforincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlackschools.Itwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians’viewoftherelationbetweeneducationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat“disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury”mostlikelyinordertosupporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargelyduetoeducationalinequalitiesgiveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940sillustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthernUnitedStateshelpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouthprovideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomicprogressinthesegregatedSouthWhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedItclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingItreiteratesapointintroducedin sentenceoftheItquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentofthehistorians.Itintroduces thatrunscontrarytotheviewofthoseendorsetheItqualifiestheinterpretationmadebythe邏輯單題目類型一：Boldface（黑體字句子功能題Argument:論證asetofstatementsinwhichoneofthestatementsissupportedbytheothers.你現(xiàn)在復(fù)習(xí)很努力，你下次考試一定會(huì)成功的ThesupportedstatementiscalledtheConclusion.ThesupportingstatementsarecalledthePremises.↓Premise(s)/Evidence/Reason/↓Sub-Conclusion/Intermediary↓Conclusion/View/他帥，而是因?yàn)?，一個(gè)一米八的大漢走在街上打著油紙傘，豎Thestatesapremiseofanargumentthattheauthoropposes;thesecondstatestheauthor’sownview.AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvasttiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingproduced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?Theisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofaposition;thesecondisthatTheisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;thesecondisthatexplanation.Theexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontopositionitseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatThesumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoahypothesis;thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatTheisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;thesecondpresentsthatpositioninamodifiedform.Rain-soakedsoilcontainslessoxygenthandoesdriersoil.Therootsofmelonplantsperformlessefficientlyunderthelow-oxygenconditionspresentinrainsoakedsoil.Whentheefficiencyofmelonrootsisimpaired,therootsdonotsupplysufficientamountsofthepropernutrientsfortheplantstoperformphotosynthesisattheirusuallevels.Itfollowsthatmelonplantshavealower-than-usualrateofphotosynthesiswhentheirrootsareinrain-soakedsoil.Whenthephotosynthesisoftheplantsslows,sugarstoredinthefruitsisdrawnafteraprolongedperiodofheavyrainshouldbelesssweetthanotherripemelons.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?Thestatestheconclusionoftheargumentasawhole;thesecondprovidessupportforthatconclusion.Theprovidessupportfortheconclusionoftheargumentasawhole;thesecondprovidesevidencethatsupportsanobjectiontothatconclusion.Theprovidessupportforanintermediateconclusionthatsupportsafurtherconclusionstatedintheargument;thesecondstatesthatintermediateconclusion.Theservesasanintermediateconclusionthatsupportsafurtherconclusionstatedintheargument;thesecondstatesthepositionthattheargumentasawholeopposes.Thestatesthepositionthattheargumentasawholeopposes;thesecondsupportstheconclusionoftheargument.題目類型二：歸納題萬煒長得很帥，而帥的人通常不愛吃西瓜Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestbeinferredfrom萬煒不愛吃西瓜en-yearcomparisonbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionintermsofcropyieldsperacrerevealedthatwhenonlyplantedacreageiscompared,Sovietyieldswereequalto68percentofUnitedStatesyields.Whentotalagriculturalacreage(plantedacreageplusfallowacreage)iscompared,however,Sovietyieldwas114percentofUnitedStatesFromtheinformationabove,whichofthefollowingcanbemostreliablyinferredaboutUnitedStatesandSovietagricultureduringtheten-yearperiod?AhigherpercentageoftotalagriculturalacreagewasfallowintheUnitedStatesthanintheSovietUnion.TheUnitedStateshadmorefallowacreagethanplantedFewertotalacresofavailableagriculturallandwerefallowintheSovietUnionthanintheUnitedStates.TheSovietUnionhadmoreplantedacreagethanfallowTheSovietUnionproducedagreatervolumeofcropsthantheUnitedStatesproduced.題目類型三：解釋題文章類型解釋題的做題步驟概括Paradox兩邊成A，但是B的結(jié)構(gòu)判斷要解釋哪一邊；（有因果關(guān)系時(shí)，解釋果那一邊做選2.DuringthedayinLakeConstance,thezooplanktonD.hyalinadepartsforthedepthswherefoodisscarceandthewatercold.D.galeataremainsnearthewarmsurfacewherefoodisabundant.EventhoughD.galeatagrowsandreproducesmuchfaster,itspopulationisoftenoutnumberedbyD.hyalina.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldhelpresolvetheapparentparadoxpresentedabove?Thenumberofspeciesofzooplanktonlivingatthebottomofthelakeistwicethatofspecieslivingatthesurface.Predatorsofzooplankton,suchaswhitefishandperch,liveandfeednearthesurfaceofthelakeduringtheday.Inordertomakethemostofscarcefoodresources,D.hyalinematuresmoreslowlythanD.galeata.D. lustersundervegetationduringthehottestpartofdaytoavoidtheSun’sD.galeataproducestwiceasmanyoffspringperindividualinanygivenperiodoftimeasdoesD.hyalina.Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenseveralimprovementsinmountain-climbingequipment.Theseimprovementshavemadethesportbothsaferandmoreenjoyableforexperiencedclimbers.Despitetheseimprovements,however,therateofmountainclimbinginjurieshasdoubledinthepasttenyears.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancypresentedinthepassage?Manyclimbers,lulledintoafalsesenseofsecurity,usethenewequipmenttoattemptclimbingfeatsofwhichtheyarenotcapable.Somemountain-climbinginjuriesarecausedbyweatherMountainclimbing,althoughadangeroussport,doesnotnormallyresultininjurytotheexperiencedclimber.Inthepasttenyearstherehavebeenimprovementsinmountain-climbingtechniquesaswellasinmountain-climbingequipment.AstronomersfoundalargebodyorbitingclosetothestarUpsilonAndromedae.Thestandardtheoryofplanetformationholdsthatnoplanetthatlargecouldbeformedsoclosetoastar,leadingtothesuggestionthatthebodyisacompanionstar.Asubsequentdiscoveryputsthatsuggestionindoubt:twootherlargebodieswerefoundorbitingclosetoUpsilonAndromedae,andthestandardtheoryofcompanionstarsallowsforatmostonecompanionstar.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvethestatusoftheorbitingbodywithoutcastingdoubtonthetwostandardtheoriesThesmalleraplanetorbitingastaris,andthefartherawayitisfromthestar,thelesslikelyitistobediscovered.Ifaplanet’sorbitisdisturbed,theplanetcanbedrawnbytowardthestaritisThelargestofthebodiesorbitingUpsilonAndromedaeisfarthestawayfromthestar,andthesmallestistheItislikelythattherearemanystars,inadditiontoUpsilonAndromedaeandtheSun,thatareorbitedbymorethanonesmallerInmostcasesofcompanionstars,thesmallercompanionismuchfainterthanthelargerstar.Electricwashingmachines,introducedintheUnitedStatesin1925,significantlyreducedtheamountoftimespentwashingagivenamountofclothes,yettheaverageamountoftimehouseholdsspentwashingclothesincreasedafter1925.Thisincreaseispartiallyaccountedforbythefactthatmanyurbanhouseholdshadpreviouslysenttheirclothestoprofessionallaundries.Buttheaverageamountoftimespentwashingclothesalsoincreasedforruralhouseholdswithnoaccesstoprofessionallaundries.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhythetimespentwashingclothesincreasedinruralareas?Peoplewithaccesstoanelectricwashingmachinetypicallyworetheirclothesmanyfewertimesbeforewashingthemthandidpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricwashingmachines.Householdsthathadsenttheirclothestoprofessionalbefore1925weremorelikelythanotherhouseholdstopurchaseanelectricwashingmachinewhentheybecameavailable.Peoplelivinginurbanhouseholdsthathreviouslysenttheirclothestoprofessionallaundriestypicallyownedmoreclothesthandidpeoplelivinginruralhouseholds.Theearliesectricwashingmachinesrequiredtheusertospendmuchmoretimebesidethemachinethandomodernelectricwashingmachines.Inthe1920sand1930stheproportionofruralhouseholdswithelectricitywassmallerthantheproportionofurbanhouseholdswithSportfishersintroducedtheZander,atypeofperch,toBritain’sriversandcsinthe1970s.Becausezandereatlargenumbersofsmallerfish,theyhavehadadevastatingeffectonnativefishpopulations.Toprotectthenativefish,aernmentprogramremovedasignificantproportionofthezanderfromBritain’swaterwayslastyear.Surprisingly,thisyearthelossofnativefishtozanderhasbeengreaterthanbefore.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosthelptoexplainthegreatereffectofzanderonthenativefishpopulation?TheclimateinBritainisverysimilartotheclimateinregionstowhichzanderarenative.Mostofthezanderremovedwerefullygrown,andfullygrownzandereatlargenumbersofsmallerzander.EveryyearalargenumberofzanderarecaughtbysportfisherBritain’s ernmentprogramdesignedtoremovespeciesfromBritain’swaterwayshaveZanderarejustoneofseveralnonnativefishthatpreyonthefishfoundinBritain’s題目類型四：削弱題Weaken題只能出現(xiàn)在Argument當(dāng)中P;therefore,X使得P為真，C為假P;however,削弱題的做題步驟概括前提和結(jié)論成“P→C”的結(jié)構(gòu)改寫成“P;however~C”的結(jié)構(gòu)思考解釋P還是找選 In1998theUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportationreceivednearly10,000consumercomplaintsaboutairlines;in1999itreceivedover20,000.Moreover,thenumberofcomplaintsper100,000passengersalsomorethandoubled.Inbothyearsthevastmajorityofcomplaintsconcernedflightdelays,cancellations,mishandledbaggage,andcustomerservice.Clearly,therefore,despitetheUnitedStatesairlineindustry’sseriouseffortstoimproveperformanceintheseareas,passengerdissatisfactionwithairlineserviceincreasedsignificantlyin1999.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheAlthoughthepercentageofflightsthatarrivedontimedroppedslightlyoverall,from77percentin1998to76percentin1999,someUnitedStatesairlines’1999on-timeratewasactuallybetterthantheir1998on-timerate.ThenumberofpassengersflyingonUnitedStatesairlineswassignificantlyhigherin1999thanin1998.Fewerbagsper1,000passengersflyingonUnitedStatesairlineswerelostordelayedin1999thanin1998.Theappearancein1999ofmanynewInternetsitesthatrelaycomplaintsdirectlytotheDepartmentofTransportationhasmadefilingacomplaintaboutairlinesmucheasierforconsumersthaneverAlthoughthenumberofconsumercomplaintsincreasedforeverymajorUnitedStatesairlinein1999,forsomeairlinestheextentoftheincreasewassubstantial,whereasforothersitwasextremelysmall.Theaveragetemperatureofthelobster-richwatersoffthecoastofFoerklandhasbeenincreasingforsomeyears.Inwarmerwater,lobstersgrowfaster.Inparticular,lobsterlarvaetakelesstimetoreachthesizeatwhichtheyarenolongervulnerabletopredationbyyoungcod,thechiefthreattotheirsurvival.Consequently,survivalrateoflobsterlarvaemustbegoingup,andthepopulationinFoerkland’scoastalwatersisboundtoWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheoffthecoastofFoerklandhasbeentakingcodatanunsustainablyhighrate.TheincreaseinwatertemperaturesoffFoerklandhasnotbeenaspronouncedastheincreaseinaveragesoiltemperaturesinBecauseoftheirspeeded-upgrowth,lobstersnowgetlargeenoughtobelegalcatchbeforetheyreachreproductivematurity.Eventhoughlobstersgrowfasterinwarmerwaters,warmerwatershavenoeffectonthe umsizetowhichalobstercaneventuallyCodareacold-waterspecies,andtheincreasingwatertemperatureshavecausedanorthwardshiftinFoerkland’scodEvenafternumerousproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersbecameavailable,sugarconsumptionpercapitacontinuedtorise.Nowmanufacturersareintroducingfat-freeversionsoffoodsthattheyclaimhavethetasteandtextureofthetraditionalhigh-fatversions.Evenifthemanufacturers’claimistrue,giventhattheavailabilityofsugar-freefoodsdidnotreducesugarconsumption,itisunlikelythattheavailabilityofthesefat-freefoodswillreducefatconsumption.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheSeveralkindsoffatsubstituteareavailabletomanufacturers,eachofwhichgivesanoticeablydifferenttasteandtexturetoproductsthatcontainit.Theproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersdidnottastelikeproductsmadewithsugar.Thefoodsbroughtoutinsugar-freeversionsdidnotgenerallyhavereducedlevelsoffat,butmanyofthefat-freeversionsabouttobeintroducedarelowinsugar.Peoplewhoregularlyconsumeproductscontainingartificialsweetenersaremorelikelythanotherstoconsumefat-freefoods.Notallfoodscontainingfatcanbeproducedinfat-freeTherearemanystructuralandthematicsimilaritiesbetweenPiersPlowmanbyLangland(1330-1400)andHouseofFameby(1342-1400),twoMiddleEnglishpoemsrelatingdreamvisions.Somecriticshavearguedthatbecauseanumberofthesharedelements moninMiddleEnglishpoetry,andbecauseLangland’spoemprobablypredatesChaucer’sbyafewyears,ChaucerwasmostlikelyinfluencedbyPiersPlowmanwhenwritingHouseofFame.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthePiersPlowmanisoneofLangland’smajorworks,whereasHouseofFameisaminorworkofChaucer’sHouseofFamesurvivesinonlythreemanuscriptcopies,substantiallyfewerthanthenumberofmanuscriptcopiesthatexistofPiersPlowman.BecausePiersPlowmanbecameawell-knownworkinitsday,itislikelythatthesimilaritiesbetweenitandHouseofFameweredetectedbymanyofthepeoplewhoreadHouseofFamesoonafterChaucerwroteit.ManyofthethemesandstructuresofPiersPlowmanarealsofoundinLatin,Italian,FrenchworkswithwhichChaucercouldwellhavebeenfamiliar.ThereisnoevidencethatChaucerandLanglandevermetortheycorrespondedwitheachotheraboutliteraryTheGreatSphinxisahugestatueinEgyptthathasalion’sbodywithaman’shead.ThefaceoftheSphinxhaslongbeenclaimedtobethatofpharaohKhafre,wholivedaround2600B.C.,butitcannotbe:erosionpatternsrecentlydiscoveredonthelion’slegscanonlyhavebeencausedbyheavyrains,andtheSaharahasnothadheavyrainsinover10,000years.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheThefaceoftheSphinxbearsaresemblancetothefacesoncertainstylizedstatuesdatingfrombothbeforeandafterthereignofKhafre.OthererosionpatternsthatappearonthebodyoftheSphinxareofasortthatcouldbecausedbywindandsandaloneOtherthantheSphinx,therearenosurvivingsculpturesthathavebeenclaimedtoportraythefaceofKhafre.Inthelast10,000yearstheclimateofEgypthasbeensodrythatevenrainsthatarenotheavyhavebeenextremelyinfrequent.ThefaceoftheSphinxissmallrelativetotherestofthehead,indicatingthatthefacemayhavebeenrecarvedlongaftertheSphinxwas題目類型五：假設(shè)題Assumption/加強(qiáng)題前提→結(jié)論；假設(shè)：河寬而深→只能坐船過，假設(shè)了沒有其它方反例：冬天結(jié)冰；繞；古代河淺，甚至干涸，不存補(bǔ)充信息：古代河的物理狀況，地理位你復(fù)習(xí)得好認(rèn)萬煒長得好帥萬煒的課從來沒假設(shè)的第一種找法：架橋–聯(lián)系前提和結(jié)論的不相干成假設(shè)的第二種找法：反例取非–先制造削弱答案，把它反過P↓Assumption:P→C(sufficientassumption)削弱：x1,x2,xn假設(shè)：~x1,~x2~xnnecessary假設(shè)題/加強(qiáng)題的做題步驟概括前提和結(jié)論成“P→C”的結(jié)構(gòu)改寫成“P;however~C”的結(jié)構(gòu)思考解釋P還是在選項(xiàng)的找答案如何取非WWistall.→WWisnotWWisnothappy.→WWisWWhasneverbeentotheU.S.→WWhasbeentotheU.S.NobodylovesWW.→SomepeopleloveAllbirdsareflyers.→SomebirdsarenotBecauseheworksveryhard,hewillgetintoHarvard.→Althoughheworksveryhard,hewillnotgetintoHarvard.ThereasonwhyhewillgetintoHarvardisthatheworksvery→ThereasonwhyhewillgetintoHarvardisnotthatheworksveryItisbecauseheworksveryhardthathewillgetintoHarvard.→ItisnotbecauseheworksveryhardthathewillgetintoHarvard.（Only做副詞的句子都是隱藏的否定句OnlyIloveyou.=Exceptforme,nobodylovesyou.→Besidesme,somebodyelselovesyou.Ionlyloveyou.=Exceptforyou,Idon’tloveanybodyelse.Besidesyou,Ilovesomebodyelse,too,OnlyifyouworkhardcanyouenderHarvard.=Ifyoudon’tworkhard,youcannotenterHarvard.→Evenifyoudon’tworkhard,youcanstillenterHarvard. thatlovesyouisme.=Exceptforme,lovesyou.→Besidesme,somebodyelselovesyou,Unlessyougivememoney,Iwillhateyou.=Ifyoudon’tgivememoney,Iwillhateyou.→Evenifyoudon’tgivememoney,Iwon’thateyou.Inmountainousregions,thetimberlineisthehighestaltitudeatwhichtreesgrow.IntheRockyMountains,thecurrenttimberlineisatthealtitudeabovewhichgrowingseasontemperaturesremaincoolerthan10degreescentigrade.Fossilizedremainsoftreesthatgrew10,000yearsagohavebeenfound100metersabovethecurrentRockyMountaintimberline.Clearly,therefore,theclimateoftheRockyMountainsiscoolernowthanitwas10,000yearsago.WhichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentInthepast10,000years,theonlytreestohavegrownabovetoday'stimberlinearethetreeswhosefossilizedremainshavebeenNotreesgrew10,000yearsagoataltitudeshigherthantheonesatwhichfossilizedtreeremainshavebeenfound.Thefossilsarenotofspeciesoftreesthatwereabletocoolergrowingtemperaturesthanarethespeciesthatcurrentlygrownearthetimberline.TheRockyMountainshavenoterodedsignificantlyoverthepast10,000years.TheclimateoftheRockyMountainshasneverbeensignificantlywarmerthanduringthelifetimeofthetreeswhosefossilizedremainshavebeenfound.Cottongrass,whichgrowsonlyinarcticregions,hasbeentheonlysummertimesourceofproteinavailabletocaribou.Caribouthatdonotgetadequateamountsofproteininthesummerareunabletoreproducethefollowingyear.Risingaveragetemperaturesinarcticregions,however,arecausingcottongrasstodisappear.Therefore,ifthewarmingtrendcontinues,caribouarelikely eWhichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentcottongrassistheonlyoneofthecaribou’sfoodsourcesthatingscarceastemperaturesriseinarcticcaribouthatdonoteatenoughproteintoreproducedonotliveaslongascaribouthatdoThewarmingtrendinarcticregionswillnotenableotherplantscapableofprovidingproteintocariboutogrowthere.Thecaribouistheonlyanimalthatdependsoncottongrassasamajorsourceoffood.Ifthewarmingtrendcontinuesandcottongrassdisappearsfromarcticregions,thencottongrasswillbeextinct.IntheshallowendofLakeTomwa,thereareremainsofnumerousJefferypinetreesthatgrewthereduringalengthydrought.Researchershadbelievedthatthisdroughtlastedatleast150years,butcarbondatingrevealsthatpinesweregrowinginthelakebedforonly120years,from1200until1320.SincetheJeffreypines,whichcannotsurviveinwater,musthavediedat ofthedrought,thedatingshowsthatthedroughtlastedlessthan150years.TheargumentgivenreliesonwhichofthefollowingasanNootherspeciesoftreestartedg