(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)講義第2部分 語(yǔ)法專題 語(yǔ)法專題 專題四 第1講　定語(yǔ)從句 (含答案)

第1講定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句的概念：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句放在先行詞的后面?？键c(diǎn)一that/which/who/whomXiaoMengisagirlwho/that①lovesreadingandsheisalsoagirlwho/whom/that②teachersoftenpraise.Booksthat/which③talkaboutloveoradventuresareherfavorite.JourneytotheWestisthefirstbookthat④XiaoMenghasread，anditisalsothebestnovelthat④shehasread.Everythingthat④appearsinthenovelisinterestingandbothpeopleandmonstersthat④aredescribedinitmakeherfascinated.注釋：①關(guān)系詞指人作主語(yǔ)，可以用that，who引導(dǎo)。②關(guān)系詞指人作賓語(yǔ)，可以用that，who，whom引導(dǎo)。③關(guān)系詞指物作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，可以用that，which引導(dǎo)。④關(guān)系詞指物，由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾，或者是先行詞是不定代詞，或關(guān)系詞既指人又指物時(shí)，只能用that。1．that/which/who/whom在句子里充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，這些關(guān)系詞叫關(guān)系代詞。在上面的短文中的限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，that出現(xiàn)頻率最高。that既可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)，既可以指人，也可以指物。2．此外指物時(shí)只用that不用which的情況的口訣：very、only序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行詞指物被thevery、theonly、序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，或者先行詞既包括人也包括物時(shí)，或者先行詞指物是不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。ThisistheverybookthatIhavebeenlookingforforseveraldays.這正是我找了好幾天的那本書。Isthereanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthismatter?關(guān)于這件事你想說(shuō)什么呢？3．定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。Istillrememberthepeopleintheremotevillagewhowerefriendlytome.我仍然記得那些住在邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)對(duì)我很友好的鄉(xiāng)親。Thestudentswhoareinterestedintheactivityshouldsignupforitinadvance.對(duì)這次活動(dòng)感興趣的同學(xué)們要提前報(bào)名。點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Thedictionarythat/whichthegentlemanboughthalfanhouragowasveryexpensive.2．Theladywhois(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.3．Themanwho/whom/thatIservedwaswearingahat.4．Thisisthethirdapplethatshehaseatenintheafternoon.5．ThisistheonlythingthatIcandotosolvethetrickyproblem.6．That’sallthatIknowabouttheyoungmanlivingnextdoor.7．Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.8．ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.考點(diǎn)二as/which/whoseAs①weallknow/As①isknowntoall，LiHuaisastudentwhose②nameisoftenseeninEnglishexaminations.Butthisyearhedidn’tmakeuswritecompositionsforhim，which③mademanystudentssad.Howwemisstheboyforwhom④wehavewrittenmanycompositionsandwehavepreparedmanysituationsinwhich④hecan’twritearticleshimself.注釋：①位于句首，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。②在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示所屬關(guān)系“……的”，用關(guān)系代詞whose。③用于帶逗號(hào)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作主語(yǔ)指物或前面整個(gè)句子時(shí)，只能用which而不用that。④當(dāng)介詞提到關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，若先行詞指物，則關(guān)系詞只能用which；若先行詞指人，則關(guān)系詞只能用whom。1．whose既可以指人，又可以指物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，表示先行詞的所有格。即whose前的先行詞和whose之后的名詞有所屬關(guān)系?？谠E：whose前后名，后名屬前名。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.這就是那個(gè)叫李梅的女孩。Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacethenorth.他住在窗戶朝北的房子里。2．只用which/whom而不用that的情況。用在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中或者動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞之前，充當(dāng)其賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。注意：which既可以指某一個(gè)名詞，也可以指前面的整個(gè)句子。Shelostthegame，whichdepressedhergreatly.她輸了比賽，這使她很沮喪。Therewasnopersontowhomshecouldturnforhelpinthedarkstreet.在黑漆漆的街上沒(méi)有她可以求助的人。3．定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開，將非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在句子中間，其前后都需要用逗號(hào)隔開。4．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句主要用于thesame...as...，such...as...和so...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里使用的那種材料。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.這些房子以人們期望的低價(jià)出售了。5．關(guān)系代詞which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別whichas位置上只能放在先行詞的后面位置靈活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末搭配上無(wú)動(dòng)詞的限制謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是表示感覺(jué)或心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，常用結(jié)構(gòu)：asanybodycansee，asweallknow，asweexpected，asisreported，ashasbeenannounced，asisoftenthecase等。意思上意為“這一點(diǎn)”表示“正如……，像……”Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每個(gè)人所看到的一樣，這匹大象像一條蛇。Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，這是始料未及的。點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)單句語(yǔ)法填空1．HeisthestudentwhoseEnglishisalwaysatthetop.2．Inourfactorythereare2,000workers，twothirdsofwhomarewomen.3．Heisworkinghard，whichwillmakehimpassthefinalexam.4．Asisknowntoall，thereare7continentsontheearth.考點(diǎn)三when/where/whyXiaoMingstillremembersthedaywhen①hewasseriouslypunishedbyhisfather.Thereasonwhy②hewaspunishedwasthatheplayedcellphonegamesforawholeweekend.Hisfatherbroughthimtoaroomwhere③therewasnoothers.Afterputtingthecellphoneintoabasinwhich/that④wasfullofwater，hetoldXiaoMingaboutthedaysthat/which④hespentearningschoolfeesbydoingpart-timejobsinarestaurant.Thiswasthereasonthat/which④hisfathertoldhimfornotplayingcellphones.注釋：①先行詞表示時(shí)間，從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞when。②先行詞表示原因，從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞why。③先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞where。④先行詞雖然表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或原因，但是從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，仍然用關(guān)系代詞that/which。1．關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的選擇從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，是個(gè)完整的句子，可以是主謂賓或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，亦可以是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(主語(yǔ)＋vi.)。此時(shí)需要判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否及物。判斷定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞的方法：把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞連接起來(lái)，看它們是否能構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果能直接構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，否則為不及物動(dòng)詞。(1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.work與factory不能直接構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，只有后面加上介詞in才能構(gòu)成正確的表達(dá)形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work為不及物動(dòng)詞。因此此處應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞where作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，也可使用inwhich(which代替先行詞thefactory)。(2)Thefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.該題中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以和先行詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)setupthefactory，所以setup是及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。其后缺賓語(yǔ)，因此此處用關(guān)系代詞that或which。2．當(dāng)先行詞為表示抽象地點(diǎn)的名詞situation，case，stage，point，position等，且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；如果關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用關(guān)系代詞which/that。3．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的確定：(1)依據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)確定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIsaved.我買了很多書，這些書花光了我的所有積蓄。(2)依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配來(lái)確定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過(guò)的童年時(shí)光。(3)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來(lái)確定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.離開它我們就不能生存的這種無(wú)色氣體叫作氧氣。4．當(dāng)theway作先行詞時(shí)，無(wú)論關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是作狀語(yǔ)，用that一定正確。Idon’tlikethewaythat/inwhichhespeakstome.(關(guān)系詞作方式狀語(yǔ))Theyarelookingforawaythat/whichisthemostsuitablefortheproblem.(關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ))點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)練習(xí)單句語(yǔ)法填空1．IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.2．Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidn’tstudyhard.3．Giftshopsinmuseumswherepeoplewouldbuysouvenirsforthemselvesandtheirfriendsusedtobethelaststopofeachvisit.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolthat/whichgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.(2021·浙江1月)2．NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield，whichsheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅱ)3．Wehaveenteredintoanagewhendreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2019·江蘇)定語(yǔ)從句解題三步走第一步：根據(jù)是否修飾某一名詞，且放在該名詞之后來(lái)確定是不是定語(yǔ)從句。第二步：根據(jù)從句中是否缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)來(lái)確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。如果從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞；如果不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則使用關(guān)系副詞(或者“介詞＋which”)。第三步：根據(jù)先行詞具體所指，確定是哪個(gè)關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞。層級(jí)一基礎(chǔ)達(dá)標(biāo)練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，whichmadehiseldersondiscouraged.2．IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagewhereIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3．Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，whohadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4．Therearemanygoodwebsiteswhereyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．Thesystem，whichcanbethemostadvancedinmanyways，willbethelargestearthquakeobservationnetworkintheworld.6．HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewho/thatwantedtoworkinSiliconValley.7．Hisintereststartedafewyearsago，whenhewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.8．ThenNeedhambeganhislifelongresearch，whichendedupcreatingthegreatestwork—ScienceandCivilisationinChina.9．Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson，whoisareallyluckyguy.10．Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，whosewayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.11．Asthesayinggoes，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.”12．ThereasonwhyTomlooksangryisthathehasquarreledwithhissister.13．Wehavereachedastagewherewemusttakeeffectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironmentsoastosaveourselves.14．Alicewaseasytorecognizeasshewasthemostbeautifulwomanthat/whohadbeenpresentattheparty.15．YesterdayIcameacrossthemanaboutwhomyoutalkedlasttime.層級(jí)二高考真題練單句語(yǔ)法填空1．WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwhichwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.(2021·天津3月，改編)2．AttheChineseartfestival，therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.(2021·天津3月)3．Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasterswho/thathadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019·全國(guó)Ⅲ)4．Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅰ)5．InancientChinalivedanartistwhosepaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全國(guó)Ⅲ)6．The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.(2020·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ)7．Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethosewhoaretotallyengaged(參與)inacademiclife，takingfulladvantageofthecollege’schancesandresources(資源)．(2019·北京)8．Theirchildisatthestagewhereshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津6月)9．Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅰ)10．TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogramthat/whichgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011，fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅱ)11．Manywesternerswho/thatcometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江6月)12．Self-drivingisanareawhereChinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.(2018·江蘇)13．ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全國(guó)Ⅲ)層級(jí)三語(yǔ)篇提能練語(yǔ)法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoodpartner，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldliketotalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10.ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”語(yǔ)篇解讀本文為記敘文，文章敘述了作者參加英語(yǔ)俱樂(lè)部的難忘經(jīng)歷。在那里作者遇到了一位好老師，那位老師使作者對(duì)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生了興趣，同時(shí)作者還養(yǎng)成了學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的好習(xí)慣。1．答案when解析先行詞是time，指時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句中不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞when。2．答案why解析先行詞是reason，指原因，定語(yǔ)從句中不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞why。3．答案where解析先行詞是club，指地點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，故填關(guān)系副詞where。4．答案whose解析先行詞是guide，空格后面的teacher與其構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，故填whose。5．答案whom解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，結(jié)合句意及空格前的介詞from可知填whom。6．答案that/which解析此處為限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞activities，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that/which。7．答案who解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代先行詞myfatherandtheguide，指人，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故用who。8．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代“學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)”這件事，并在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用which。9．答案which解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為前面的句子“Irecallthepassages”，故用which。10．答案As解析此處為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞指代后面的句子“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillconquerEnglishsoonerorlater.”并位于句首，意為“正如”，故用As。不同語(yǔ)境中定語(yǔ)從句的使用1．邀請(qǐng)信典例(2017·浙江6月)我寫信邀請(qǐng)你參加我組織的徒步旅行，我們的一些同學(xué)將參加。I’mwritingtoinviteyoutoparticipateinahikingorganizedbyme，whichsomeofourclassmateswilltakepartin.運(yùn)用(2019·全國(guó)Ⅲ)我寫信邀請(qǐng)你參加下周六在我們學(xué)校舉辦的音樂(lè)節(jié)。I’mwritingtoinviteyoutotakepartinthemusicfestivalwhich/thatwillbeheldinourschoolnextSaturday.2．申請(qǐng)信(1)典例(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)我自五歲學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)畫，因此我很了解這門藝術(shù)，這使得我能夠很好地介紹畫展。IhavetakenupChinesepaintingsinceIwasfiveyearsoldandIhaveagoodknowledgeofit，whichmakesitpossibleformetointroducetheexhibitionwell.運(yùn)用(2018·浙江6月)我英語(yǔ)很熟練，這使得我與外國(guó)人自由交談成為可能。IhaveagoodcommandofEnglish，whichmakesitpossibleformetocommunicatewithforeignersfreely.3．申請(qǐng)信(2)典例(2019·全國(guó)Ⅰ)我寫信是想申請(qǐng)你們昨天在報(bào)紙上刊登的志愿者工作。I’mwritingtoapplytoworkasavolunteerthatyouadvertisedinyesterday’snewspaper.運(yùn)用(2018·浙江6月)我寫信申請(qǐng)我們學(xué)校英語(yǔ)協(xié)會(huì)所提供的職位。I’mwritingtoapplyforthepositionthat/whichtheEnglishAssociationofourschooloffers.4．通知(1)典例(2018·全國(guó)Ⅱ)GrowingTogether這部電影主要講述我們學(xué)校的發(fā)展，將于6月17日下午2∶00到4∶00在學(xué)校大廳放映。ThemovieGrowingTogether，whichisaboutthedevelopmentofourschool，willbeshownintheschoolhall