考研考博-英語-東北電力大學考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-東北電力大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Stunkardandhiscolleaguesemphasizedthatthosewith“fatgenes”arenotdoomedtoalifetimeofobesity.

問題1選項

A.subjected

B.destined

C.endured

D.sustained

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.subjected（v.）使順從，（尤指）壓服B.destined（adj.）注定，（尤指）命中注定

C.endured（v.）忍耐，忍受D.sustained（v.）維持（生命、生存）

【答案】B

【考查點】詞義辨析。

【解題思路】doomed的意思為“使……注定失敗（或遭殃、死亡等）”，指的是不是注定一輩子肥胖，無法改變，destined與之詞義相近，因此B選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】斯圖卡德和他的同事們強調，那些有肥胖基因的人并不是注定要一生肥胖。

2.單選題

______wehaveallthematerialsready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.

問題1選項

A.Grantedthat

B.Ifonly

C.Bynow

D.Nowthat

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項grantedthat“即使，假定”，表示條件；B項ifonly“要是……多好”，表示虛擬語氣；C項bynow“到目前為止”，作時間狀語；D項nowthat“既然，由于”表原因。句子表示原因；因此D項符合。句意：既然我們已經(jīng)準備好了所有的材料，我們應該立即開始這項新任務。故正確答案為D。

3.單選題

Inthemodernsociety,peopleoftenfeelcomfortablephysicallybutsufferalot（）.

問題1選項

A.moderately

B.naturally

C.biologically

D.psychologically

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。moderately“適度地，有節(jié)制地”；naturally“自然地”；biologically“生物學上地”；psychologically“精神上地，心理上地”。句意：在現(xiàn)代社會，人們經(jīng)常感覺生理上是舒服的，但卻遭遇心理上的問題。由but可知其前后內容性質相反，前面提到生理，故空格處應該填心理上地。

4.單選題

TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved（

）ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.

問題1選項

A.thatheistothink

B.tothink

C.thatheisthinking

D.tobethinking

【答案】D

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。當句子的主語是it時，才會使用itisbelievedthat…的形式，因此排除A和C選項。句意：人們相信財政部長正在考慮征收新稅以增加額外收入。由句意可知此處應使用動詞不定式的現(xiàn)在進行時tobethinking表示“正在考慮”。因此D選項符合題意。

5.單選題

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry___soserious.

問題1選項

A.wouldn’tbe

B.wouldn’thavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.wouldhavenotbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查錯綜時間虛擬條件句。第一句是虛擬過去時IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995(had=過去時)，但第二句thehousingproblemsnow，關鍵是now，表示現(xiàn)在，時態(tài)發(fā)生改變。變?yōu)殄e綜虛擬條件句，即條件從句與主句所指時間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或將來，此時應根據(jù)具體的語境情調整。句意：如果美國在1995年為窮人建造更多的住房，現(xiàn)在美國一些地區(qū)的住房問題就不會那么嚴重。本句表示如果以前怎樣，那現(xiàn)在的問題就不會那么嚴重，主句時態(tài)用情態(tài)動詞+現(xiàn)在時。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

Chicago'ssegregationofminoritiesisasoldasthecityitself.TheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsoftoday'sSouthandWestsidesarelocatedinexactlythesamepartsofthecityastheAfrican-Americanneighborhoodsof1910.Andfrom1930totoday,theseAfricanAmericaneighborhoodshavebeenrepresentedinCongressandinthestatehousebyAfrican-Americanpoliticians,whohavedoneverylittle(otherthanpassFederalbenefitprograms)toliftAfrican-Americansoutofpoverty.Inthe2000Census,forexample,ofthetenpoorestcensustractsintheentireUnitedStates,ninewerelocatedintheSouthandWestSideAfrican-AmericanareasruledbyAfrican-AmericancongressmenBobbyRushandJesseJacksonJr.TheconceptofWesternImperialColonialismisverypopularintheliteratureofracialexploitation.ThecontinentofAfricawasdividedupinto“colonies”bythemajorEuropeanImperialpowersinaveryshortperiodoftime:justsevenyears,from1885to1892.Previously,Britainhadseizedvastterritoriesbelongingtootherculturesforhundredsofyears.Butin20thcenturyAmericaanewtypeofcolonywasinvented:AmericanurbancoloniesinthelargemetropolitanareasfromtheMidwestandNortheasttoLosAngeles.TheseweremadepossiblebytheGreatMigrationofAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth,whichbeganduringWWI.Astheymovednorth,African-Americanswereimmediatelyconfinedtoghettoesdefinedbyracialboundaries.Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit'simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.AssoonastheAfrican-AmericanpopulationofChicagobegantoexpand,theGreatDepressionhitandputmanypersonsoutofwork.FDR'sresponsetothiswastocreatetheNewDealprogramsofwelfare,foodassistance,andsubsidizedhousing.Whilethisgreatlyhelpedunemployedpersonsofallraces,forAfrican-Americansitbegantheghettoizationoftheirpeopleintowhatcanonlybecalledurbancoloniesinthelargecitiesofthenorth.Thepatternseeninthe

20largestcitiesoftheUnitedStatesfrom1920to2010isremarkablyconsistent.In192019ofthetwentylargestcitieswerealllocatedintheNorth.Allofthesenineteencitieswerefrom92.5%to99%white.TheoneexceptionwasBaltimore,MDandthatwas85%white.Ithadaslightlylargerblackpopulationonlybecauseitwasaportofentryfortheslavetrade.Similarly,allofthesecitiessawgreatincreasesintheirblackpopulationsstartingin1920.By1990thesecitieswerefrom26to76%black.ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup,andthebigcitieswereportsofentryforEuropeanimmigrants.Soaswhitesleft,politicianswantedtomaintaintheirpopulationnumbers.

Bythe2010CensusthecitieswiththehighestblackpopulationswereDetroit,MI,whichwas83%black,andNewark,NJwhichwas52%.(Sources:CensuspaperNo.76andCensus2010Quickfacts).AndsinceinallthemajorindustrialcitiesoftheNorth,thedestinationsofjob-seekingAfrican-AmericanmigrantswerecontrolledbyDemocrats,itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty.Tragicallyallofthesecitieshaveveryhighratesofsegregation,pooreducationforAfrican-Americans;highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime.InChicago,“negrowards”astheywerethencalled,werequicklydrawnup:theirboundariesreflected(andpromoted)theracialsegregationofthetime.TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon'tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.

Furthermore,sinceLincolnfreedtheslaves,African-AmericansinChicagovotedforRepublicans,untilaDemocraticMayor,AntonCermak,tookover;firedallthethousandsofAfrican-AmericanswhoRepublicanshadgivencitygovernmentjobs,andtookovertheblackvote.SincethattimeChicago'sAfrican-Americanshavebeenrepresentedexclusivelybyblackpoliticians,andalwayslivedinpoverty.WhatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.WhatmakestheAmericanUrbanColonialismplansorevolutionaryandingeniousisthatitdoesnotrelyonagreementswithforeigngovernments;themarketpriceofironore,orcottonforprofits;butonFederalbenefitprograms.Theseprogramdollarsareinfinitelymorereliableandpoliticallystable.

1.Accordingtotheessay,Americancitieslostwhiteresidentsdueto（

）.

2.Theessaysconvincinglydemonstratesthat

（

）.

3.TheDemocraticMachineinChicagoprovidesincentivesintheformof

（

）.

4.ObamamovedtoChicagobecause

（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,Americanurbancolonialismistheresultof（

）.

問題1選項

A.whitevoter'sminorityruleintheRepublicanparty

B.theinfluxofEuropeanimmigrants

C.themigratorynatureofAmericans

D.ghettoizationbyAfrican-Americans

問題2選項

A.powerismoreimportantthanpeople

B.whiteAmericansareessentiallyracist

C.theCivilWarwasfoughtfornothing

D.slavetradedeterminedthefateofethnicminoritiesinAmericancities

問題3選項

A.segregationofminorities

B.highunemployment,singlemotherhood,andcrime

C.federalbenefitprograms

D.negrowards

問題4選項

A.theblacksubmachinealreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine

B.Chicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics

C.theGreatMigrationofdirectedAfrican-AmericansfromtheSouthtotheNorth

D.ChicagoisthemostsegregatedcityinAmerica

問題5選項

A.theghettoizationofAfrican-AmericanpeopleinAmericancities

B.thesegregationofminorities

C.thepoliticalclientelismoftheblacksubmachine

D.westernimperialcolonialisminAfrica

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.推理判斷題。由文中“ThesecitiesdidnotlosewhitesbecauseAfrican-Americansmovedin.Rather,itismoreaccuratetosaythatAmericansareahighlymigratorygroup...這些城市沒有因為非洲裔美國人的遷入而失去了美國白人。更準確地不如說美國人是一個高度迀移的群體······”可知C選項“美國人遷移的本性”正確。

第2題:2.推理判斷題。由文中“ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.開發(fā)被城市民主黨人作為一種操縱居民且讓自己掌權的方式來宣傳?！笨芍狝項“權力比人民更重要”正確。

第3題:3.推理判斷題。由文中“·...itisoverwhelminglyclearthatthesegreatpocketsofurbanpovertywerecreatedandmaintainedbythatonepoliticalparty...非常明顯的是這些巨大的城市貧困區(qū)是由那一個政黨造成并保持的?！焙汀癢hatmadetheblacksubmachineofChicagopossiblewasthatChicagoalreadyhadinplaceaDemocraticMachine.ExploitationispromulgatedbyurbanDemocratsasawaytomanipulateresidentsandkeepthemselvesinpower.讓芝加哥黑人子機構成為可能的是芝加哥已有一個民主黨機構。開發(fā)被城市民主黨人作為一種操縱居民且讓自己掌權的方式來宣傳?！钡膶赏浦狝項“對少數(shù)民族進行種族隔離”正確。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。由文中“TheirpoliticalrepresentativeswereAfrican-American,andtheywereexpectedtodelivervotestotheDemocraticParty.MostAmericansdon’tknowthatChicagoisthecenterforblackpolitics.他們（即芝加哥黑人）的政治代表是非洲裔美國人，他們被期待去將自己的選票投給民主黨。大多數(shù)美國人不知曉芝加哥是黑人政治中心?！笨芍狟選項“芝加哥是黑人政治的中心”正確。

第5題:5.推理判斷題。題目詢問“美國城市殖民主義是······的結果”。由文中“Noonedoubtsthatthissegregationwasdoneintentionally.Butit’simportanttorealizethatthissegregationwasnotcreatedbytheracistattitudesoftheresidentsofChicago(Chicagoneverhadslaves)butbytherulingpoliticalelite.沒有人懷疑這種種族隔離（即‘Americanurbancolonies美國城市殖民地’現(xiàn)象）被有意地進行，但是認識到它不是由芝加哥（其從未有過奴隸）居民的種族主義態(tài)度而是由執(zhí)政的政治精英造成的卻很重要?！笨芍狟項“對少數(shù)民族的種族隔離”正確。

7.單選題

Thatpartofthecityhaslongbeen______foritsstreetviolence.

問題1選項

A.notorious

B.responsible

C.historical

D.illegal

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.notorious聲名狼藉的，臭名昭著的B.responsible有責任的，負責的

C.historical（有關）歷史的，歷史學的D.illegal不合法的，非法的

【答案】A

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關鍵詞streetviolence（街頭暴力）可知，空格處填入notorious表示“臭名昭著的”符合句子意思。因此，該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】該市的這一地區(qū)長期以來因街頭暴力而臭名昭著。

8.單選題

The（）differenceinChinesedialecthasbecomeaprobleminmutualcommunicationamongpeople.

問題1選項

A.enormous

B.immense

C.imminent

D.eminent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項enormous“巨大的”，指超出了正常的限度和比例；B選項immense“廣大的”，側重空間的廣闊；C選項imminent“即將來臨的”；D選項eminent“杰出的”。句意：漢語方言的巨大差異已經(jīng)成為人與人之間交流的一個問題。本句表示差異的巨大。因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand,fortunately,thenumberofsuchreasonsissmall．Pruninginvolvesthecuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranches,andtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway.

First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize．Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheight,andatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape．Secondly,pruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier．Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwood,orbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds．Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.

Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal．Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordie,orthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk．Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible．Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness．Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose．Pruningisusuallydoneinwinter,forthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterferencefromtheleavesanditis,too,veryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed．Ifthisdoeshappen,itis,ofcourse,impossibletopaintthemproperly.

1.Pruningisprobablyusuallydoneto（）.

2.Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener().

問題1選項

A.makethesmallbranchesthicker.

B.getridofthesmallbranches.

C.improvetheshapeofthetree.

D.makethetreegrowtaller.

問題2選項

A.damagessomeofthesmallsidebranches.

B.forcesthemtogrowtooquickly.

C.doesnotprotectthemfromthewind.

D.allowstoomanybranchestogrowinthemiddle.

問題3選項

A.Tohelpawoundtodry.

B.Tocoveraroughsurface.

C.Topreventdiseaseenteringawound.

D.Tomakeawoundsmooth.

問題4選項

A.regularlyeverywinter.

B.occasionallywhennecessary.

C.asquicklyaspossible.

D.atintervalsthroughouttheyear.

問題5選項

A.Todiscussdifferentmethodsofpruning.

B.Toexplainhowtreesdevelopdisease.

C.Togiveageneraldescriptionofpruning.

D.Togivepracticalinstructionforpruningatree.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。第二段第一句指出：First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize(首先，修剪可以確保樹有一個理想的形狀或大小)。由此可知，修剪通常是為了“改善樹的形狀”，故選C。

2.判斷推理題。第二段最后一句指出：Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecenterandsopreventingthefreemovementofair(修剪掉擋在中間而阻止了空氣自由流通的樹枝，可以讓樹更健康)。由此可知，如果園丁讓太多的樹枝在中間生長，樹就會不健康。D選項正確。

3.判斷推理題。最后一段第一句指出：Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseases,butitisawoundthatwillheal(修剪的一個后果是樹上留下一個缺口，這為疾病提供了一個容易的入口，但這是一個可以愈合的傷口)。因此樹被涂上一種特殊材料終究是為了“防止疾病通過修剪口侵入”。B項和D項都是干擾項，雖然后面提到：Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness(修剪過的區(qū)域必須光滑干凈，因為粗糙會減緩愈合速度)。但它們并不是最終原因。因此本題選C。

4.判斷推理題。第一段指出：Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand…(只有在有充分和明確的理由時才應該修剪樹木)。由此推斷，B項“必要時偶爾修剪”正確。

5.主旨大意題。本文開頭講了修剪的原因，方法，后面講了修剪的后果極其處理方法，因此C項“概述修剪”比較能概括本文主旨。

10.單選題

VII.EconomicLaw

AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”

CodificationofthecausationrequirementinthePSLRAbrokenonewsubstantiveground.But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”InthewakeofDura,losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory,firstembracedbyapluralityoftheSupremeCourtinBasic,Inc.v.Levinson.InBasic,theCourtcreatedarebuttablepresumptionofinvestorrelianceonthemarketpriceofasecuritythattradesinan“efficient”market—oneinwhichthemarketpriceispresumedtoreflectallinformationdisseminatedintothatmarketplace.Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.

Duraistheseminalpronouncementonthenecessaryshowingoflosscausationasamatterofbothpleadingandproofinfraud-on-the-marketcases.TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.Indeed,theCourtcautionedinthesecasesthat“thelogicallinkbetweentheinflatedpurchasepriceandanylatereconomiclossisnotinvariablystrong,”andthatwhileanartificiallyinflatedpurchasemightmeanalaterloss,thatisnotinevitablyso.TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.

1.FromthefirstparagraphoneisNOTabletosaythatDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo___.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementdescribes“fraud-on-the-markettheory”mostsuitably?

3.LosscausationisNOT___.

4.Losscausationcanbesufficientlydemonstratedby___.

問題1選項

A.washeardbytheUSFederalSupremeCourt

B.wasanactionaboutsecuritiesfraud

C.wasacasewherethecausationrequirementwasdiscussed

D.providedinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses

問題2選項

A.ItiscodifiedinthePSLRA

B.Itiscriticaltoofficialrecognitionofinvestorclassactions.

C.ItreflectstheCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactions.

D.Itisaboutlosscausation.

問題3選項

A.anindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification

B.acentralelementofanyprivateaction

C.thecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactions

D.necessarytobesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss

問題4選項

A.anartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss

B.“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketprices

C.plaintiffs’adequateallegationandproofofthetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss

D.falseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplace

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第一段AstheU.S.SupremeCourtaddresseditinDaraPharmaceuticals,Inc.v.Broudo,thelosscausationrequirementexiststoassurethatprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsare“available,nottoprovideinvestorswithbroadinsuranceagainstmarketlosses,buttoprotectthemagainstthoseeconomiclossesthatmisrepresentationsactuallycause.”（作為美國最高法院解決它在達拉制藥、公司訴Broudo損失因果關系要求存在，以確保私人證券欺詐行為是“可用的，而不是為投資者提供廣泛的保險市場的損失，但為了保護他們反對那些虛假陳述實際上造成的經(jīng)濟損失”）可知D選項“為投資者提供針對市場損失的廣泛保險”和原文相悖；A選項“美國聯(lián)邦最高法院審理了此案”，B選項“是一個關于證券欺詐的行為”以及C選項“是一個討論了因果關系要求的案例”都可和原文對應。因此D選項符合題意。

2.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段Therebuttablepresumptionofreliancebasedonthefraud-on-the-markettheoryiscriticaltocertificationofinvestorclassactionswhere,withoutit,certificationwouldbevirtuallyimpossibleasindividualquestionsofreliancewouldpredominateoveranycommonquestions.（基于市場欺詐理論的可反駁的信賴推定對投資者集體訴訟的證明至關重要，如果沒有它，證明幾乎是不可能的，因為信賴的個別問題將壓倒任何普通問題。）可知選C選項“這對正式承認投資者集體訴訟至關重要”；A選項“它被編纂在PSLRA中”未提及；第二段第二句But,astheSupremeCourtalsocounseledinDura,thePSLRA“makesclearCongress’intenttopermitprivatesecuritiesfraudactionsforrecoverywhere,butonlywhere,plaintiffsadequatelyallegeandprovethetraditionalelementsofcausationandloss.”（但是，正如最高法院在杜拉所建議的那樣，PSLRA“明確了國會的意圖，即允許私人證券欺詐訴訟在原告充分聲稱和證明因果關系和損失的傳統(tǒng)要素的情況下（但僅在原告充分聲稱和證明的情況下）進行追償”）可知是PSLRA明確了國會的意圖，而不是市場欺詐理論，B選項“它反映了國會允許私人證券欺詐行為的意圖”錯誤，同時可知D選項“關于損失的因果關系”錯誤。因此C選項符合題意。

3.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段末AlthoughtheSupremeCourthasheldthatlosscausationisnotanindividualquestiontobeaddressedasamatterofclasscertification,itisacentralelementofanyprivateactionunderExchangeAct10bandRule10b-5,andmustaccordinglybesufficientlypledtowithstandamotiontodismiss,andultimatelysupportedbyevidence,whetheronsummaryjudgmentorattrial.（盡管最高法院認為，損失的因果關系并非作為類別認證事項處理的個別問題，但根據(jù)《交易法》第10b條和第10b-5條，損失的因果關系是任何私人訴訟的核心要素，因此，損失的因果關系必須足夠充分，足以抵擋駁回的動議，并最終獲得證據(jù)支持，無論是簡易判決還是審判）可知A選項“作為類別認證的一個單獨問題”和原文不符，B選項“任何私人行動的中心要素”，D選項“需要被充分辯護以抵抗駁回動議”符合原文；第二段losscausationhasbecomethecriticalelementinbothpleadingandproofinsecuritiesfraudactionsbroughtunderthefraud-on-the-markettheory（在以市場欺詐理論為依據(jù)的證券欺詐訴訟中，損失因果關系已成為訴辯和證明的關鍵要素）可知C選項“在證券欺詐訴訟中，申辯和證明的關鍵要素”符合題意。因此A選項符合題意。

4.事實細節(jié)題。定位到原文第三段末TheCourtspokeofa“tangleoffactors”affectingmarketpricesofsecurities,andthateventhoughfalseormisleadinginformationdisseminatedintothemarketplacemay“touchupon”alatereconomiclossforinvestors,totouchuponalossisnottocauseit,anditisactualcausationthatthelawrequires.（法院指出，影響證券市場價格的“各種因素錯綜復雜”，即使向市場傳播的虛假或誤導性信息可能“觸及”投資者日后的一項經(jīng)濟損失，但觸及一項損失并非造成損失的原因，而是法律規(guī)定的實際原因）可知B選項“影響市場價格的‘一堆因素’”可以充分證明損失的因果關系，同時可知D選項“散布到市場中的虛假或誤導性信息”錯誤；第三段TheSupremeCourtinstructedthatlosscausationisneithersufficientlypleadednordemonstratedmerelybyanartificiallyinflatedmarketpriceandalatereconomicloss.（最高法院指示，造成損失的原因既非充分辯護，也并非僅以人為提高的市場價格及隨后的經(jīng)濟損失來證明）可知A選項“人為抬高的市場價格和后來的經(jīng)濟損失”，C選項“原告對傳統(tǒng)的因果關系和損失要素的充分指控和證據(jù)”錯誤。因此B選項符合題意。

11.單選題

Thecountrycarriedonnucleartestswithoutfeelingapprehensiveabouttheconsequences.

問題1選項

A.optimistic

B.anxious

C.uncertain

D.scared

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。apprehensive表示“憂慮的，不安的”；A項optimistic“樂觀的”，B項anxious“焦慮的”，C項uncertain“不確定的”，D項scared“害怕的”。句意：這個國家進行了核試驗，并不擔心其后果。根據(jù)句意可知，選擇B項正確。

12.單選題

Asalawyer（

）forhisgoodjudgmentandeloquence,heisofteninvitedtothosegrandbanquetsandmeetsthosedistinguishedpeoplefromallcircles.

問題1選項

A.noticeable

B.notorious

C.nasty

D.notable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項noticeable“顯而易見的，明顯的”；B選項notorious“臭名昭著的”；C選項nasty“令人厭惡的，骯臟的”；D選項notable“著名的，顯著的，值得注意的”。由goodjudgmentandeloquence（良好的判斷力和口才）可知空格處為一個褒義詞，再根據(jù)句意可知選D。句意：作為一名以良好的判斷力和口才著稱的律師，他經(jīng)常被邀請參加那些盛大的宴會，并結識來自各界的杰出人士。

13.單選題

Atfirst,thecompanyrefusedtopurchasetheequipment,butthisdecisionwas______revised.

問題1選項

A.subsequently

B.successively

C.predominantly

D.preliminarily

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項subsequently“隨后”；B選項successively“接連的”；C選項predominantly“顯著地”；D選項preliminarily“初步地”。句意：起初，公司拒絕購買設備，但這一決定______被修改了。根據(jù)語境，這里指決定在后來被修改，所以subsequently“隨后”符合題意。因此A選項正確。

14.單選題

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened（

）asuddenloudnoise.

問題1選項

A.therewas

B.therehavingbeen

C.beingthere

D.shouldtherebe

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如有突然的巨響，那么這些動物確實有可能受驚。

語法題?？疾樘摂M語氣。該句屬于與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣，主句部分為could+動詞原形，從句部分應該為should+動詞原形或wereto+動詞原形，當省略引導詞if后需采用倒裝，將should提前。

15.單選題

Heisquitesurethatit’s（）impossibleforhimtofulfillthetaskwithintwodays.

問題1選項

A.absolutely

B.exclusively

C.fully

D.roughly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。absolutely“絕對地，完全地（語氣上非常肯定，側重表示程度）”；exclusively“唯一地，專有地，排外地”；fully“充分地，完全地（側重表示數(shù)量）”；roughly“粗糙地，粗略地”。句意：他非常確定在兩天被完成這項任務是完全不可能的。A項符合題意。

16.單選題

VideoconferencingisnothingmorethanatelevisionsetorPCmonitorwithacamerathroughthevideoconferencing,notonlyyourvoicebutalsoyourface,thesurroundingsandanyothergraphicandphysical（1）canbecapturedandtransmittedthroughthecommunicationsystemwithorwithoutwires.Ofcourse,whenyougointothedetails,thetechnologyinvolvedisvery（2）andthesubjectmatterlitteredwithjargon.SuchasISDN(IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork),POTS(PlainOldTelephoneService)orthe（3）behindbandwidth,latencyandisochronywhichareusedtoexplainhowvideoconferencingworks.Goodpeoplecommunicationis（4）inanybusiness,andthemoreinteractionyoucanachieve,themorelikelyitisthatyour（5）willbetherightones.Videoconferencingnotonlyallowsyoutospeaktopeopleindifferentlocations,butalsonote（6）expressionsandgesturesthatletyouknowwhattheotherpersonisreallythinking.Meetingaremademore（7）bysharingdocumentsandcomputerapplicationsthatasimpletelephonecannot（8）

.（9）,organizationsarediscoveringthecompetitiveadvantagesandthepowerofvideoconferencing.Withadvancesinperformance,economicalpricing,theabilityto（10）essentialmeetingtoolsandconnectivitytoglobaltelephonenetworksandstandardizedvideoconferencingprotocols,videoconferencingisnowapracticalrealityforanyorganization.

問題1選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題2選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題3選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題4選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題5選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題6選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題7選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題8選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題9選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

問題10選項

A.fortunately

B.effective

C.images

D.articulate

E.facial

F.manage

G.decisions

H.connect

I.advanced

J.integrate

K.progressive

L.concepts

M.pictures

N.increasingly

O.important

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:I

第3題:L

第4題:O

第5題:G

第6題:E

第7題:B

第8題:F

第9題:N

第10題:J

【解析】（1）分析句子結構可知填空處應填入名詞,再由句意可知,被拍攝且傳輸應該是images,所以選項C正確。

（2）分析句子結構可知填空處應填入形容詞,根據(jù)下句“l(fā)itteredwithjargon”可知,選項I符合語境。

（3）根據(jù)下文“...whichareusedtoexplainhowvideoconferencingworks.”用來解釋視頻會議是如何工作的。由此推斷,這里應該指帶寬、延遲和等時性背后的概念,選項L正確。

（4）根據(jù)句意：良好的人際溝通在任何行業(yè)都是至關重要的。選項O符合語境。

（5）根據(jù)句意：你能達到的互動越多,你的決定就越有可能是正確的。選項G符合原文。

（6）根據(jù)下文的“expressionsandgestures”可知,