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01-TOC約束理論(瓶頸管理)八講作業(yè)01-TOC約束理論(瓶頸管理)八講作業(yè)01-TOC約束理論(瓶頸管理)八講作業(yè)01-TOC約束理論(瓶頸管理)八講作業(yè)編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址:電話:傳真:郵編:GOLDRATTSATELLITEPROGRAM高瑞特衛(wèi)星節(jié)目SESSIONONE第一講OPERATIONS作業(yè)Hi!SystemApproach.嗨!系統(tǒng)方式。Thereisabroadconsensusthatifwewanttoimprovetheperformanceofourcompanywehavetotakeasystemapproach,holisticapproach.廣泛的共識是,如果我們想要改善公司的績效,我們必須采用系統(tǒng)方式。Weallagreeaboutthattheonlyquestionishowdoyoudoit.我們都同意,唯一的問題在于你如何去做。Well,let’stry.讓我們來試試。Firstthingis,it’sobviousthatwecannotlookonjustonefunctioninisolationoronjustissueinisolation.首先,很顯然的,我們不能將每一個功能或問題個別分開來看。Soforexample,ifyouwanttotakeasystemapproachtoanorganizationyouhavetostartwithabroadbase.舉例來說,如果你要以系統(tǒng)方式來解決一個組織問題,你必須從全面的角度來看。Likeforexample,totakeintoconsiderationlogisticsandthemarketsandfinancialconcernsanddonotforgetthatanyorganizationiscomposedoutofpeople–youmusttakeintoaccountpeoplerelationshipsaswell.譬如說,當(dāng)考慮運籌、市場與財務(wù)問題時,別忘了每一個公司都是由人所組成,你也必須將人際關(guān)系考慮進(jìn)去。Sofarsogood.到目前為止一切還好。Butthenwhatdoyoudo但是,接下來你怎么做呢Inordertodemonstrateit,Iwanttotakeanexample.為了要示范,我來舉一個例子。Now,asalwayswhenyouaretakingexamplesthereisafearoftakingatoosmallexampleandthentheconclusionsaretoobroadexampleandthenit’slikeyouhaven’ttakenanexampleatall.通常當(dāng)我們舉例時,總擔(dān)心所舉的例子太小而結(jié)論卻不具體,或例子太廣泛,結(jié)果就好像沒有一樣。SowhatIwilldo,Iwilltakeasanexampletheentiresteelindustryintheworld.因此我要以全世界的鋼鐵業(yè)為例。Systemapproach.系統(tǒng)方式。Whatdidwesay我們說了什么呢We’lltakeforexampleoneaspectoflogistic-whatwillitbeinthesteelindustry我們將舉一個運籌方面的例子─它在鋼鐵業(yè)會是什么樣子呢Somethingreallybotheringpeopleabouttheexistinglogistics.對運籌而言,有些事真讓人心煩。Itwillbesomethinglike‘finishedgoodsinventoriesaremuchtoohighinthatindustry.’例如,“在鋼鐵業(yè)里,成品庫存太高了”之類的事。Well,letmetellyoualittlebitaboutitsoyouunderstandthatwhensteelindustryistalkingaboutproblemsoftoomuchfinishedgoodsinventory,it’sevenworsethanwhathappensinyourindustry.嗯,讓我來告訴你,鋼鐵業(yè)成品庫存太高的問題,比你所在之產(chǎn)業(yè)還要嚴(yán)重的多。Asyousee,amid-rangesteelmillhasaboutquarterofamilliontonsoffinishedsteelontheiryard.如你所知,一個中級規(guī)模的鋼鐵廠在它們的倉庫里約有二十五萬噸成品。Thisishuge.這是個很大的數(shù)量。Whydoesitbotherthemsomuch這為什么造成他們這么多的困擾呢Justletmeremindyouthatsteel,notlikewine,isnotimprovingwithtime.讓我提醒你們,鋼并不像酒一樣會越陳越香。Asamatteroffactwhenyouaretalkingtothemtheyconfessthattheydonotknowwhattheyproducemore–steelorrust.事實上當(dāng)你和他們談起時,他們承認(rèn),他們不知道生產(chǎn)比較多的是鋼還是鐵銹。Thisisthemagnitudeoftheproblem-it’shuge.這是個大問題。Thenwesaid,weshouldn’ttakejustlogisticproblemanddealwithitinisolation,wehavetolookonotherissuesatthesametimeinordertohavethesystemapproach.所以,我們不應(yīng)只考慮到運籌而且把它單獨分開來處理,我們必須同時看待其它的問題以便采取系統(tǒng)方式。Whatwastheotherthing其它的問題是什么呢Themarket,nowwhatyoulookonthemarket,somethingbad.是市場,現(xiàn)在你所看的市場,情況很糟。Well,inthesteelindustryit’sveryeasytoseewhatisbad,becausethat’swhatyouaregettingthroughthephonesalltimeandthisiscustomercomplaints.嗯,在鋼鐵業(yè)你很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)什么是糟糕的,就是你常在電話中所接到的顧客抱怨。Notlikeinotherindustriesthereissomethinglittlebitspecialaboutthesteelindustry,whichis-over95%ofthecomplaintsisaboutonesingleissue,andtherearefuriouscomplaints.不像別的工業(yè),鋼鐵業(yè)有一點不同,超過95%的抱怨是同一個問題,而且這些抱怨是激烈的。Andtheissueis‘youpromisedtodeliverandyoudidn’tdeliverontime.’問題就是“你答應(yīng)要交貨,卻沒有準(zhǔn)時交貨”。Firstofallyoucanaskyourselfwhatdoyoumean‘promisedtodeliver’iftheyhavesomuchfinishedgoodsinventories.首先你可能會問你自己,既然成品庫存有這么多,你說“答應(yīng)要交貨”到底是什么意思。Howcomethattheydidn’tdeliveritimmediately.為什么他們沒有立刻把貨運送出去呢Well,asithappens,whenyoucometoordersomethingfromthesteelmill,yesthedohaveaquarterofmilliontonsofsteelontheirfields,butnotwhatyouareaskingfor.嗯,情形是這樣的,當(dāng)你向鋼鐵工廠訂購一些東西時,他們的確有近二十五萬噸的鋼鐵在他們的倉庫里,但不是你要的那種。SoifyouwillgotoaKoreansteelmilltheywilltellyou,forexampleifyouareaskingforsteelplates,theywilltellyou6weeks.比方說,如果你跑到一家韓國鋼鐵工廠要買鋼板,他們會告訴你要六個星期。IfyougotoEuropeansteelmilltheywilltellyou6weeks.如果你跑到歐洲鋼鐵工廠,他們也會告訴你要六個星期。IfyougototheUSsteelmilltheywilltellyou6weeks.如果你跑到美國鋼鐵廠,他們還是會告訴你要六個星期。It’slikenumberthatcametoMosesonmountSinai.這就好像摩西在西奈山所得到的數(shù)目。Sonowyoudonothaveachoice,youhavetowait6weeks,fine.因此你沒有選擇,你必須等六個星期,好吧!Andthenitturnsoutthattheirduedateperformanceis60%.Inotherwords,in60%ofthecasestheywilldeliverbeforeorat6weeks.結(jié)果他們交期績效是60%。換句話說,60%的情況,他們會在六個星期內(nèi)或更早交貨。Intheremaining40%theywilldeliver–eventually.剩下40%,他們遲早會交貨。Andeventuallycanbeaslongas15weeks.最后可能拖到15個星期。Nowwhyisitsuchaproblemthere那么,為什么會有這樣的問題呢It’sduetothenatureoftheclientsofthesteelmills.這要追究于鋼鐵工廠客戶的性質(zhì)。Supposethatyouareaclientofthesteelmill,abigclient.假設(shè)你是這家鋼鐵工廠的客戶,大客戶。Supposethatyouaredoingsteelbridges.而你是造鋼鐵橋的。Inordertodoonesteelbridgeyouareusingletssaysomethinglikeover200differenttypesofplates.為了造一座鋼鐵橋你得用到兩百種不同的鋼板。Nowwhatarethefacts事實上呢Thechanceofgettingonetypeofplateontimeisabout60%,.準(zhǔn)時得到一種鋼板的機(jī)率是大約60%,。Ifthatisthecase,whatisthechanceofgettingtwoplatesofsteelatthesametime如果是這樣,那么同時準(zhǔn)時得到兩種鋼板的機(jī)率有多大呢timeinotherwordsabout36%.乘以,換句話說,大概是36%。Whatisthechanceofgetting4platesontime同時準(zhǔn)時得到四種鋼板的機(jī)率有多大呢It’stime-oh,oh-it’s10%now.它是乘以,嗯─這次大概是10%。What’sthechanceofgetting8platesontime1%.準(zhǔn)時得到八種鋼板的機(jī)率有多大呢1%。What’sthechanceofgetting200platesontime準(zhǔn)時得到兩百種鋼板的機(jī)率有多大呢Lessthanthechanceofwinningthelottery.比贏得樂透彩券還小。Butifoneplateismissingyoucannotdeliverthebridgetoyourclient.但如果缺了一片鋼板,你就無法將橋完成交給你的客戶了。Youcanimaginewhatfuriouscomplaintswearetalkingabout,unbelievable.你可以想象我們所說的憤怒抱怨了,難以相信。Fine.很好。Sowearelookingonthemarket.所以我們看了市場問題。Wearelookingonlogistics.我們看了運籌。Whatelse–finance.還有什么別的─財務(wù)。Whatisthebiggestprobleminthesteelmill鋼鐵工廠最大的問題是什么呢Thebiggestproblemisverylongpaybackperiodsofinvestments.最大的問題是投資的回收期非常長。WhatamItalkingabout我所指的是什么呢Youknowthatwhenyouwanttobuyanewpieceofequipmentandyoubelongtoacorporate,youhavetofilloutanappropriationrequestforthispieceofequipmentwhereyouhavetojustifywhyyouwanttobuyit.你知道當(dāng)你在一家大公司要買一臺新設(shè)備,你要填寫申請表,來評估為什么要買它。Andthejustificationisfinancial.這個評估就是財務(wù)。Andbasicallyyouhavetojustifythatduetothisnewpieceequipmentwithinsomeperiodoftimeyouwillcoverthewholeinvestment.基本上你必須評估這一新設(shè)備,在多長時間內(nèi)就可以回收所有的投資。Nowinmostindustries,worldwidethereisamagicnumbertodaywhichis2years.在大多數(shù)工業(yè),舉世皆然地存在一個神奇數(shù)字,那就是兩年。Whichmeansifyourappropriationrequestshowsthatitwilltaketoreturntheinvestmentin2andahalfyearsmostprobablythecorporatewillsenditbacktoyouandnotapproveit.這意謂著,如果你的申請顯示你將在兩年半內(nèi)回收,很有可能公司會把它退回給你而不批準(zhǔn)。Sothenyouwillhavetotakeitbacktofudgethenumbers,toshowthatit’sbelowtwoyears,submititagain.因此你必須回去捏造數(shù)據(jù),湊出它是小于兩年,然后再呈核一次。Weallknowthesenumbergames.我們對這些數(shù)字游戲都很清楚。Well,inthesteelmillstheyapproveevenwhentheyappropriationrequestisupto7years.嗯,在鋼鐵廠即使申請回收年限高達(dá)七年他們也會批準(zhǔn)。Theydon’tlikeitonebit,buttheyknowthatiftheyputthisrestrictionof2yearsmaximumtheycannotbuyanynewequipmentandtheyknowthattheymustmovewiththetechnology.他們一點也不喜歡這樣,但他們知道如果設(shè)下了兩年之限制,將會無法買到任何新設(shè)備,而他們必須跟隨著技術(shù)。Thisisahugeproblem.這是一個大問題。Whatabouthumanrelationships人際關(guān)系呢Oh,overtherearenolackofproblems.哦,永遠(yuǎn)都有問題。Youseeinaregularsteelmilltheinternalpoliticsismuch,muchworsethanWashington.你知道在一個正常的鋼鐵廠內(nèi)部的政治問題比在華盛頓那里還要更糟。Inmoststeelmillsyouwillfindoutthatthereisaminimumthreedifferentchaptersoftheunions.在多數(shù)鋼鐵廠中你至少可以找到三個不同的工會聯(lián)盟。Andtheyarefightingwitheachotherevenmorethantheyarefightingwithmanagement.他們彼此間的爭斗比他們和管理階層之間的爭斗還要更嚴(yán)重。Itiscraziness.真是瘋狂。Fine,soherewedefinedwhatarethethingsthatwewanttolookon.好吧,我們已經(jīng)界定我們所要看的對象了。Whatdowedonow現(xiàn)在該怎么做呢Howdowenowcontinueaccordingtothesystemapproach我們依照系統(tǒng)方式該怎么繼續(xù)呢Wedon’tknow.我們不知道。Sowhatdowedo那我們該做什么呢Wedowhatthesteelindustryisdoing,whichistodealwitheachoneoftheseitemsinisolation.我們做鋼鐵業(yè)所做的事,就是分開單獨處理每一件事。Forexample,howdotheytrytorectifythesituationofthetoomuchfinishedgoodsinventories例如說,怎么解決成品庫存過多呢Theyputanewcomputersystem,andifitdoesnotwork,theyputthenewercomputersystem.Andifthisdoesnotwork,theyputthenewestcomputersystem.他們裝了一套新計算機(jī)系統(tǒng),如果不行,再裝一套更新的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng),再不行,再裝最新的計算機(jī)系統(tǒng),ERP。ERPtodaywiththeeffortstoimplementitisminimum10milliondollars.今天的ERP包括導(dǎo)入至少要花一千萬美元。Theystilldoitbecausethemagnitudeoftheproblemishuge.但由于問題很大,他們?nèi)匀徽兆隽?。Whataboutcustomercomplaints那顧客的抱怨怎么辦呢Fine,weknowwhattodowithit.好,我們知道怎么處理它。Wehireaconsultingcompanythatwillgoanddoasurveyamongtheclientsandsubmittheirrecommendationofhowtorearrangethecustomerservicedepartment.我們請顧問公司去作客戶調(diào)查,并提出有關(guān)如何重整顧客服務(wù)部門之建議書。Andthenextone.下一個。Longpaybackperiods,thatisafinancialproblem,wewillhavetodealwithitwithfinancialmethods.漫長的投資回收期,那是一項財務(wù)問題,我們必需用財務(wù)的手段來解決它。Andwhattheyaredoingismerging,downsizing,therewholecountriesthathavelosttheirentiresteelmillindustryduetothat.他們采取并購、縮編,整個國家因為這個原因已失去全部鋼鐵業(yè)。Thatisthesizeoftheproblem.那是大問題。Whatabouthumanproblems那人的問題怎么辦呢Thatislife.那是人生。Sowewilltrytohiresomeorganizationalpsychologists,andifthisdoesnothelp,Iknownowtheyarenowlookingfororganizationalpsychiatrists.所以我們嘗試雇用一些組織心理學(xué)家,如果他們幫不上忙,我們會再找組織精神科醫(yī)生。Nobodycameforwardyet.目前還沒找到。Butlookwhatisreallyhappening.但是看看實際發(fā)生的事。Fine,weunderstandsystemapproach.好了,我們了解系統(tǒng)方式了。Weunderstandthatinordertodoitwehavetostartnotwithoneissueoronefunction,butwithbroadscope.我們了解為了要做,我們不能只從一個問題或一項功能開始,而必須是全面性的。Andthen,andthenwedon’tknowwhattodo,sowearedivertingbacktoeachissueinisolation.然后我們不知道要做什么,所以我們又回頭單獨去看每一個問題。Ithinkthatweshouldn’tgiveup.我想我們不應(yīng)該放棄。Ithinkthatweshouldsticktotheintuitionthatbroughtustorealizethatwemustusethesystemapproach.我想我們應(yīng)堅持直覺,它讓我們了解到必須使用系統(tǒng)方式Whydoweclaimthatwemustusethesystemapproach為甚么我們必須要采用系統(tǒng)方式呢Becauseintuitivelyweareawarethatifyoudosomethinginonefunction,itdoeshaveramificationsontheotherfunctions.因為我們直覺地了解到,如果你在某一功能做某些事,它的確會衍生到其它功能上。Andsomethingthatmightlookgoodlocally,mighthaveverynegativeramificationselsewhere.有些局部看來好的事情,可能在別的地方造成負(fù)面的枝節(jié)。Whichmeansweareawareofthefactthattherearecauseeffectrelationships,whicharecrossingbetweenfunctions,thatthecauseinonedepartmentcancauseeffectsinanotherdepartment.這意謂著我們了解到在功能之間有因果關(guān)系存在,一個部門的因會造成其它部門的果。Ifthatisthecase,whywon’twetrytobuildthecause-effectrelationshipbeforewehavedecidedwhatshouldwedo.Isitsodifficult如果是這種情形,為什么我們不試著在要決定該怎么做之前先去建構(gòu)因果關(guān)系。這很困難嗎Well,letmeshowyou-itisveryeasy.嗯,讓我來說明給你看,很容易的。Morethanthatletmeshowyouthatsuchacauseandeffectdiagram,Icallita‘tree’,a‘logicaltree’,istotallyobvioustous,eventhoughwemightnotbeinthisspecificorganization,stillthecauseandeffectrelationshipsaretotallygeneric.讓你看看這因果關(guān)系圖,我叫它作“樹”,“邏輯樹”,即使我們不在這個組織里,對我們來說其因果關(guān)系是完全一般化的。Letmeshowyouanexampleofit.讓我給你看一個例子。Sinceyouarenotgoingtobeabletoreaditfromthescreen,openyourbooksit’sonpagenumber4.由于你無法從銀幕上看到它,請打開你書本的第四頁。Andletmereadit.讓我讀給你聽。Iwillreaditfromthecausetotheeffect.我將從原因讀到結(jié)果。InotherwordsIwillreaditalongthedirectionofthearrows.換句話說,我將按照箭頭來讀。Ofcourse,Iwillstartatthebottom,Iwillstartatthestatementnumber500.當(dāng)然啦,我會從底下開始,我會從第500的句子開始。Now,thenumberitselfdoesnothaveanymeaning,exceptforwhenIamsayingstatementnumber500youknowwhichstatementIamabouttoread.這里的數(shù)字本身并沒有什么意義,只是讓你知道當(dāng)我說到第500號的句子時,你曉得我將要念那里。Forthoseofyouwhomitdidn’thelpitisatthebottomleft.如這還是不清楚,它就在左下方。Statement500-‘foralongtimetonsperhourhasbeentheprimeoperationalmeasurementinthesteelindustry’.第500號句子,“長久以來,噸/小時是鋼鐵業(yè)的主要生產(chǎn)績效評估”。Thatisthefactaboutthatindustry.那就是鋼鐵業(yè)的事實。Butletmeexplaintoyouthisfact.讓我為你解釋這事實。Whatiswrittenhereisdescribingtherealitythatineverysteelmillindustryforthelast100yearstheprimemeasurementwastonperhour.這里所寫的是,過去一百年來,鋼鐵業(yè)是以噸/小時作為主要的績效評估。Everyworkcenter,everydepartment,everyplantismeasured-howmanytonsperhourhaveyouproducedlastshift,lastday,lastweek,lastmonth,lastquarter,lastyear.每一個工作中心,每一個部門,每一個工廠都用相同方法評估─上一班,昨天,上星期,上個月,上一季,去年,你每小時生產(chǎn)了多少噸。Andthatistheprimemeasurement.這就是主要的評估。WhatImeanbythat我的意思是什么Yes,therearemanyothermeasurements.是的,還有很多別的評估方式。Butifyoumetyourquartertonperhouryoucangetawaywithamurder,youdidn’tmeetit–nothingelsematters.但是,如果你達(dá)成你的季噸/小時,縱使犯了大錯也沒關(guān)系,如果你沒達(dá)成,那其它的也不重要了。Thatisthemeaningofprimemeasurement.那就是主要評估的意義。Andthatisafact.而那是一個事實。Nowlet’scombineitwithanotherfact.現(xiàn)在,讓我們把它和另一個事實相結(jié)合。510.510。Ifyoulookonityouwillseethatnotsurprisingatallsincewearedealingwithorganizationsandorganizationsarebuiltfrompeople,atthebottomofacauseandeffecttreeyouwillalwaysfindsomegenericstatementaboutbehaviorofpeople.如果你看著它,你一點都不會感到驚訝。因為我們正在處理組織問題,而組織是由人所組成,在因果樹下面你會發(fā)現(xiàn)到有關(guān)人類行為的一般性描述。Nowsomepeopleclaimthatyoucannotmakeanygenericstatementaboutbehaviorofpeople.有些人宣稱你無法對人類行為作任何一般性的敘述。Idon’tbelieveso.我不認(rèn)為。Andyouwillbethejudge.你來作裁判。Let’sreadsuchastatementandyouwilltellmewhetherornotyouagree.讓我們讀這一段句子然后你告訴我你是否同意。510reads–‘mostpeoplebehaveinlinewiththewaytheyaremeasured’.第510的句子寫道─“多數(shù)人會依照績效評估的方式來決定他們的行為”。Doyouagree你同意嗎Absolutely.絕對是。Asamatteroffacttheword‘most’hereisbecausesomeprofessorshavetoldmethattheyfoundaperson5yearsagothat…事實上這里用“多數(shù)”這個字是因為有些教授曾經(jīng)告訴我他們五年前發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個人…Mostmeans99,99-goodenough.多數(shù)的意思就是,夠好的了。Nowlookwhatishappening現(xiàn)在來看看發(fā)生了什么事Whatisthemeaningofcauseandeffect什么是因和果Iwillrelyonthefactthatyouarehumanbeingsthatyouhavealreadylearnedhowtoliveinasociety.你是人類,你知道如何在社會中生存。Andbecauseofitallthecauseandeffectsgoverningorganization,nomatterwhichone,youknow.因此,因果主宰組織,不管它是哪一個,你知道的。Andnowtoproveit,whatIwilldois,Iwillusethetraditionalwayinphysics,whichis–ifthatisafactbasedontheknowncauseandeffect,thismustbetheunavoidableresult.我將使用物理學(xué)上的傳統(tǒng)方式來證明,如果因果關(guān)系是存在的,這必是不可避免的結(jié)果。Inotherwords,Iwilldoaprediction.換句話說,我要做推論。Let’sdosuchaprediction,inotherwordsIwillreadnowthetriangle.讓我們做這樣的推論,換句話說,我現(xiàn)在要讀此三角因果關(guān)系。If500existsand510exists,thenunavoidably515mustexist.如果500存在,510也存在,不可避免的515必會存在。Let’sreaditandlet’sseewhetherornotyourintuition,yourexperiencewillconfirmthatlogic.我們來讀它,并看看你的直覺,經(jīng)驗,是否同意這邏輯。Ifweagreethatforalongtimetonperhourhasbeentheprimeoperationalmeasurementinthesteelindustry,andwealsoagreethatmostpeoplebehaveinlinewiththewaytheyaremeasured,thenunavoidablywhatwemustfindinthesteelindustryisthatdepartmentsdotrytomaximizetheirperformanceasmeasuredbytonperhour.如果我們同意長久以來噸/小時是鋼鐵業(yè)的主要生產(chǎn)績效評估,同時我們也同意多數(shù)人們依據(jù)被評估的方式來表現(xiàn),不可避免的我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)鋼鐵業(yè)的生產(chǎn)部門的確會設(shè)法提高噸/小時績效。Doyouagree你同意嗎Doyouseewhatismeaningofcommonsense你了解常識的意義嗎Commonsensehasnothingtodowithwhetherornotitiscommon.常識跟它是否很普通并沒有關(guān)系。Ithastodowhetherornotthelogicisrigorousandthecauseandeffectrelationshipsareknown.和邏輯是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)與因果關(guān)系是否已知有關(guān)。Thatisthemeaningofcommonsense.那就是常識的意義。Nowlet’sseewhereitwillleadus.讓我們看結(jié)果會怎樣。Let’sputsomemorefactsaboutthesteelindustry.讓我們再為鋼鐵業(yè)增添一些事實。Forexample,factnumber520.舉例來說,事實第520。Whichreads–‘inmostdepartmentsinthesteelindustrysomeitemsrequirelesstimepertonthanothers’.它寫著“在鋼鐵業(yè)里多數(shù)部門有些項目每噸生產(chǎn)的時間比其它項目少”。WhatImeanbythatisthefollowing,forexample,themoltenwhite,red,hotsteeliscomingfromthefurnace,wewanttomakeplatesoutofit.我的意思如下,熔鋼由高溫爐流出,我們要把它壓制成鋼板。Sowewillstreamlinethismoltensteelintoadepartmentwheretherearehugerollsthataresqueezingthesteelintoaplate.所以我們將熔鋼導(dǎo)入到壓鑄部門,在那里有巨大的滾輪將熔鋼擠壓成板狀鋼板。Nowimaginethatwewanttodo2inchplate,thenwehavetosqueezethesteeluntilitis2inches.現(xiàn)在假設(shè)我們想要生產(chǎn)2英吋鋼板,我們必須將它擠壓成2英吋。Ontheotherhandwemightwant1inchplate,thenwehavetosqueezeitsomemore.另一方面我們可能想要1英吋鋼板,那么我們必須將它再進(jìn)一步擠壓。IfIammeasuringbytonperhour,whendoIgetmoretonperhourwhenIamproducing2inchplatesorwhenIamproducinghalfaninchplates如果我是被以噸/小時來評估,我要怎么樣才能得到較多的噸/小時是生產(chǎn)兩英吋鋼板還是生產(chǎn)一英吋鋼板Youdon’thavetobeageniustoanswerthat,right你不是天才也能回答這個問題,對吧Thisisthesamethingthathappensineverydepartmentandthisisthebasetomystatement,myobservationhereaboutrealitythatinmostdepartmentssomeitemstakemuchlesstimethanothers.每一部門也都有相同的情形,這是我論點的基礎(chǔ),我實際觀察到的是,大部份的部門里有些項目生產(chǎn)的時間比其它項目少。Nowcombineitwithwhatwehaveagreedalready,with515andIclaimthat540isanunavoidableresult.現(xiàn)在,根據(jù)我們所同意的,結(jié)合515號句子,我認(rèn)為540號句子為不可避免之結(jié)果。Nowlet’sseewhetherornotyouagreewithme.現(xiàn)在,讓我們看看你是否同意我的說法。Ifinmostdepartmentssomeitemsrequirelesstimepertonthanothers,aswesaid,andthefactthatwehaveagreedon-thatdepartmentsdotrytomaximisetheirperformanceasmeasuredbytonsperhour,thentheunavoidableresultmustbethatinthesteelindustrytomaximisetheirperformanceoftonsperhourinagivenmeasurementperiod,departmentstendtoproducethefastitemsattheexpenseoftheslowones.如我們所說的,大多數(shù)部門有些項目每噸所需的時間比其它項目少,而且,各部門會盡可能地去達(dá)成每小時最大噸數(shù)績效,那么無可避免的結(jié)果就是鋼鐵業(yè)為了達(dá)成其每小時最大噸數(shù)績效,會傾向于生產(chǎn)快速的項目而犧牲了較慢之項目。Doyouagree,yesorno你同意嗎對或不對Absolutely.當(dāng)然。Now,whathappensnowtoduedateperformance現(xiàn)在,交期績效會怎樣呢Whathappensnowtherightpriorities正確的優(yōu)先次序又會如何呢Let’ssee.讓我們看看。SupposethatyouareaclientthatIlove.假如你是我喜愛的一個客戶。YouarepayingyourbillsbeforeIsendyoutheinvoice,reallyniceclient,suppose.你在我寄發(fā)票給你之前就付清你的賬單,非常好的客戶。Andyouhaveorderedhalfaninchplate.而你訂購了半英吋厚的鋼板。Nowforthesakeofthisprogram,let’ssupposethatyouareaclientthatisnotexactlythebest,ok現(xiàn)在為了這個課程,讓我們假設(shè)你并不是最好的客戶,好嗎Ihavetochaseyou5timesuntilyoupaythebill.我必須催你五次你才付賬單。Butyouhaveorderedaplatewhichis2inches.但是你卻訂購了兩英吋的鋼板。Whodoyouthinkhasthehigherchancetogetitfirst你猜誰有較大的機(jī)會先得到Neverthelessthatwon’thelp.無庸置疑。Itisnotbusiness,itisformallookingtomaximizetonperhour.這不是作生意,只是追求最大的噸/小時。Imightbethispresident,won’thelpme.也許我是此公司的董事長,也解決不了。Youseetotaldistortioninthepriorities.你看到整個優(yōu)先級被扭曲了。Supposethatyouhaveacomputersystemthattellsyou,andyouaretheforeman,‘youmustdohalfaninchplate’.假如你有一套計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)告訴你,而你是領(lǐng)班,“你必須做半英吋厚鋼板”。Andyouknowthatifyouwilldothehalfaninchplate,yourperformanceoftonperhourthisweekwillbehorrible.而你知道如果你做半英吋厚鋼板,你這個星期的噸/小時將會非常糟。Willyoudoit你會做嗎Youwillfindthousandexcuseswhyitisimpossibleandyouwillstillproductthe2inch.你會找到一千個借口為什么不能做,而你仍會生產(chǎn)兩英吋鋼板。AmIright,yesorno我說得對吧,是不是Thatishumannature.這就是人性。Yousee,duedateperformance,downthedrain,nomatterwhat.你看到了吧,交期績效已不重要了。Butlet’snotstophere.讓我們繼續(xù)。Let’stakeanotherfactthatexists.讓我們再舉另一個存在的事實。Fact525,bythewaythefactsareeasytofindandtheyarenotusuallyinanycontroversy.第525,順便一提此一事實很容易找到,而且通常沒有任何爭議性。Forexample,lookon525,‘non-productionresultsinzerotonsperhour’.Anybodywantstoargueaboutthat舉例說,看看525,“沒有生產(chǎn)就是每小時零噸”。有沒有人要對此提出異議Rememberwhatiswrittenhere,whatiswrittenhereisactually–whenyoudonotproduce,youdonotproduce.記住這里所記載的事實是─當(dāng)你不生產(chǎn)時,你就沒有生產(chǎn)。Whatarevelation!好一個解釋!ButwhenIconnectittowhatwehavealreadyagreed-look,whatisunavoidableconclusionthatiscomingout.但是當(dāng)我把它與我們已經(jīng)同意的相連結(jié),不可避免的結(jié)論是什么When525isconnectedwith515,Iclaimthattheunavoidableresultis545.當(dāng)525號與515號相連結(jié),我認(rèn)為不可避免的結(jié)果是第545號。Lookonthat,listentothelogic,seewhetherornotyouagree.看著它,聽它的邏輯,看你是否會同意。Ifnon-productionresultsinzerotonsperhourand,aswesaid,departmentstrytomaximizetheirperformanceasmeasuredbytonsperhour,thenunavoidablyinthesteelindustrywemustfindthattomaximizetheirperformanceoftonsperhour,departmentstendtoproduceforstockevenwhenthereisnomarketrequestfortheshortormediumhorizon.如果沒有生產(chǎn)的結(jié)果是每小時零噸,如我們所說的,各部門會設(shè)法達(dá)成最大的噸/小時績效,因而在鋼鐵業(yè)不可避免的我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),為了達(dá)到最大的噸/小時績效,即使短期或中期內(nèi)沒有市場需求,各部門也會傾向于生產(chǎn)存貨。AmIright對吧Whatwillunavoidablynowhappeninthefinishedgoodsinventories成品庫存不可避免的會發(fā)生那些狀況呢Unavoidably,up.不可避免的,增加。Andifwehaveacomputersoftwarethatweboughtforwhoknowshowmuch,nowwewillforcetheplannertoactivatethiscomputerprogramaccordingtoforecast.如果我們買了一套非常貴的計算機(jī)軟件,現(xiàn)在我們一定會強(qiáng)迫企劃員依照預(yù)測來跑計算機(jī)程序。Doyouknowwhatisthemeaningof‘forecast’你知道“預(yù)測”的意思嗎Themeaningof‘planningtoforecast’,means–Idonothaveenoughordersforshortandmediumhorizon.“依照預(yù)測做計劃”的意思是指─中短期內(nèi)我沒有足夠的訂單。AmIright我對吧Samethingwillappear.同樣的事情會發(fā)生Let’stakeitonestepfurther.讓我們再往前一步。Let’slookonanotherfact,530,thatisaninterestingone.讓我們看另一個事實,第530號,那是很有意思的一個。Whatweseein530is‘everyadditionalset-upreducesthemeasuredtonsperhour’.我們在第530號所看到的是“每增加一次換線會降低‘噸/小時’的績效“。Letmeexplainitalittlebitmore.讓我再多解釋一些。Supposethatyouareproducingtheseplatesandyouareinchargeofthishugerollsdepartment,andrightnowtherollsareaimedtoproduce2inchplatesandyouwanttoproduce1inchplate.假如是你生產(chǎn)這些鋼板,而且你負(fù)責(zé)滾筒部門,現(xiàn)在滾筒正在生產(chǎn)兩英吋鋼板,而你想要生產(chǎn)一英吋鋼板。Nowyouhavetore-adjustalltheserolls.現(xiàn)在你必須重新調(diào)整全部的滾筒。Nowthisisnoteasy.這可不容易。Withthebesttechnologytodayittakesabout4hours.即使現(xiàn)今最好的技術(shù)也要耗費近四個小時。Becauseifyoudon’tadjustthemperfectly,youwillnotgetaplate,youwillgetawaffle,ok因為如果你不好好地調(diào)整它們,你一片鋼板也得不到,你會得到波浪似的鋼板。Duringthese4hourswhileyouareadjustingtheserolls,howmanytonsperhourdoyouproduce在你調(diào)整這些滾筒的四小時之中,每小時生產(chǎn)了多少噸呢Zero.零.So,supposethatthisiswhatittakes,that’sreality,andthenifyoulookonalltheordersforthistypeofsteel,thistypeofthicknessfornextweek,thisamountstothreehourswork.所以,假設(shè)這是事實,然后你看看這一類鋼板的訂單,下個星期這一類鋼板厚度總共只有三個小時的工作。Willyousetup,producingzeroforfourhours,andthenproduceonlyforthreehoursandthensetupagain.你會換線,四個小時沒生產(chǎn),然后只生產(chǎn)三個小時,然后再換線一次嗎Ifyouwilldothatyou’renotaforemannextweek.如果你做了,那下個星期你就不再是領(lǐng)班了。Whichmeansyou’llproducenotfornextweekonly.這表示你不會只為下星期而生產(chǎn)。Whatabouttwoweeks那么兩個星期怎么樣Andifthetotalordersfortwoweeksarefivehoursdoyouknowwhatyouwilldo如果兩個星期的總訂單是五小時,你知道你會怎么做嗎Youwillproduceforyourgrandchildren,whynot-themorethebetter.你會為你的孫子生產(chǎn),為什么不─越多越好呀!Nowlet’srapitupinmoreprofessionalwords.現(xiàn)在讓我們用較專業(yè)的字眼來說。Itdoesnotchangereality.它不會改變現(xiàn)實。Andlet’slookwhatistheunavoidableresult.讓我們看看什么是不可避免之結(jié)果。Sinceweagreedthatdepartmentstrytomaximizeperformanceasmeasuredbytonsperhour,themerefactthat‘everyadditionalsetupreducesthemeasuredtonsperhour’leadsunavoidablytowhat由于我們同意部門設(shè)法達(dá)成最大的噸/小時績效,那么“每多換一次線會減低噸/小時”會導(dǎo)致什么不可避免之結(jié)果呢‘Tomaximizetheperformanceoftonsperhour,departmentstendtopullaheadordersthatenableincreasingthebatchsize.’“為了達(dá)成最大的噸/小時績效,部門會將可增大批量之訂單拉到前面來做”。Whatistheunavoidableresultnowintermsoffinishedgoodsinventories以成品庫存來說,不可避免之結(jié)果是什么呢Up.存貨增加。Whataboutduedateperformance交期績效又如何呢IfinsteadofworkingtwohoursforthisplateIamworkingtwoshifts.如果這鋼板不是生產(chǎn)二小時而是兩班。WhatabouttheotherplatesthatIhavetoshipandproduce那其它我要運交及生產(chǎn)的鋼板會怎樣呢Nowlet’swait,noproblem.就讓它等,沒有問題。Unavoidably!不可避免的!Butthat’snottheendofthestory.但這不是故事的結(jié)局。Ormaybeyouhadenough.或是也許你已了解了。Let’stakeitonestepfurther.讓我們再進(jìn)一步分析。Wehavetorealizehowtheplantinherentlyisbuiltand560istellingittous.我們必須了解這工廠的本質(zhì),而第560號會告訴我們。Vplant,andthesteelindustryisVplant,producesitemsthroughaprocesshavingmanydivergentpoints.V型工廠,鋼鐵工業(yè)是V型工廠,生產(chǎn)的過程有許多分歧點。No,no,no,yesIknow.不,不,是的我知道。WhatisVplant,whatisdivergentpoint什么是V型工廠,什么又是分歧點Let’slookonwhatIamtalkingabout.讓我們看看我在說什么。Look,inthesteelindustryatthefirststage,atthefirstworkcenter,whichisthishugefurnaceswearedoingrelativelyfewtypesofsteel.看著,在鋼鐵業(yè),第一個工作站是這種巨大的熔爐,我們只生產(chǎn)幾種鋼。Let’ssaytwo.就算兩種吧。Butfromthesametypeofsteel,whenIamgoingtothenextdepartment,thedepartmentthatforexampleproducesplates.然而從同種類的鋼,當(dāng)我們進(jìn)到下一個部門時,譬如說生產(chǎn)鋼板的部門。FromthesametypeofsteelIcanproduce2,5inchplateor2inchplateor1and?inchplateor1,5inchplate,or1inchplateandsoon.從同種類型的鋼可以生產(chǎn)英吋,或2英吋,或1及3/4英吋,或英吋,或1英吋的鋼板等等。Doyouseenowthedivergence你現(xiàn)在看到分歧點了嗎Thisiswhatiscalleddivergentpoint.這就是所謂的分歧點。Andusuallywhatisthemeaningofdivergence–onceyouhavedoneityoucannotgoback.而分歧點的意思是─一旦你做了,你就無法再回頭。Forexamplewehaveproduced2inchplate.舉例來說,我們已生產(chǎn)了2英吋的鋼板。Nextmorningwesay,aighhweshouldhaveproduced1inch-toolate.第二天早上,我們說,唉呀,我們應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)1英吋的─太遲了。Why為什么呢Thesteeliscold.鋼板已硬了。InordertomeltitIagainneedadifferenttypeoffurnace.為了要把它再次熔融,我需要另一個不同型式的熔爐。Ok,that’sit.就是這樣。Thesamethinghappensatthenextstep.同樣的情形在下一步驟也會發(fā)生。Forexample,usuallythenextstepafterthatissurfacetreatment.例如,通常下一步驟是表面處理。ThesametypeofsteelwiththesamethicknessIcanjustcleanit,whichisnotsosimpleatall,orIcantinplateitorIcangalvanomeitorIcangalvanizeit.同類型同樣厚度之鋼板,我可以只是加以清潔,雖然一點也不簡單,或者將之鍍錫或鍍鉻或鍍鋅。Doyouseeagainthedivergence你是否再一次看到分歧點呢Thenextstepafterthatusuallyiscuttingtheplatestosize.下一步驟通常是把鋼板切成所要的尺寸。Thesametypeofsteelatthesamethickness,thesamesurfacetreatmentIcancutintolet’ssay70inchwideplateor65inchwideplateor60inchplateandsoon.同類型同樣厚度相同表面處理之鋼板,我可以把它切成譬如說70英吋寬的鋼板或65英吋寬的鋼板或60英吋寬的鋼板。NowyouunderstandwhyIcallthisstructuretheVplant.現(xiàn)在你了解為什么我把這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱作V型工廠。Asamatteroffact,manyofyourealizethatyourindustry,eventhoughithasnothingtodowithsteel,isaVplant.事實上,你們之中許多人都了解到你的產(chǎn)業(yè),即使與鋼鐵無關(guān),也是一個V型工廠。Itturnsoutthatthereareonly4structures:V,A,TI.總共只有四種結(jié)構(gòu):V、A、T和I。Forgetitnow;let’scontinueon.現(xiàn)在先忘了它,讓我們繼續(xù)。Nowlet’slookwhatishappeninghereandwhatistheproblem.現(xiàn)在讓我們看看這里發(fā)生了什么事與問題在哪里。Supposethatfort

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