圖說英語：新概念英語語法表

圖說英語：新概念英語語法表人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。第一稱單數第二人稱單數第三人稱單數第一人稱復數第二人稱復數第三人稱復數陽性陰性中性主格I(我)you(你)he(他)she(她)it(它)we(我們)you(你們)they(他們,她們,它們)賓格me(我)you(你)him(他)her(她)it(她)us(我們)you(你們)them(他們,她們,它們)物主代詞：說明事物所屬關系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。第一稱單數第二人稱單數第三人稱單數第一人稱復數第二人稱復數第三人稱復數陽性陰性中性形詞性my(我的)your(你的)his(他的)her(她的)its(它的)our(我們的)your(你們的)their(他們的,她們的,它們的)名性mine(我的)Yours(你的)his(他的)hers(她的)its(她的)ours(我們的)yours(你們的)theirs(他們的,她們的,它們的)反身代詞：表示謂語的動作與主語有關或者賓語補足語的動作與賓語有關。第一人稱單數第二人稱單數第三人稱單數第一人稱復數第二人稱復數第三人稱復數陽性陰性中性myself(我自己)yourself(你自己)himself(他自己)herself(她自己)itself(它自己)ourselves(我們自己)yourselves(你們自己)themselves(他們/她們/它們自己)指示代詞：指示說明近處或者遠處、上文或者下文、以前或者現在的人或事物。單數復數含義this(這個)these(這些)指較近的人和物that(那個)those(那些)指較遠的人和物such(這樣的人/物)指上文提過的人和物same(同樣的人/物)指和上文提過的相同的人和物it(這人/這物)指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數含義someanynonone//each(every)oneeither,neithersotheother,another復合不定代詞不可數含義muchlittle,alittleall/////復數含義manyfew,afewonesbothothers,theothers英語中常用的基數詞有：123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a)hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveonehundredandone序數詞如下：1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th※first※second※thirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth20th30th40th50th60th70th80th90th100thtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethoneundredth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthonehundredandfirst副詞的分類：(見下表)時間副詞頻度副詞地點/方位副詞程度副詞方式副詞疑問/連接副詞其他副詞today,tomorrow,once,here,there,very,too,well,how,too,also,yesterday,now,twice,home,below,enough,hard,where,nor,so,then,early,late,always,anywhere,rather,quite,alone,when,as,on,off,once,soon,just,usually,above,outside,how,so,fast,why,either,tonight,long,often,in,inside,out,much,just,together,whetheryes,no,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly,onlysuddenly,however,etc.not,neitherago,later,eversincenever,away,off,far,almost,hardly,-ly結尾關系副詞maybe,after,whenever(seldom),near,nearby,aslongas等,的副詞where,perhaps,first,someday,ever,wherevereven,all,why,howcertainly,sometime,last,everywhere,alittle,abitwhen,不規(guī)則變化:原級比較級最高級good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身體)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的ill(身體)不舒服的many許多的(可數)more更多的；更most最多的；最much許多的(不可數)；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far遠的；遠地farther更遠的；更遠地farthest最遠的；最遠地further進一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地)1、動詞的分類：類別意義例句實義動詞含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨立作謂語。Shehassomebananas.她吃些香蕉。Theyeatalotofpotatoes.他們常吃土豆。I’mreadinganEnglishbooknow.我現在正看一本英文書。連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構成謂語。Hisfatherisateacher.他父親是教師。Twinsusuallylookthesame.雙胞胎通?？雌饋硪粯?。Theteacherbecameveryangry.老師變得很生氣。助動詞本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單復數和時態(tài)的變化。Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.他不說英語。Weareplayingbasketball.我們在打籃球。Doyouhaveabrother?你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復數的變化,有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。Youcankeepthebooksfortwoweeks.這些書你可以借兩個星期。MayIsmokehere?我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？Wemustgonow.我們現在得走了。2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：(1)規(guī)則動詞變化表：規(guī)則變化原形動詞結尾情況現在時單三人稱現在分詞過去式和過去分詞一般情況+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o結尾+es+ing+ed輔音字母+y結尾y→i,+es+ingy→i,+ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結尾+s雙寫輔音字母,+ing雙寫輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結尾+s去掉e,+ing+die結尾+sie→y,+ing+d不規(guī)則變have→has；be→is(無)(見不規(guī)則動詞變化表)注意：①在加ing或ed時動詞如果以“r”結尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動詞,“r”應雙寫。②s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z]；在[s]、[F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].③ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d]；在[t]、[d]后讀[id].(2)不規(guī)則動詞變化表：(原形→過去式→過去分詞)be(am,is)wasbeenloselostlostbe(are)werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain3、be(“是/存在”)動詞的各種時態(tài)變化：一般現在時一般將來時現在完成時Iam….Youare.…He/She/Itis….We/You/Theyare….(I等各人稱)willbe….Iam He/She/Itisgoingtobe…We/You/TheyareIhavebeen….Youhavebeen….She/he/Ithasbeen….We/You/Theyhavebeen….一般過去時過去將來時過去完成時Iwas….Youwere.…He/She/Itwas….We/You/Theywere….(I等各人稱)wouldbe….IwasHe/She/Itwasgoingtobe…We/You/TheywereIhadbeen….Youhadbeen….She/he/Ithadbeen….We/You/Theyhadbeen….注意：句型變化時,否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t(am后面not不可以縮寫)；疑問句將am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。英語中被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+動詞的過去分詞”構成。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數的變化。被動語態(tài)后的by短語有時可省去。具體結構見下表：現在時態(tài)一般現在時現在進行時一般將來時現在完成時謂語動詞構成amis+p.p.areamis+being+p.p.arewill+be+p.p.amis+goingto+be+p.p.arehave(has)+been+p.p.過去時態(tài)一般過去時過去進行時過去將來時過去完成時謂語動詞構成was+p.p.werewas+being+p.p.werewould+be+p.p.was+goingto+be+p.p.werehad+been+p.p.[注]p.p.表示過去分詞。[A]及物動詞+不定式一般形式：謂語動詞(vt.)+不定式(作賓語)[說明]want(想)/try(試圖)/decide(決定)/wouldlike(想要)/hope(希望)/love(喜愛)/learn(學會)/afford(提供)/agree(同意)/fail(失敗、未能)/mean(意味著)/prefer(寧愿)/wish(希望)+to(do)(無)help(幫助)to可以省略begin(開始)/start(開始)/hate(憎恨)也可跟動名詞,意義變化不大forget(忘記)/remember(記得)/like(總愛)也可跟動名詞,意義變化較大如：Iwouldliketohavearestatthemoment.(我現在想休息一下)/Theybegantosearchtheroomforthethief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/Helikedtohaveaswiminthepoolnearhishouse.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/WhendidyoulearntospeakEnglish?(你什么時候開始學英語的？)/Don’tforgettoclosethedoorwhenyouleave.(你離開時別忘了關門[比較]Heforgottoturnoffthelight.(他忘了關燈.)(沒關)/Heforgotturningoffthelight.(他忘記關過燈.)(關了)/Pleaseremembertoringmeup.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話)/Iremembercallingyouyesterdaybutyouforgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)[B]及物動詞+疑問詞+不定式：謂語動詞(vt.)+wh-疑問詞+不定式(作賓語)[說明]tell(告訴)/show(顯示)/know(知道)/ask(問)/findout(發(fā)現)/understand(明白)/wonder(疑惑)/learn(學會)/forget(忘記)/remember(記得)/teachsb.(教某人)/discuss(商討)whatwhere+how+to(do)whowhich……不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。如：Hedoesnotknowwhichonetotake.(他不知道該選哪個)/Tellmehowtogettothestation.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/Sheaskedmewhattodofortoday’shomework.(她問我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/Canyouteachmehowtosearchtheinternet?(你能教我怎樣上網嗎？)[C]不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如：Ifounditnotveryeasytolearntorideabike.(我發(fā)現學騎車不很容易)⑤動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。[A]記住下面的一些結構：被修飾部分+不定式(作后置定語)漢語意思akeytolockthedoor鎖門的鑰匙aboxtoholdthesethings裝這些東西的箱子giveherabooktoread給她一本書讀Isthereany(+名詞/代詞)to(do)?有…要(做的)嗎?It’stimetogo.是走的時間了。/該走了。Doyouhaveanyworktodo?你有工作要做嗎?I’dlikesomethingtoeat.我要點兒吃的。Ihavenothingtosay.我沒有話要說。Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你要點兒喝的嗎？[B]在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：Theycouldnotfindaplacetolivein.(他們找不到住的地方)/Pleasegivemeachairtositon.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/Hehasgotawritingbrushtowritewith.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)⑧動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。謂語動詞(vt.)+賓語(人/物)+不定式(作賓語補足語)ask(請)/tell(關照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/wouldlike(想要)/get(讓)/help(幫)/invite(邀請)/like(喜歡)/warn(警告)/+sb./sth.+to(do)make