考研考博-英語-哈爾濱華德學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-哈爾濱華德學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ireallywantedtosaysomethingatthemeeting,buteventually___fromit.

問題1選項

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.refrained

D.restricted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項prevented“預(yù)防，防止；阻止”；B選項restrained“抑制，控制；約束；制止（多用于refrainfromdoingsth.指克制自己以避免做某事）”；C選項refrained“節(jié)制，克制（以防變得過于激烈、強硬或直白）；避免；制止（通過拘留、上手銬等方式阻止囚犯等的暴力行為）（多用于restrainsb.fromdoingsth.）”；D選項restricted“限制，約束（使之不超過需要的范圍，如大小、規(guī)模等）；限定（活動或行為）”。句意：我真想在會上說點什么，但最后還是___了。根據(jù)固定搭配restrainsb.fromdoingsth.可知本句表達“最后忍住了”，因此C選項正確。

2.翻譯題

PutthefollowingtwopassagesintoChinese.

Whileabsorbingtheoutstandingachievementsofforeigncultures,wecannotbesatisfiedwithsimpleimitation.Indulgenceinsimpleimitationwoulddepriveusofcreativitysothatwewillnotbeabletoachieveanewartisticsophisticationorpresentourownexcellentworkstotheworld.Simpleimitationcannotbeequatedtonewconceptionatall.Thelatterisacombinationofmodemandtraditionalstyle,acombinationofforeignnations’andourownnation’scharacteristics,andacombinationofartisticandeducationalquality.

Peaceanddevelopmentarethetwomainthemesoftheworldtoday.Maintainingglobalpeace,enhancingfriendshipandcooperation,andpromotingcommondevelopmentarethecommonaspirationsofallpeoples.Atpresent,worldwidestabilityanddevelopmentarethreatenedbysuchseriousproblemsaspoverty,unemployment,refugeeflows,crimes,populationexplosion,environmentaldegradation,drugabuse,andterrorism.Thoughdifferentintheirnationalconditions,Chinasaidwesterncountriessharebroadcommoninterestsonawiderangeofmajorinternationalissues.IamhappytoseetheimprovementandexpansionofChina’srelationswiththem.TheChineseGovernmentandpeoplestandreadytomakeacontributiontotheloftycauseofpeaceanddevelopmenttogetherwiththegovernmentsandpeoplesofallcountries,includingthoseofwesterncountries,onthebasisofmutualrespect,equalityandmutualbenefit.

【答案】在吸收外國文化的優(yōu)秀成果時，我們不能滿足于單純的模仿。沉溺于單純模仿會讓我們失去創(chuàng)造力，致使我們無法達到一個新的藝術(shù)程度或向世界展示我們自己的優(yōu)秀作品。單純的模仿無法等同于新觀念。后者是現(xiàn)代風(fēng)格與傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格的結(jié)合，是外國特色與本國特色的結(jié)合，是藝術(shù)素質(zhì)與教育素質(zhì)的結(jié)合。

和平與發(fā)展是當(dāng)今世界的兩大主題。維護世界和平、增進友誼與合作、促進共同發(fā)展是各國人民的共同愿望。當(dāng)前，貧困、失業(yè)、難民流動、犯罪、人口爆炸、環(huán)境惡化、毒品泛濫、恐怖主義等嚴(yán)重問題威脅著世界的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展。中國表示，盡管西方各國國情不同，但在一系列重大國際問題上有著廣泛的共同利益。我很高興看到中國與他們的關(guān)系得到改善與發(fā)展。中國政府和人民愿在相互尊重、平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上，同包括西方國家在內(nèi)的各國政府和人民一道，為和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)做出貢獻。

3.單選題

InAmerican’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem,agoodlawyerisessential.AskO.J.Simpson.Inalandmarkcase35yearsago,GideonV.Wainwright,aunanimousSupremeCourtruledthatindigentdefendantsmustbeprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpensebecausetherecouldbenofairtrialinaseriouscriminalcasewithoutone.Atthetime,thedecisionwashailedasatriumphforjustice,anexampleofAmerica’scommitmenttotheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.

ThisistheimagemostAmericansstillhaveoftheircriminal-justicesystem—thefairestintheworld,inwhichanydefendant,nomatterhow,getsasmartlawyerwho,toooften,managestogettheculpritoffonatechnicality.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.About80%ofpeopleaccusedofafelonyhavetodependonapublicly-providedlawyer;butoverthepasttwodecadestheeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime,theirreluctancetopayforpublicdefenders,andaseriesofSupremeCourtjudgmentsrestrictingthegroundsforappealhavemadeamockeryofGideon.Todaymanyindigentdefendants,includingthosefacinglongtermsofimprisonmentorevendeath,aretreatedtoa“meet’emandplead’em”defense—abriefconsultationinwhichaharriedorincompetentlawyerencouragesthemtopleadguiltyor,ifthatfails,strugglethroughashorttrialinwhichthedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedbyamoreexperienced,better-paidandbetter-preparedprosecutor.

“Wehaveawealth-basedsystemofjustice,”saysStephenBright,thedirectoroftheSouthernCenterforHumanRight.“Forthewealthy,it’sgold-plated.Fortheaveragepoorperson,it’slikebeingherdedtotheslaughter-house.Inmanyplacestheadversarialsystembarelyexistsforthepoor.”

Manylawyers,ofcourse,havemadeheroiceffortsforparticulardefendantsforlittleornopay,butthecharityoflawyerscanbereliedontohandleonlyatinyfractionofcases.Asspendingonpolice,prosecutorsandprisonshassteadilyclimbedinthepastdecade,increasingthenumberofpeoplechargedandimprisoned,spendingonindigentdefensehasnotkeptpace,overwhelminganalreadyhard-pressedsystem.

1.Theword“indigent”(Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans____.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.J.Simpsonwasprobably____.

3.Whatisthatauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Whatistheauthor’sspecificpurposeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項

A.wealthy

B.criminal

C.poverty-stricken

D.innocent

問題2選項

A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyer

B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense

C.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourt

D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeople

問題3選項

A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.

B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.

C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.

D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.

問題4選項

A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.

B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.

C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.

D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.

問題5選項

A.Toappealformorepublicspendingoncourtdefenseforthepoor.

B.TocriticizeAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem.

C.TodrawattentiontotheinjusticeoftheAmericanlegalsystem.

D.Tomakeasuggestiononhowtomendthecriminal-justicesystem.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Theword“indigent”(Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans____.“indigent”（第一段）這個詞最有可能的意思是____。

A.wealthyA.富有的

B.criminalB.有罪的

C.poverty-strickenC.非常貧困的

D.innocentD.無辜的

【答案】C

【考查點】詞匯推測題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞indigent和Paragraph1定位到原文第一段第三句，該句提到“最高法院一致裁定，____的被告必須由國家出資聘請律師（beprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpense），因為在嚴(yán)重的刑事案件中，沒有律師就不可能有公平的審判?！蓖ㄟ^這類被告需要“由國家出資聘請律師”可知，他們自己是請不起律師的，因此，C選項“非常貧困的”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】A選項“富有的”、B選項“有罪的”、D選項“無辜的”，均不能從原文找到依據(jù)。

第2題:【選項釋義】

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatO.J.Simpsonwasprobably____.從文章中可以推斷，O.J.Simpson可能是____。

A.apersonwhowasfoundnotguiltybecausehehiredaverygoodlawyerA.一個因為雇了一個很好的律師而被判無罪的人

B.apersonwhowonhiscasebecausehewasprovidedwithalawyeratstateexpenseB.一個因為國家出錢請了律師而勝訴的人

C.apersonwhowasdeniedalawyerandthuslosthiscaseinthecourtC.被拒絕請律師而在法庭上敗訴的人

D.abrilliantlawyerwhowonnumerouscasesfortheaveragepoorpeopleD.他是一位杰出的律師，為普通窮人打贏了許多官司

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞O.J.Simpson定位到原文第一段第二句，該句提到“問O.J.Simpson?！北径蔚谝痪涮岬健霸诿绹ち业膶剐苑审w系中，優(yōu)秀的律師是必不可少的（agoodlawyerisessential）?！备鶕?jù)文章行文邏輯可知，本段先提出一個觀點（第一句），再通過Simpson的例子說明這個觀點（第二句）。由此推斷，Simpson應(yīng)該是一名因為請到了一名優(yōu)秀的律師而勝訴的人，A選項“一個因為雇了一個很好的律師而被判無罪的人”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“一個因為國家出錢請了律師而勝訴的人”，“國家出錢請了律師”是后文的內(nèi)容，并且這個案件的當(dāng)事人是GideonV.Wainwright，這個內(nèi)容與Simpson無關(guān)，該選項屬于無中生有；

C選項“被拒絕請律師而在法庭上敗訴的人”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“他是一位杰出的律師，為普通窮人打贏了許多官司”，原文沒有依據(jù)說明Simpson是個律師，該選項屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項釋義】

Whatisthatauthor’sviewofAmerica’sadversariallegalsystem?作者如何看待美國的對抗性法律制度？

A.Itistheembodimentoftheidealofequalitybeforethelaw.A.它是法律面前人人平等理想的體現(xiàn)。

B.Itisthefairestcriminal-justicesystemintheworld.B.它是世界上最公平的刑事司法系統(tǒng)。

C.Asitis,itbenefitstherichbutworksagainstthepoor.C.事實上，它對富人有利，但對窮人不利。

D.Itisunfairbynatureandshouldbeoverhauled.D.這種做法本質(zhì)上是不公平的，應(yīng)該進行徹底改革。

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞America’sadversariallegalsystem定位到原文第三段。本段第1句提到“我們有一個以財富為基礎(chǔ)的（awealth-basedsystem）司法體系”；第2-3句提到“對富人來說，它是鍍金的（gold-plated）。對于一般的窮人來說，這就像被趕到屠宰場一樣（beingherdedtotheslaughter-house）。在許多地方，對窮人來說，對抗性法律制度幾乎不存在?！庇纱丝芍?，這個以財富為基礎(chǔ)的制度對于花了很多錢的富人來說還是有利的，對于窮人來說是不利的，C選項“事實上，它對富人有利，但對窮人不利”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“它是法律面前人人平等理想的體現(xiàn)”，可定位到原文第一段最后一句，該句提到“當(dāng)時，這一決定被譽為正義的勝利，體現(xiàn)了美國致力于法律面前人人平等的理想。”由此可知，原文“法律面前人人平等理想的體現(xiàn)”指的是“最高法院關(guān)于貧窮的被告必須由國家出資聘請律師的決定”。并且原文第二段第二句提到“事實遠(yuǎn)非如此”。因此，該選項屬于曲解原文；

B選項“它是世界上最公平的刑事司法系統(tǒng)”，可定位到原文第二段第一句。該句提到“這是大多數(shù)美國人對他們的刑事司法系統(tǒng)的印象（theimage）——世界上最公平的（thefairestintheworld）……”本段第二句提到“事實遠(yuǎn)非如此”。因此，作者并不認(rèn)為美國的司法體系是世界上最公平的，該選項屬于曲解原文；

D選項“這種做法本質(zhì)上是不公平的，應(yīng)該進行徹底改革”，作者雖然在原文中表達了這種體系不公平的觀點，但并沒有說要進行徹底的改革，該選項屬于無中生有。

第4題:【選項釋義】

Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?下列哪個陳述是正確的？

A.Lawyerswhoprovidedefenseforthepooroftenworkheroicallyforlittleornopayatall.A.律師經(jīng)常以低報酬甚至不要報酬努力為窮人提供辯護。

B.Ascrimerateincreases,Americanpoliticianshavebecomemoretoleranttowardscrimethanbefore.B.隨著犯罪率的上升，美國的政客們對犯罪的容忍度比以前更高了。

C.InAmerica,ifapersonrefusestoacceptthejudgmentofalowercourt,hecanalwaysappealtotheSupremeCourt.C.在美國，如果一個人拒絕接受下級法院的判決，他總是可以向最高法院上訴。

D.Government-providedlawyerstendtogothroughtheformalitiesofdefenseandprovetobenomatchfortheprosecutors.D.政府提供的律師往往會走一遍辯護的程序，并且結(jié)果是他們無法與檢察官匹敵。

【答案】D

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】題干要求選擇表述正確的選項。第二段最后一句提到“今天，許多貧窮的被告（indigentdefendants），包括那些面臨長期監(jiān)禁甚至死刑的人，都要接受‘與他們見面并為他們辯護的’辯護——在簡短的咨詢中，一個忙碌或不稱職的律師（aharriedorincompetentlawyer）鼓勵他們認(rèn)罪，如果失敗，在短時間的審判中掙扎，辯方被一個更有經(jīng)驗、薪水更高、準(zhǔn)備更充分的檢察官遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過（thedefenseismassivelyoutgunnedby）?！庇纱丝芍?，由政府出資聘請律師，非常的不負(fù)責(zé)任，只是走一遍與被告見面、為被告辯護的程序，往往輸給比他們更有水平、更負(fù)責(zé)的檢察官，D選項“政府提供的律師往往會走一遍辯護的程序，并且結(jié)果是他們無法與檢察官匹敵”表述正確，符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“律師經(jīng)常以低報酬甚至不要報酬努力為窮人提供辯護”，可定位到原文第四段第一句，該句提到“許多律師為一些特定的被告付出了巨大的努力，收取的報酬很少或不要報酬，但律師的慈善事業(yè)只能處理小部分案件（onlyatinyfractionofcases）?！边x項中“經(jīng)?！迸c原文“小部分的案件”矛盾，該選項表述錯誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項“隨著犯罪率的上升，美國的政客們對犯罪的容忍度比以前更高了”，可定位到原文第二段第二句，該句提到“但在過去的二十年里，政客們急于嚴(yán)厲打擊犯罪（theeagernessofpoliticianstolookharshoncrime），他們不愿支付公共辯護律師的費用”，由此可知，政客們對犯罪的容忍度并沒有提高，而是降低了，該選項表述錯誤，屬于反向干擾；

C選項“在美國，如果一個人拒絕接受下級法院的判決，他總是可以向最高法院上訴”，可定位到原文第二段第二句，該句提到“一系列限制上訴理由的（restrictingthegroundsforappeal）最高法院判決”，由此可知，最高法院正限制被告的上訴，與選項中always不符，因此，該選項表述錯誤，屬于反向干擾。

第5題:【選項釋義】

Whatistheauthor’sspecificpurposeinwritingthispassage?作者寫這篇文章的具體目的是什么？

A.Toappealformorepublicspendingoncourtdefenseforthepoor.A.呼吁更多的公共開支用于窮人的法庭辯護。

B.TocriticizeAmerica’sfiercelyadversariallegalsystem.B.批評美國激烈的對抗性法律體系。

C.TodrawattentiontotheinjusticeoftheAmericanlegalsystem.C.讓人們注意到美國法律制度的不公正。

D.Tomakeasuggestiononhowtomendthecriminal-justicesystem.D.提出完善刑事司法制度的建議。

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】本題要選的是作者的具體意圖。原文第一段提出“在美國激烈的對抗性法律體系中，優(yōu)秀的律師是必不可少的”，并且指出“最高法院一致裁定，必須為貧困的被告提供一名由國家出資的律師”；第二段提到“政府不愿意支付公共辯護律師的費用”以及限制上訴，導(dǎo)致了很多問題；第三段提到“美國的司法體系以財富為基礎(chǔ)，對富人有利，對窮人不利”；最后一段最后一句提到“在過去的十年里，警察、檢察官和監(jiān)獄方面的支出穩(wěn)步攀升，被起訴和監(jiān)禁的人數(shù)不斷增加，而用于貧困的被告上的支出卻沒有跟上步伐，使本已不堪重負(fù)的系統(tǒng)更加不堪重負(fù)。”由此推斷，通過本文，作者是在呼吁提高用于為貧困的被告聘請律師的支出，A選項“呼吁更多的公共開支用于窮人的法庭辯護”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“批評美國激烈的對抗性法律體系”，雖然在原文也有體現(xiàn)，但A選項更具體；

C選項“讓人們注意到美國法律制度的不公正”，雖然在原文也有體現(xiàn)，但A選項更具體；

D選項“提出完善刑事司法制度的建議”，原文并未提出相關(guān)建議，該選項屬于無中生有。

4.單選題

WhenyouwatchafootballgameonaSaturdayafternoon,youfeelsecureinyourknowledgeofwhatwillhappenwhenaplayerbootstheball.Itfirstgoesupandthenitconiesdown.That’showitis,was,andwillbe—unless...ifthekickersomedayshouldkicktheballsuchthatattheinstantitlefthistoeitweretravelingupwardatarateof11.2kilometerspersecond(25,000mhr).Wewouldfindthatwewouldnothavetoworryaboutapuntreturn,becausetheballsimplywouldnotcomedown.Thisparticularspeedistheescapevelocityofanobjectfromtheearth.Atthisspeed,anyobject,largeorsmall,willescapefromtheearthtosoarforeverupwarduntilcapturedbythegravitationalattractionofsomeotherplanetorheavenlybody.Atfirstthoughtitmightseemthataheavyobjectmightrequireagreaterinitialspeedtoescapefromthesurfaceoftheearththanalighterone,rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject.Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway.

Theconceptofescapevelocityappliestoobjectsassmallasatomsandmolecules.Theearth’satmosphereiscomposedprimarilyofoxygenandnitrogen,anditcontainspracticallynotraceofhydrogenorhelium,thelightestelements.Alltheatomsofagastravelinrandommotionatveryhighspeeds,andthelessmassiveatomsandmoleculestravelatthegreatestspeeds.Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield.

Themoonhasaweakergravitationheldthantheearth.Theescapevelocityofanobjectonthemoonisabout2.4kilometerspersecond,andeventheheaviergaseshaveenoughspeedtoescapethemoon.Thisexplainswhywefindnoatmospherethere;anygasesthatmaybereleasednearthemoonquicklyescape.

1.Onlywhenaballexceeds11.2kmpersecondcanit（

）.

2.Inordertoescapefromtheearth,aheavierobject

（

）.

3.Heliumisnotfoundintheearth’satmospherebecause

（

）.

4.Thereisnoatmosphereonthemoonbecause（

）.

問題1選項

A.reachotherplanets

B.makeagoal

C.escapefromtheearth

D.goupwards

問題2選項

A.demandsagreaterinitialspeedthanalighterone

B.demandsasgreataninitialspeedasalighterone

C.mustbemadelighterthanitsoriginalweight

D.hastoovercomeagreatergravitythanalighterone

問題3選項

A.itsmovingspeedwellexceeds11.2kmpersecond

B.itlefttheatmospherelongagoinsearchofanotherplanet

C.itsmovingspeedisnotgreatenoughtoreachtheatmosphere

D.itislighterandcannotbethrownupwards

問題4選項

A.itisdryandlifeless

B.ithasagreaterescapevelocity

C.nogasesareproducedbyitself

D.itcannotholdsuchgasesasoxygenandnitrogentoit

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段最后一句話提到“如果每秒11.2千米的速度能夠讓一個足球離開地球，那么也足夠?qū)⒁粋€保齡球（或一輛貨車）送離地面”（Asaresult,ifavelocityof11.2kilometerspersecondisenoughtocausealootballtoescapefromtheearth,itisalsoenoughtosendbowlingball(orfreightcar)onitsway），因此選項C“逃離地球”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“為了離開地球，一個較重的物體……”。文章第一段倒數(shù)第二句話提到“物體下落的方式與物體的質(zhì)量無關(guān)”（rememberthatthewayobjectsfall(ormoveupwardagainstgravity)isindependentofthemassoftheobject），選項B“需要的初始速度與較輕物體的一樣”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。題目問的是“地球大氣中沒有氦氣的原因是……”。文章第二段提到地球的大氣主要有氧和氮組成，幾乎沒有氫和氦，質(zhì)量輕的其他速度超過了11.2千米每秒的臨界值，因此它們沒有停留在地球，而是在太空中（Infact,thelightergasesgosofastthattheirspeedsaregreaterthanthecriticalspeedof11.2kilometerspersecond.Thustheyhavelongagoleftourcomfortablehomeandarenowwanderingthroughspaceinsearchofamorehospitablegravitationalfield），由此可以推測氦氣的速度超過了11.2千米每秒，選項A符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。題目問的是“月球上沒有大氣的原因是……”。文章最后一段提到月球的引力比地球的引力小。月球上物體的逃逸速度是2.4千米每秒，即使是較重的氣體也有足夠的速度逃離月球，這就是為什么月球上沒有大氣的原因，由此可知選項D“它不能將氧和氮這樣的氣體留在里面”符合題意。

5.單選題

Theapartmentwas（）as$50,000anditsownerdecidedtosellit.

問題1選項

A.automated

B.assessed

C.asserted

D.avenged

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項automate“使自動化”，B項assess“評定，估價”，C項assert“堅持，斷言”，D項avenge“報復(fù)，報仇”。句意：這套公寓的估價為5萬美元，房主決定賣掉它。根據(jù)句意，該題選B正確。

6.單選題

ThehistoryofblackliberationmovementsintheUnitedStatescouldbecharacterizedasastruggleoverimagesasmuchasithasalsobeenastruggleforrights,forequalaccess.Tomanyreformistblackcivilrightsactivists,whobelievedthatdesegregationwouldofferthehumanizingcontextthatwouldchallengeandchangewhitesupremacy,theissueofrepresentation—controloverimages—wasneverasimportantasequalaccess.（1）

.RogerWilkinsemphasizesthispointinhisrecentessay“WhiteOut”.

Inthoseinnocentdays,beforedesegregationhadreallybeentried,beforetheNewFrontierandtheGreatSociety,manyofusblackshadlovely,naivehopesforintegration…Inournaivete,webelievedthatthepowertosegregatewasthegreatestpowerthathadbeenwieldedagainstus.Itturnedoutthatourexpectationswerewrong.

（2）

.

Thoughourpoliticsdiffer,Wilkins'sobservationsechomyinsistence,intheopeningessayofBlackLooks:Representation,thatblackpeoplehavemadefew,ifany,revolutionaryinterventionsinthearenaofrepresentation.

Inpart,racialdesegregation—equalaccess—offeredavisionofracialprogressthat,howeverlimited,ledmanyblackpeopletobelessvigilantaboutthequestionofrepresentation.

（3）

.Thisleadstoaculturalcontextinwhichimagesthatwouldsubvertthestatusquoarehardertoproduce.Thereisno“perceivedmarket”forthem.Norshoulditsurpriseusthattheerosionofoppositionalblacksubcultures(manyofwhichhavebeendestroyedinthedesegregationprocess)hasdeprivedusofthosesitesofradicalresistancewherewehavehadprimarycontroloverrepresentation.

（4）

.

Nowonder,then,thatracialintegrationhascreatedacrisisinblacklife,signaledbytheutterlossofcriticalvigilanceinthearenaofimagemakingbyourbeingstuckinendlessdebateovergoodandbadimagery.

（5）

.Photographybegantohavelesssignificanceinblacklifeasameans—privateorpublic—bywhichanoppositionalstandpointcouldbeasserted.Amodeofseeingdifferentfromthatofthedominantculture.Everydayblackfolksbegantoseethemselvesasnothavingamajorroletoplayintheproductionofimages.

問題1選項

A.Currently,contemporarycommoditizationofblacknesscreatesamarketcontextwhereinconventional,evenstereotypical,modesofrepresentingblacknessmayreceivethegreatestreward

B.Theaftermathofthiscrisishasbeendevastatinginthatithasledtoarelinquishmentofcollectiveblackinterestintheproductionofimages

C.Astimehasprogressedandthefaceofwhitesupremacyhasnochanged,reformistandradicalblackswouldlikelyagreethatthefieldofrepresentationremainsacrucialrealmofstruggle,asimportantasthequestionofequalaccess,ifnotmoreimportant

D.Whenweconcentrateonphotographyinblackhomesasacriticalintervention,adisruptionofwhitecontroloverblackimages

E.Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof“good”and“bad”imageryanddidnotpromoteamoreexpansiveculturalunderstandingofthepoliticsofessenceandidentitythatultimatelyrestrictedandconfinedblackimageproduction

F.Sinceno“white”galleriesdisplayedimagesofblackpeoplecreatedbyblackfolks,spaceshadtobemadewithindiverseblackcommunities

G.Thegreatestpowerturnedouttobewhatithadalwaysbeen:thepowertodefinerealitywhereblacksareconcernedandtomanageperceptionsandthereforearrangepoliticsandculturetoreinforcethosedefinitions

問題2選項

A.Currently,contemporarycommoditizationofblacknesscreatesamarketcontextwhereinconventional,evenstereotypical,modesofrepresentingblacknessmayreceivethegreatestreward

B.Theaftermathofthiscrisishasbeendevastatinginthatithasledtoarelinquishmentofcollectiveblackinterestintheproductionofimages

C.Astimehasprogressedandthefaceofwhitesupremacyhasnochanged,reformistandradicalblackswouldlikelyagreethatthefieldofrepresentationremainsacrucialrealmofstruggle,asimportantasthequestionofequalaccess,ifnotmoreimportant

D.Whenweconcentrateonphotographyinblackhomesasacriticalintervention,adisruptionofwhitecontroloverblackimages

E.Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof“good”and“bad”imageryanddidnotpromoteamoreexpansiveculturalunderstandingofthepoliticsofessenceandidentitythatultimatelyrestrictedandconfinedblackimageproduction

F.Sinceno“white”galleriesdisplayedimagesofblackpeoplecreatedbyblackfolks,spaceshadtobemadewithindiverseblackcommunities

G.Thegreatestpowerturnedouttobewhatithadalwaysbeen:thepowertodefinerealitywhereblacksareconcernedandtomanageperceptionsandthereforearrangepoliticsandculturetoreinforcethosedefinitions

問題3選項

A.Currently,contemporarycommoditizationofblacknesscreatesamarketcontextwhereinconventional,evenstereotypical,modesofrepresentingblacknessmayreceivethegreatestreward

B.Theaftermathofthiscrisishasbeendevastatinginthatithasledtoarelinquishmentofcollectiveblackinterestintheproductionofimages

C.Astimehasprogressedandthefaceofwhitesupremacyhasnochanged,reformistandradicalblackswouldlikelyagreethatthefieldofrepresentationremainsacrucialrealmofstruggle,asimportantasthequestionofequalaccess,ifnotmoreimportant

D.Whenweconcentrateonphotographyinblackhomesasacriticalintervention,adisruptionofwhitecontroloverblackimages

E.Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof“good”and“bad”imageryanddidnotpromoteamoreexpansiveculturalunderstandingofthepoliticsofessenceandidentitythatultimatelyrestrictedandconfinedblackimageproduction

F.Sinceno“white”galleriesdisplayedimagesofblackpeoplecreatedbyblackfolks,spaceshadtobemadewithindiverseblackcommunities

G.Thegreatestpowerturnedouttobewhatithadalwaysbeen:thepowertodefinerealitywhereblacksareconcernedandtomanageperceptionsandthereforearrangepoliticsandculturetoreinforcethosedefinitions

問題4選項

A.Currently,contemporarycommoditizationofblacknesscreatesamarketcontextwhereinconventional,evenstereotypical,modesofrepresentingblacknessmayreceivethegreatestreward

B.Theaftermathofthiscrisishasbeendevastatinginthatithasledtoarelinquishmentofcollectiveblackinterestintheproductionofimages

C.Astimehasprogressedandthefaceofwhitesupremacyhasnochanged,reformistandradicalblackswouldlikelyagreethatthefieldofrepresentationremainsacrucialrealmofstruggle,asimportantasthequestionofequalaccess,ifnotmoreimportant

D.Whenweconcentrateonphotographyinblackhomesasacriticalintervention,adisruptionofwhitecontroloverblackimages

E.Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof“good”and“bad”imageryanddidnotpromoteamoreexpansiveculturalunderstandingofthepoliticsofessenceandidentitythatultimatelyrestrictedandconfinedblackimageproduction

F.Sinceno“white”galleriesdisplayedimagesofblackpeoplecreatedbyblackfolks,spaceshadtobemadewithindiverseblackcommunities

G.Thegreatestpowerturnedouttobewhatithadalwaysbeen:thepowertodefinerealitywhereblacksareconcernedandtomanageperceptionsandthereforearrangepoliticsandculturetoreinforcethosedefinitions

問題5選項

A.Currently,contemporarycommoditizationofblacknesscreatesamarketcontextwhereinconventional,evenstereotypical,modesofrepresentingblacknessmayreceivethegreatestreward

B.Theaftermathofthiscrisishasbeendevastatinginthatithasledtoarelinquishmentofcollectiveblackinterestintheproductionofimages

C.Astimehasprogressedandthefaceofwhitesupremacyhasnochanged,reformistandradicalblackswouldlikelyagreethatthefieldofrepresentationremainsacrucialrealmofstruggle,asimportantasthequestionofequalaccess,ifnotmoreimportant

D.Whenweconcentrateonphotographyinblackhomesasacriticalintervention,adisruptionofwhitecontroloverblackimages

E.Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof“good”and“bad”imageryanddidnotpromoteamoreexpansiveculturalunderstandingofthepoliticsofessenceandidentitythatultimatelyrestrictedandconfinedblackimageproduction

F.Sinceno“white”galleriesdisplayedimagesofblackpeoplecreatedbyblackfolks,spaceshadtobemadewithindiverseblackcommunities

G.Thegreatestpowerturnedouttobewhatithadalwaysbeen:thepowertodefinerealitywhereblacksareconcernedandtomanageperceptionsandthereforearrangepoliticsandculturetoreinforcethosedefinitions

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:G

第3題:E

第4題:F

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.空格句的上一句提到了“whitesupremacy白人至上主義”，這與C項中的“whitesupremacyhasnochanged白人至上主義沒有改變”形成對應(yīng)，所以C選項正確。

第2題:2.空格前一句提到“thegreatestpower最強的力量”，這與G項中的“thegreatestpower最強的力量”形成對應(yīng)，所以G選項正確。

第3題:3.空格前一句提到“l(fā)edmanyblackpeopletobelessvigilantaboutthequestionofrepresentation導(dǎo)致很多黑人更少警惕形象問題”，這與E項中的“Significantly,nationalistblackfreedommovementswereoftenconcernedonlywithquestionsof‘good’and‘bad’imagery值得注意的是民族主義黑人自由運動經(jīng)常只關(guān)心‘好的’與‘不好的’形象問題”形成對應(yīng)，所以E選項正確。

第4題:4.空格前一句提到“thosesitesofradicalresistance那些積極反抗的場所”，這與F項中的“galleries美術(shù)館”這一場所形成對應(yīng)，所以F選項正確。

第5題:5.空格前一句中提到的“acrisis一場危機”，這與B項中的“Theaftermathofthiscrisis這場危機的后果”形成對應(yīng)，所以B選項正確。

7.單選題

Iknowcold.AndallyouMinnesotapeoplemaydiscountmebecauseIamfromPhoenix,buttrustme,Iknowcold.Ihaveclimbedthehighestpeakoneachcontinent(thefamedSevenSummits)andhaveskiedtoboththeNorthandSouthPoles—afeatknownastheAdventureGrandSlam.Eachmountainandpolarexpeditionwasverydifferent—withtheexceptionofonething:thecold.

OfalltheremoteplacesIhavebeen,Antarctica—landofthefrozentundra—isperhapsmyfavorite.Italsohappenstobethecoldestplaceonearth.Thecontinentisapproximately98percenticeand2percentrock.Temperaturesinthewinterhavereached128-below.Ihavebeentheretwice;oncetoclimbtheVinsonMassifandoncetoskisix-hundredmilesfromtheedgeofthewesternAntarcticiceshelfallthewaytotheSouthPole.“Whywouldyouwanttosufferlikethat”isaquestionIgetallthetime.Andsure,therearetimeswhenyouarefeelinglikeyouwanttotakeabreakfromthefrigidconditionsandgoinsidethelodgeandgetacupofhotcocoa...butyoucan’t.ThereisnoskilodgeinthemiddleofAntarctica.There’sjustyou,your1501bsledwhichisharnessedtoyourwaist(containingallofyourgearandsupplies),yourteammates(unlessyouareonasolotrip—nothanks)andthecold.Soyoumakepeacewiththesub-zerotemperatures,becauseyou’regoingtobe