考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津醫(yī)學(xué)高等專科學(xué)?？荚囇侯}三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-天津醫(yī)學(xué)高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Intime，thewomanwaspersuadedtotrythisnewformofdisciplineandto（）afailuretogototimeoutbythewithdrawalofsomeprivilege.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.backoff

B.backup

C.backdown

D.backwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析。backoff“后腿；卸下”；backup“支持；承認(rèn)；證實(shí)”；backdown“放棄，讓步”；backwith，無(wú)此短語(yǔ)用法。句意：后來,這個(gè)女的被說服去試著接受這項(xiàng)新處罰，……自己的過錯(cuò),并被撤銷了一些特權(quán)暫停了工作。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻礙)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能，所以D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”和B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰(shuí)將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”文章都沒有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位）”由此可知D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的文化模式”說法正確；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的。）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”；B選項(xiàng)“正式的選舉程序”文中也有提到；只有C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”與該題無(wú)關(guān)，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意為：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。A選項(xiàng)“某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”符合題意；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人能成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”和C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人通過學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的研究能更好的學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”文章第二段均未提到；D選項(xiàng)“許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格”曲解了文章意思，不符合題意，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明哪些人可以成為天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者）”，所以B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者存在”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”；C選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者很容易被群體成員接受”；D選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有一組相似的特征”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式）”，由此可知工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通常關(guān)注的是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，所以D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“確保和諧關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“與小組成員分享責(zé)任”；C選項(xiàng)“確定新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”說法都不正確。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.翻譯題

Strangeisoursituationhereuponearth.Eachofuscomesforashortvisit,notknowingwhyyetsometimesseemingtodivineapurpose.

Fromthestandpointofdailylife,however,thereisonethingwedoknow:thatmanishereforthesakeofothermen—aboveallforthoseuponwhosesmileandwell-beingourownhappinessdepends,andalsoforthecountlessunknownsoulswithwhosefateweareconnectedbyabondofsympathy.ManytimesadayIrealizehowmuchmyownouterandinnerlifeisbuiltuponthelaborsofmyfellowmen,bothlivinganddead,andhowearnestlyImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinreturnasmuchasIhavereceived.MypeaceofmindisoftentroubledbythedepressingsensethatIhaveborrowedtooheavilyfromtheworkofothermen.

Toponderinterminablyoverthereasonforone’sownexistenceorthemeaningoflifeingeneralseemstome,fromanobjectivepointofview,tobesheerfolly.Andyeteveryoneholdscertainidealsbywhichheguideshisaspirationandhisjudgment.Theidealswhichhavealwaysshonebeforemeandfilledmewiththejoyoflivingaregoodness,beauty,andtruth.Tomakeagoalofcomfortandhappinesshasneverappealedtome;asystemofethicsbuiltonthisbasiswouldbesufficientonlyforaherdofcattle.

【答案】我們?cè)谶@個(gè)世界上的處境很奇怪。每個(gè)人短暫來訪，不知原因。不過有時(shí)候似乎也會(huì)察覺到某種目的。

然而，從日常生活的角度來看，有一樣是確定的：人總是為了他人而活著。為了那些重要的人，他們的笑容和幸福是我們快樂的來源。也是為了數(shù)不清的陌生人，憐憫之心將我們與他們連系在一起。每天我都會(huì)多次意識(shí)到，我自己的物質(zhì)生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的勞動(dòng)之上的，他們或活著，或者已經(jīng)逝去。意識(shí)到我必須多么努力地去付出，以回報(bào)我所得到的一切?？偢杏X我從他人的勞動(dòng)成果中獲取太多，為此我經(jīng)常惴惴不安。

總體上，在我看來，沒完沒了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意義是非常愚蠢的行為。然而，每個(gè)人都有自己的理想來指引自己的抱負(fù)和是非判斷。始終在我面前閃耀著，讓我深感活著的喜悅的理想是善、美和真理。以舒適和幸福為目的的理想從來不能吸引我。建立在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)之上的倫理體系只能適用于一群牲畜。

4.翻譯題

1.科學(xué)研究的方法不過是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)肅解釋的表達(dá)方式。（3）

2.按照Sveiby的觀點(diǎn)來看，既然知識(shí)是個(gè)無(wú)形的關(guān)鍵資產(chǎn)，將知識(shí)從一個(gè)員工傳遞給另一個(gè)員工，或者從外部資源傳遞給員工的能力就是企業(yè)的一個(gè)重要能力。（4）

3.就像因事故而堵在晚間高峰路上發(fā)怒的司機(jī)一樣，如果網(wǎng)頁(yè)打開很慢或者不能很快進(jìn)入網(wǎng)頁(yè)時(shí)，上網(wǎng)的人就會(huì)坐立不安。（4）

4.正是這個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)影響著人們醫(yī)療保健的范圍和質(zhì)量，它使社會(huì)服務(wù)更加公正，它提高了個(gè)人的舒適度，為安全和自由行動(dòng)采取更多的措施。（4）

【答案】1.Themethodofscientificresearchisnothingmorethananecessaryexpressionoftheactivityofthehumanmind,thatis,anexpressionthatcontemplatesandgivesapreciseandseriousexplanationofallphenomena.

2.FromSveiby’spointofview,sinceknowledgeisakeyintangibleasset,theabilitytotransferknowledgefromoneemployeetoanother,orfromexternalresourcestoemployees,isanimportantcapabilityofanenterprise.

3.Likeadriverstuckinanaccidentandfumingontheeveningrushhourroad,peoplewhosurftheInternetcangetfidgetyifthepageopensslowlyortheycan’tgettoitquicklyenough.

4.Itisthisinformationsystemthatinfluencesthescopeandqualityofpeople’shealthcare,itmakessocialservicesmorejust,itincreasesthecomfortofindividualsandtakesmoremeasuresforsafetyandfreemovement.

5.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

研究表明，與20年前相比，盡管社交媒體越來越受人們歡迎，但是青少年的朋友卻日益減少。一份歷時(shí)12年、涵蓋20萬(wàn)高中生的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然年輕人的朋友越來越少，但是他們更多交友的意向并無(wú)增多。該研究認(rèn)為，經(jīng)濟(jì)變化在促使個(gè)人主義增長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)，可能導(dǎo)致人們交友興趣減弱，使人們更多轉(zhuǎn)向自立、增強(qiáng)自尊、減少孤獨(dú)感。

【答案】Despitethegrowingpopularityofsocialmedia,teenagershavefewerfriendsthantheydid20yearsago.Asurvey,carriedoutfor12years,ofmorethan200,000UShighschoolstudentsfoundthatyoungpeoplehadfewerfriends,butlessdesireformakingmorefriends.Thestudyhasshownthateconomicchangesleadtoincreasedindividuality,whichcouldleadtodecreasinginterestinfriends,increasingself-reliance,increasingself-esteemanddecreasingloneliness.

6.翻譯題

AsFordMotor’sboardofdirectorsgatheredtoholditsquarterlymeetingThursday,speculationwasgrowingthattheworld’sNO.2automakerwaspreparedtoacquiretheautomotiveoperationsofSweden’sVolvo.1.MergerspeculationthathasbeenwidespreadthroughouttheindustryformonthshasfocusedonapossibleVolvo-FordlinkupsinceareportlastweekthatVolvohadhiredaWallStreetinvestmentbanktoexploreapossiblesale.

Ford’sboardmeetingwastobeheldinDearborn,theDetroitsuburbwhereFordisheadquartered.ChiefspokesmanVaughnKoshkariandeclinedtocommentontheagendaortheVolvorumors.PresidentJacNasser,speakingatanindustryconferenceTuesdaynight,alsodeclinedtosaywhereFordwasnegotiatingwithVolvo.ButNasseragainsaidFordwasopentousingitsmorethan$20billioncashreservetoexpandthecompany’sglobalreach.

2.Lastyear’sacquisitionofChryslerbyDaimler-Benzledtoaflurryoftalksamongautomakerslookingtostrengthentheirpositioninanindustrybesetwithtoomuchproductioncapacityworldwide.Theconventionalwisdomisthatsmallerautomakerswillbeill-equippedtocompeteinthe21stcenturyastheindustrybecomesdominatedbyseveralinternationalautomakers.

Volvo,oneoftheworld’ssmallerautomakers,produceslessthan500,000vehiclesannually.Lastyearitsold100,227carsintheUnitedStates,oneofitslargestmarkets.3.Fordreportedlyhasbeencourtingdebt-ladenNissanMotoraswell,andturneddownanofferlastmonthfora20%shareintheJapaneseautomaker.FordalsolostinbiddinglatelastyearforfinanciallytroubledKiaMotorsofKorea.

4.AnalystssayFordandVolvoareabetterfit.“TheVolvothingismorepracticalthananythingelse,”saidanalystDavidHealyofBurnhamSecurities.“Ford,whichisbecominggoodatcost-effectivelydevelopingavarietyofverydifferentcarswiththesamebasicchassisandmajorparts,couldhelpVolvoexpanditsproductline,”Girskysaid.5.“IfyoucouldbringoutsmallercarsundertheVolvebrand,youcouldcommandapremiumprice,”hesaid,“FordhassimilarlyexpandedJaguar’svehiclelinesinceitboughttheBritishLuxuryautomakerin1989.”

【答案】1.幾個(gè)月來業(yè)內(nèi)一直存在關(guān)于公司合并的猜測(cè)，自從上周有報(bào)道稱，沃爾沃（Volvo）聘請(qǐng)了華爾街一家投資銀行來探討出售沃爾沃的可能性以來，這種猜測(cè)集中在沃爾沃可能與福特（Ford）合并。

2.去年戴姆勒-奔馳（Daimler-Benz）收購(gòu)克萊斯勒（Chrysler）的事件，引發(fā)了汽車制造商之間的一連串的談判，這些制造商希望加強(qiáng)自己在這個(gè)全球產(chǎn)能過剩的行業(yè)中的地位。

3.據(jù)報(bào)道，福特也一直在向負(fù)債累累的日產(chǎn)汽車（NissanMotor）示好，并且上個(gè)月拒絕了收購(gòu)這家日本汽車公司20%股份的要約。

4.分析人士表示福特跟沃爾沃更合適。伯納姆證券公司的分析師DavidHealy說“跟沃爾沃的這件事比其他任何事情都更實(shí)際?！?/p>

5.“如果你（福特）能推出沃爾沃品牌下的小型車，你就能獲得更高的價(jià)格，”他說，“福特1989年收購(gòu)了英國(guó)豪華汽車制造商捷豹（Jaguar）后，同樣也擴(kuò)大了捷豹的產(chǎn)品線。”

7.單選題

FlanneryO’Connorwasnotas（）assomewriterswhoturnoutreamsofmaterials,butherstoriesareconsideredgemsthatliveonafterherearlyandtragicdeath.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.potential

B.prolific

C.vitriolic

D.vicarious

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。potential“有潛力的”；prolific“多產(chǎn)的”；vitriolic“硫酸的，刻薄的”；vicarious“替代的，代理的”。句意：FlanneryOConnor不像一些創(chuàng)作大量作品的作家那樣多產(chǎn)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

8.單選題

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears-andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimesarequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernmphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernmphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemodernmeraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernmsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernmscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction-bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation-thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemodernms;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernmispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“”facts"”and“"theories"”or“’’facts”and“”ideas”n-intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter-provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts-aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory"’.

3.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts’’maybecalled（

）

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Philosophyofmathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

D.apun

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatitwasanactofGod

C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章通篇都是在討論科學(xué)研究或探索的方法。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段指出:Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthishenomenonintheantithesisof"facts"and"theories"or"facts"and"ideas"-intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter-provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.試圖在事實(shí)的對(duì)立面和理論，或事實(shí)和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有些太狹隘，也會(huì)因模糊不清遭批評(píng)。因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)立面不全面，事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。第五段指出：Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議，通過運(yùn)用知識(shí)的源泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡(jiǎn)單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡(jiǎn)單的核實(shí)，理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。由此得出，選擇A:后者(理論)需要證實(shí)。

3.推斷題。文章指出:事實(shí)和理論不是同類的事物。因此“理論即事實(shí)”的論斷就是悖論。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.推斷題。選項(xiàng)C推理演繹科學(xué)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出：Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?或者，我們是否應(yīng)該把這兩個(gè)時(shí)期的特征都?xì)w因于所謂的歷史意外事件一一歸因于客觀環(huán)境中相似性結(jié)合的影響。這一點(diǎn)除非以指導(dǎo)一切的上帝的智慧和無(wú)限權(quán)利來解釋，否則難以解說清楚。因此B項(xiàng):是上天的安排為正確選項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

Idon’tsmokenow,butIused（

）whenIwasyoung.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.to

B.todo

C.toit

D.todoingit

【答案】B

【解析】句意:我現(xiàn)在不抽煙了，但是我年輕的時(shí)候常常抽煙。

固定搭配。usedtodo過去常常;be/getusedtosth./doingsth.習(xí)慣于…。因此B符合句意。

10.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

1.凡事預(yù)則立，不預(yù)則廢。

2.我們可以讓內(nèi)燃機(jī)使用另一種污染程度較低的燃料，如天然氣、燃料電池，液態(tài)氫等，這些我們都可以考慮。

3.我們必須考慮到這一點(diǎn)：我們的星球是從子孫后代那里借來的，而不是我們祖先饋贈(zèng)的。

4.可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指：為了將來后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存空間，以滿足他們的需要和施展他們的抱負(fù)。

5.這門學(xué)科的重要性與其被了解的程度不成正比。

【答案】1.Preparednessensuressuccessandunpreparednessspellsfailure.

2.Whenchoosingadifferentandcleanerfuelfortheinternalcombustionengine,wecantakenaturalgas,fuelcells,liquidhydrogen,oconsideration.

3.Itmustbetakenintoconsiderationthatwehavenotinheritedthisearthfromourancestorsbuthaveborroweditfromouroffspring

4.Sustainabledevelopmentmeansthatforthebenefitoffuturegenerations,wemustreserveenoughlivinsspaceforsatisfyingtheirneedsandrealizingtheirambitious.

5.Theimportanceofthisdisciplineisnotindirectproportiontothedegreetowhichitisunderstood.

11.單選題

Greatandsignificantmusiccan,however,bewrittenonthemesthatare,inthemselves,（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.quitelovely

B.verymagnificent

C.intriguing

D.trivial

【答案】B

【解析】magnificent壯麗的,宏偉的；intriguing有趣的,迷人的；trivial瑣碎的。句意：然而,偉大而有意義的音樂可以寫在本身就非常宏偉的主題上。選項(xiàng)B符合語(yǔ)境。

12.單選題

GeorgeWashington（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.alwayswillandalwayshasbeenanAmericanhero

B.alwayshasandalwayswillanAmericanhero

C.alwayshasandalwayswillbeanAmericanhero

D.alwayshasbeenandalwayswillbeanAmericanhero

【答案】D

【解析】考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的用法。在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，如果謂語(yǔ)中有名詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，此時(shí)要借助been來一起組成其謂語(yǔ)成分，即have/hasbeen+名詞短語(yǔ)；在一般將來時(shí)態(tài)中，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中有名詞短語(yǔ)，此時(shí)要借助be來一起組成其謂語(yǔ)成分，即be+名詞短語(yǔ)。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。句意：GeorgeWashington一直都是一位美國(guó)英雄，并將永遠(yuǎn)是。

13.單選題

TheStateCouncilwilllaydownnewrulesthataimtomakemanagementcompatiblewithinternationallyacceptedconventions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conferences

B.conversations

C.practices

D.formations

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：國(guó)務(wù)院將制定新的規(guī)則來使得管理與國(guó)際慣例一致。conference“會(huì)議”；conversation“（非正式）交談，談話”；practice“實(shí)踐，慣例”；formation“組成”。根據(jù)前面的“l(fā)aydownnewrules”可推測(cè)出劃線單詞的意思是“規(guī)則”，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

14.單選題

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.response

B.answer

C.correspondence

D.echo

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。response“反響，反應(yīng)”；answer“回答，答案”；correspondence“通信，一致”；echo“回音”。句意：他刊登在報(bào)紙上的廣告受到了很好的反響，她受到了一百多封申請(qǐng)信。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

15.單選題

Therewasagroupofdemonstrators（）anti-governmentslogansinthesquare.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.crowing

B.chanting

C.intoning

D.crooning

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。crowing“啼叫”；chanting“喊叫，歌頌”；intoning“吟詠”；crooning“柔情低唱”。句意：一群游行示威者在廣場(chǎng)上有節(jié)奏的高喊反政府的口號(hào)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

16.單選題

Patientstendtofeelindignantandinsultedifthephysiciantellsthemhecanfindnoorganiccauseforthepain.Theytendtointerprettheterm“psychogenic”tomeanthattheyarecomplainingofnonexistentsymptoms.Theyneedtobeeducatedaboutthefactthatmanyformsofpainhavenounderlyingphysicalcausebutaretheresult,asmentionedearlier,oftension,stressorhostilefactorsinthegeneralenvironment.Sometimesapainmaybeamanifestationof“conversionhysteria”.

Obviously,itisfollyforanindividualtoignoresymptomsthatcouldbeawarningofapotentiallyseriousillness.Somepeoplearesoterrifiedofgettingnewsfromadoctorthattheyallowtheirmalaisetoworsen,sometimespastthepointofnoreturn.Totalneglectisnottheanswertohypochondria.Theonlyanswerhastobeincreasededucationaboutthewaythehumanbodyworks;sothatmorepeoplewillbeabletosteeranintelligentcoursebetweenpromiscuouspill-poppingandirresponsibledisregardofgenuinesymptoms.

Ofallformsofpain,noneisimportantfortheindividualtounderstandthanthe“threshold”variety.Almosteveryonehasatelltaleachethatistriggeredwhenevertensionorfatiguereachesacertainpoint.Itcantaketheformofamigraine-typeheadacheorasqueezingpaindeepintheabdomenorcrampsorapaininthelowerbackoreveninthejoints.Theindividualwhohaslearnedhowtomakethecorrelationbetweensuchthresholdpainsandtheircausedoesn'tpanicwhentheyoccur;heorshedoessomethingaboutrelievingthestressandtension.Then,ifthepainpersistsdespitetheabsenceofapparentcause,theindividualwilltelephonethedoctor.

26.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?

27.Somepeoplesufferingfromapaindonotgotohospitalbecause（）.

28.Accordingtothepassage,theproperwaytowardsapainis（）.

29.Assoonasapersongets“thresholdpains”，heshould（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Apaincanonlybecausedbyphysicalharm.

B.Somepeoplearecomplainingofapainwhichdoesnotexist.

C.Apaincanbecausedbypsychogenicfactors.

D.Educatedpeopledonotcomplainofnonexistentpain.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyarehorrifiedtogetthebadnews

B.theythinknomedicineiseffective

C.theythinkthepainwilldisappearassoonasyouforgetit

D.theyaretoobusy

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.takingdifferentmedicines

B.visitingfamousphysicians

C.payingnoattentiontoit

D.noneoftheabove

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.telephonethedoctorimmediately

B.firstrelievethestressandtensionwhichcausethepains

C.waittoletthepainsreachacertainpoint

D.takepain-killer

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】26.細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。信息點(diǎn)定位為原文第一段，根據(jù)第二句Theytendtointerprettheterm“psychogenic”tomeanthattheyarecomplainingofnonexistentsymptoms.（他們傾向于將“心理原因”一詞解釋為他們?cè)诒г共淮嬖诘陌Y狀。）中的“psychogenic”（心理性的），即可得出本題答案。

27.

細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“donotgotohospital”，將信息點(diǎn)定位到原文第二段Somepeoplearesoterrifiedofgettingnewsfromadoctorthattheyallowtheirmalaisetoworsen,sometimespastthepointofnoreturn.（有些人非常害怕從醫(yī)生那里得到消息，他們讓自己的不適加劇，有時(shí)甚至到了無(wú)法恢復(fù)的地步。）根據(jù)“soterrifiedofgetting”“news...worsen”，即可得出本題答案。

28.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)原文第三段第一句Ofallformsofpain,noneisimportantfortheindividualtounderstandthanthe“threshold”variety.（沒有比知道這些疼痛種類的下限更重要的事情了。）即可得出本題答案。

29.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“thresholdpains”定位到原文最后一段第四句。根據(jù)Theindividualwhohaslearnedhowtomakethecorrelationbetweensuchthresholdpainsandtheircausedoesn’tpanicwhentheyoccur;heorshedoessomethingaboutrelievingthestressandtension.（學(xué)會(huì)了如何將這種閾值疼痛與其原因聯(lián)系起來的人，在疼痛發(fā)生時(shí)并不驚慌；他或她做了一些緩解壓力和緊張的事情。）中的“relievingthestressandtension”即可得出本題答案。

17.單選題

Itwas（）thattherestaurantdiscriminatedagainstblackcustomers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.addicted

B.alleged

C.assaulted

D.ascribed

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。addict“上癮的”；allege“宣稱，斷言”；assault“攻擊，襲擊”；ascribe“歸因于，歸咎于”。句意：據(jù)稱，這家飯店歧視黑人顧客。B項(xiàng)符合題意。

18.單選題

Acomprehensivemarketsystemshouldbeestablishedto______theflowoftalent,fundsandmaterials.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.suffice

B.necessitate

C.facilitate

D.fabricate

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.suffice足夠；足以B.necessitate使成為必要

C.facilitate促進(jìn)；促使D.fabricate編造；捏造

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】按照句意“應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)全面的市場(chǎng)體系來______人才、資金和物資的流動(dòng)”，根據(jù)空格后的單詞flow可知，空格處表示“促進(jìn)”符合句意，故該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)都不符合句意。

【句意】應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)全面的市場(chǎng)體系來促進(jìn)人才、資金和物資的流動(dòng)。

19.單選題

InNovember1987thegovernment（

）apublicdebateonthefuturedirectionoftheofficialsportspolicy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.initiated

B.designated

C.induced

D.promoted

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)initiate“開始、發(fā)起”；B選項(xiàng)designate“指定、指派”；C選項(xiàng)induce“引誘、說服”；D選項(xiàng)promote“促進(jìn)、提高”。由關(guān)鍵詞“government”和“publicdebate公開辯論”，判斷可知空格部分單詞意思為“發(fā)起”，句意為：1987年11月，政府就官方體育方針政策的未來走向發(fā)起了一場(chǎng)公開辯論。故正確答案選A。

20.單選題

Theideathatboysandgirlshavedifferentlearningstylesseemstobelosingground，buttherearestillmany（）supportersofsingle-sexeducation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compulsory

B.pervasive

C.critical

D.passionate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)compulsory“義務(wù)的，強(qiáng)制的”，B選項(xiàng)pervasive“遍布的，普遍的”，C選項(xiàng)critical“批判性的，關(guān)鍵的”，D選項(xiàng)passionate“狂熱的，熱情的”，句意：認(rèn)為男孩和女孩有不同的學(xué)習(xí)方式的觀點(diǎn)似乎正在失勢(shì)，但仍有許多普遍支持男女分校教育的人。因此，B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

21.問答題

Manygovernmentsaregrowingincreasinglydeterminedtostampoutthathasbeenreferred

A

B

C

toasthe“corruptioneruption”.

D

【答案】試題答案：C;what

【解析】考查關(guān)系代詞。that不能充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)，分析句子可知從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，因此將that改為what。

22.單選題

Evenwhentextbooksare______throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.commonplace

B.standardized

C.competitive

D.generalized

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)commonplace“平凡的，普通的”；B選項(xiàng)standardized“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的”；C選項(xiàng)competitive“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的，比賽的”；D選項(xiàng)generalized“普遍的，廣泛的”。根據(jù)Even可知空格與varygreatly的意思相反，因此選B。句意：即使教科書通過學(xué)校系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，教學(xué)方法也可能有很大的不同。

23.單選題

Ihopealltheprecautionsagainstairpollution,（

）aresuggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.while

C.after

D.since

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。A選項(xiàng)as“因?yàn)?、正如、雖然”；B選項(xiàng)while“雖然、盡管”；C選項(xiàng)after“在……之后”；D選項(xiàng)since“自……以后”，根據(jù)句意：我希望針對(duì)空氣污染的所有預(yù)防措施將會(huì)如當(dāng)?shù)卣ㄗh的那樣在這里被認(rèn)真考慮。以及語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)可知填入部分充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)，as“正如”符合題意，故正確答案選A。

24.單選題

InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesens