美國能源部+分布式風(fēng)電市場報告：2022年版-58正式版

DistributedWindMarketReport:2022EditionDISCLAIMERThisreportwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbyanagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.NeithertheUnitedStatesGovernmentnoranyagencythereof,norBattelleMemorialInstitute,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwisedoesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof,orBattelleMemorialInstitute.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof.ThisreportisbeingdisseminatedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Assuch,thisdocumentwaspreparedincompliancewithSection515oftheTreasuryandGeneralGovernmentAppropriationsActforFiscalYear2001(PublicLaw106-554)andinformationqualityguidelinesissuedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.Thoughthisreportdoesnotconstitute“influential”information,asthattermisdefinedintheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sInformationQualityGuidelinesortheOfficeofManagementandBudget’sInformationQualityBulletinforPeerReview,thestudywasreviewedbothinternallyandexternallypriortopublication.Forpurposesofexternalreview,thestudybenefitedfromtheadviceandcommentsfromeightnon-profitandassociationrepresentatives,projectdevelopers,turbinemanufacturers,andfederallaboratorystaff.PACIFICNORTHWESTNATIONALLABORATORYoperatedbyBATTELLEfortheUNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFENERGYunderContractDE-AC05-76RL01830PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaAvailabletoDOEandDOEcontractorsfromtheOfficeofScientificandTechnicalInformation,P.O.Box62,OakRidge,TN37831-0062;ph:(865)576-8401fax:(865)576-5728email:reports@AvailabletothepublicfromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService5301ShawneeRd.,Alexandria,VA22312ph:(800)553-NTIS(6847)email:orders@/about/form.aspxOnlineordering:FORMOREINFORMATIONONTHISREPORT(PNNL-33097):AliceOrrell,PEEnergyAnalyst509-372-4632alice.orrell@iiDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONPreparationandAuthorshipThisreportwaspreparedfortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewableEnergy,WindEnergyTechnologiesOffice.ReportauthorsareAliceOrrell,KamilaKazimierczuk,andLindsaySheridanofPacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory.iiiDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONAcknowledgmentsTheauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirhelpinproducingthisreport:PatrickGilman,LizHartman,andMichaelDerby(U.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice);BretBarkerandGageReber(insupportofU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sWindEnergyTechnologiesOffice);andMikeParker,MaryAnnShowalter,andDaniellePreziuso(PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory).Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirreviewand/orcontributionstothisreport:JackenChen,HI-VAWTTechnologyCorp.;MeganCuller,IdahoNationalLaboratory;MiaDevine,SparkNorthwest;RichardJohnson,RockwindVenturePartners;EricLantz,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory;RichardLegault,EocycleTechnologies,Inc.;MichaelLeitman,NationalRuralElectricCooperativeAssociation;BrentSummerville,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory.Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingcompaniesforcontributingdata,information,andsupportforthisreport:AdvancedEnergySystems;AeromineTechnologies,Inc.;AlbrechtWindEnergy;AllEnergyManagement;AllStarElectric;AmericanWindpower;AnemometrySpecialists;APRSWorld;AssociatedEnergyDevelopers;BarberWindTurbines;BE-Wind;BergeyWindpowerCo;BluePacificEnergy;BlueSkyWind;BuffaloRenewables;CarterWindSystems;ChavaEnergy;DuctedWindTurbines;Dyocore;EnergyOptions;EocycleTechnologies,Inc.;ESPE;EthosDistributedSolutions;EvergreenEnergy;GreatRockWindpower;GuastiConstruction;Hi-VAWTTechnologyCorp.;HossConstruction;HVWindEnergy;KettleViewRenewableEnergy;MeisterElectric,Inc.;Mike’sWind&SolarSystems;NorthernPowerSystems;OasisMontana;OffGridEnterprises;PrimusWindPowerInc.;PriorityPumpandSupply;PowerWorks;QEDWindPower;RangeWindandSolar;RenewableEnergySolutions;RockwindVenturePartners;RyseEnergy;SDWindEnergy;StarWindTurbines;TickTockEnergy;TrustedEnergy;Tumo;TwinTurbineEnergy;WeaverWind;WESEngineering,Inc.;WestwindSolar;WindTurbinesofOhio;Windlift.Theauthorswishtothankrepresentativesfromthefollowingutilitiesandstate,federal,andinternationalagenciesforcontributingdata,information,andsupportforthisreport:AlaskaEnergyAuthority;ArizonaCorporationCommission;ArkansasEnergyOffice;AustinEnergy;AustralianCleanEnergyRegulator;BlueRidgeMountainElectricMembershipCorporation;BrazilAgênciaNacionaldeEnergiaEléctrica;BurbankWaterandPower;CaliforniaEnergyCommission;CanadianRenewableEnergyAssociation;CentralIowaPowerCooperative;CentralLincolnPeople'sUtilityDistrict;ChelanCountyPublicUtilityDistrict;ChinaWindEnergyEquipmentAssociation;CityofAshland,OR;CityofBrenham,TX;CityofSanMarcos,TX;CityofSeward,NE;CleanEnergyNewHampshire;ColoradoEnergyOffice;ColoradoStateUniversity;ConnecticutPublicUtilitiesRegulatoryAuthority;ConsumersEnergy;DanishEnergyAgency;DelawareElectricCooperative;DelawareSustainableEnergyUtility;DetroitLakesPublicUtilities;DukeEnergy;ElPasoElectric;EnergyTrustofOregon;EugeneWaterandElectricBoard;Evergy;FirstEnergy;FloridaOfficeofEnergy;GestoredeiServiziEnergetici;GoldenValleyElectricAssociation;GraysHarborPublicUtilityDistrict;HawaiiPublicUtilitiesCommission;HawaiianElectric;HolyCrossEnergy;IndianaOfficeofEnergyDevelopment;IowaUtilitiesBoard;Kaua'iIslandUtilityCooperative;Klein-Windkraftanlagen;LaPlataElectricAssociation;MarylandEnergyAdministration;MassachusettsDepartmentofEnergyResources;MidAmericanEnergyCompany;MinnesotaStateEnergyOffice;MississippiEnergyOffice;MissouriDivisionofEnergy;MohaveElectricCooperative;MontanaDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality;NationalGrid;NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryWindforSchools;NebraskaStateEnergyOffice;NewHampshireDepartmentofEnergy;NewJerseyBoardofPublicUtilities;NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthority;NorthCarolinaGreenPower;NorthCarolinaSustainableEnergyAssociation;NorthDakotaPublicServiceCommission;NorthernIndianaPublicServiceCompany;NorthwesternEnergy;NVEnergy;OhioPublicUtilitiesCommission;OkanoganCountyPublicUtilityDistrict;PacifiCorp;PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection;PugetSoundEnergy;RhodeIslandOfficeofEnergyResources;SaltRiverProject;SanMiguelPowerAssociation;SanteeCooper;ivDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONSouthCarolinaEnergyOffice;UnitedIlluminatingCompanyPower;UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture;ValleyElectricAssociation;VermontElectricPowerProducers;VermontEnergyInvestmentCorporation;VirginiaDepartmentofMines,MineralsandEnergy;WashingtonDCDepartmentofEnergyandEnvironment;WashingtonStateUniversityEnergyProgram;WestVirginiaEnergyOffice;WesternIllinoisUniversity;WyomingEnergyAuthorityvDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONListofAcronymsACP AmericanCleanPowerAssociationAWEA AmericanWindEnergyAssociationCIP CompetitivenessImprovementProjectDOE U.S.DepartmentofEnergyDWEA DistributedWindEnergyAssociationEIA EnergyInformationAdministrationFIT feed-intariffGE GeneralElectricGW gigawatt(s)ICC–SWCC InternationalCodeCouncil-SmallWindCertificationCouncilIEC InternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIEEE InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersIRS U.S.InternalRevenueServiceITC investmenttaxcreditkWh kilowatt-hour(s)kW kilowattLCOE levelizedcostofenergyMW megawatt(s)NPS NorthernPowerSystemsNREL NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryNYSERDA NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityO&M operationsandmaintenancePNNL PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratoryPTC productiontaxcreditPV solarphotovoltaicREAP RuralEnergyforAmericaProgramSGIP Self-GenerationIncentiveProgramUSDA U.S.DepartmentofAgricultureVAWT vertical-axiswindturbineviDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONExecutiveSummaryTheannualDistributedWindMarketReportprovidesstakeholderswithmarketstatisticsandanalysisalongwithinsightsintomarkettrendsandcharacteristicsforwindtechnologiesusedasdistributedenergyresources.Keyfindingsforthisyear’sreportincludethefollowing:InstalledCapacityCumulativeU.S.distributedwindcapacityinstalledfrom2003through2021nowstandsat1,075megawatts(MW)fromover89,000windturbinesacrossall50states,theDistrictofColumbia,PuertoRico,theU.S.VirginIslands,andGuam.Distributedwindturbinesareconnectedatthedistributionlevelofanelectricitysystem,orinoff-gridapplications,toservespecificorlocalloads.In2021,15statesaddedatotalof11.7MWofnewdistributedwindcapacityfrom1,751turbineunitsrepresentinga$41millioninvestment.Thedeployedcapacityisdownfrom21.9MW($44million,11states)in2020and20.4MW($59million,22states)in2019.The2020distributedwindcapacityamountishigherthaninitiallyreportedbecauseitnowcapturessomeprojectsthathadlate2020operationaldates.Ofthe11.7MWinstalledin2021,8.7MWcamefromdistributedwindprojectsusinglarge-scaleturbines(greaterthan1MWinsize),1.2MWcamefromprojectsusingmid-sizeturbines(101kilowatts[kW]to1MWinsize),and1.8MWcamefromprojectsusingsmallwindturbines(upthrough100kWinsize).The8.7MWfromprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan1MWisdownfromthe20MWdocumentedfor2020andthe18.2MWdocumentedfor2019.Large-scalewindturbinescontinuetoaccountformostofthedistributedwindcapacityadditions;however,thetotalannualdeployedcapacityusinglarge-scaleturbinescontinuestojumparoundyeartoyearastheseprojectshavelongerproject-developmentcyclesthansmallerdistributedwindenergyprojects.Projectsusingmid-sizeturbinescontinuetorepresentasmallpartofthedistributedwindmarketastherearealimitednumberofmid-sizeturbinescommerciallyavailableandlargerturbinescanbemorecosteffective.However,the1.2MWofmid-sizecapacityfromthreeprojectsdeployedin2021wasanincreasefrom0.28MWfromtwoprojectsin2020and0.9MWfromoneprojectin2019.Atotalof1.8MWofsmallwindwasdeployedintheUnitedStatesin2021from1,742turbineunitsrepresentinga$9.2millioninvestment.Smallwinddeploymenthasbeenfairlyflatforthepastfewyears,butthe2021capacitydeploymentisanincreasefrom2020.Therewas1.6MWofsmallwinddeploymentdocumentedfor2020and1.3MWin2019.TheincreasecanbeattributedtoaslightincreaseindomesticsalesfrombothU.S.-basedandforeignsmallwindturbinemanufacturers,theinclusionoftwoturbinemanufacturersthatPNNLhadnotpreviouslytracked,andsalesofearlydesignsfromadditionalturbinemanufacturers.RhodeIsland,Kansas,andMinnesotaledtheUnitedStatesinnewdistributedwindcapacityadditionsasaresultofoneprojectineachstate,whichcombined,represent75%oftheannualdistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2021.TheRhodeIslandandMinnesotaprojectsserveutilitycustomers,andtheKansasprojectdirectlyservesanindustrialcustomer,anethanolplant.MinnesotaledtheUnitedStatesin2021smallwindcapacityadditionswith305kilowatts.ThiscanbeattributedtoEocycle’spushtosellitsEOX-S16turbinemodeltofarmersinMinnesotaandthedeclineofinstallationsinNewYorkwiththediscontinuationofitsstateincentiveprogram.NewYorkhadledtheUnitedStatesinannualsmallwindcapacityadditionssince2017.Eocyclehasfocusedontheagriculturalmarketsegment,withastartinMinnesota,becausethecompanybelievesthatmanyfarmsareinwind-richareas,windhasasmallerlandfootprintthansolarphotovoltaics,winterwindenergyproductioncanmatchfarmenergyconsumptiontrends,andwindturbinescanprovideadecarbonizationsolutionfortheemissions-heavyagricultureindustry.viiDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONDeploymentTrendsGeneralElectric(GE)RenewableEnergyhasbeentheonlyconsistentU.S.-basedmanufactureroflarge-scaleturbinesusedindistributedwindprojectsfrom2012through2021.Theotherlarge-scaleturbinemodelsdeployedindistributedwindprojectsin2021werefromGoldwind(China)andVensys(Germany).Refurbishedturbinescontinuetoaccountformostofthemid-sizemarket.Ofthesixprojectsusingmid-sizeturbinesin2019,2020,and2021,atleastfourarerefurbishedmodels.Demandfromcustomersforwhommid-sizeturbinesareagoodfitfortheirenergyneedsandthelimitedavailabilityofnewlymanufacturedturbinemodelsexplaintheuseofrefurbishedturbinesinthissizesectorandSivaWind’sreturntotheU.S.marketin2021withits250-kWturbinemodel.Smallwindretrofitscontinuetoaccountforasignificantportionofnewsmallwindcapacitydeployment.Retrofitsarenewturbinesinstalledonexistingtowersandfoundationstoreplacenonfunctioningturbinesortoupgradethetechnology.In2021,smallwindretrofitsrepresented42%oftotalinstalledsmallwindcapacity,comparedto68%in2020and27%in2019.Smallwindturbinemanufacturersandinstallersreportanincreasedinterestinmicrogridsandhybridsystemsfrompotentialcustomers.Microgridsarebecomingmorecommon,butnotmanyarebeinginstalledwithwind.Thereisalsoaninterestinlargerhybridpowerplants.Forexample,theRedLakeFallsCommunityHybridprojectinstalledin2020includes4.6MWofdistributedwindand1MWofsolarphotovoltaicsinterconnectedtoserveautility’sdistributionsysteminMinnesota.From2012through2021,90%ofalldocumenteddistributedwindprojects,onaverage,wereinterconnectedforon-siteusewiththeremaining10%deployedtoservelocalloadsondistributionsystems.Whilethemajorityofdistributedwindprojectsareinterconnectedforon-siteuse,theyrepresentlessofthedeployedcapacity.Thepercentoftotalinstalledprojectcapacitydocumentedaslocalusefrom2012through2021was55%withtheremaining45%foron-siteuse.CustomerTypesIn2021,agriculturalcustomersaccountedfor55%ofthenumberofallprojectsinstalled,followedbyresidentialcustomerswhorepresented16%ofinstalledprojects.However,agriculturalandresidentialend-usecustomersaccountedforonlyacombined12%ofthedocumentedcapacityinstalledin2021,comparedto3%inboth2020and2019.Theincreaseinpercentageofprojectcapacityforthesetwocustomertypescanbeattributedtotheuseofmid-sizeturbinesforagriculturalcustomersin2021.Utilitycustomersrepresentedthelargestshareoftotaldistributedwindprojectcapacity,56%,installedin2021,comparedto60%in2020and42%in2019.Industrialcustomersrepresentthesecondlargestpercentageofdistributedwindcapacityinstalledin2021,accountingforroughly25%ofcapacityinstalled,comparedto36%in2020and54%in2019.Distributedwindprovidesenergyforadiversegroupofcustomers.Forexample,documentedgovernmentprojectsincludewindturbinesformilitaryoperations,municipalwatersystems,prisons,parks,andtribalgovernments.Mostinstitutionalcustomersareschools,includingcollegesanduniversities,butwindturbineshavealsobeendeployedatlocalunionsandreligiousestablishments.Documentedcommercialprojectsincludewindturbinesforwarehouses,ataxidermist,hotels,andaradiostation.IncentivesandPoliciesThecombinedvalueofU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureRuralEnergyforAmericaProgram(USDAREAP)grants,staterebates,andstateproductiontaxcreditsgiventodistributedwindprojectsin2021was$5.2millionineightstates.Thisisupslightlyfrom$4.8millioninsixstatesin2020anddownfrom$7millionin2019insevenstates.IncentiveawardsfromtheNewYorkStateEnergyandResearchDevelopmentviiiDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONAgency’sSmallWindIncentiveProgramweredownin2021becauseofthediscontinuationofthatprogram,butdistributedwindgrantsfromUSDAREAPwereslightlyupandawardedinmorestatesin2021.Whileatleast24differentsmallwindturbinemodelshavebeencertifiedtotheAmericanWindEnergyAssociation(AWEA)9.1-2009standardorInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)61400standardssince2011,atotalofsevensmallwindturbinemodelshavecurrentcertificationsasofJuly2022.SmallwindturbinesmustmeeteitherofthesestandardstobeeligibletoreceivethefederalBusinessEnergyInvestmentTaxCreditpertheU.S.InternalRevenueService(IRS).Smallwindturbinemanufacturersmustrenewcertificationsannually.ManufacturersmayoptnottorenewiftheynolongerwanttoparticipateintheU.S.marketorifthecompanyhasdiscontinuedalloperations.TheAmericanCleanPowerAssociation(ACP),thesuccessortoAWEA,hasdevelopedanewAmericanNationalStandardsInstituteconsensusstandard,ACP101-1.TheDistributedWindEnergyAssociationandtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyhaverecommendedthattheIRSrecognizecertificationtoeitherAWEA9.1-2009orACP101-1goingforwardfortaxcrediteligibility.InstalledCostsandPerformanceTheaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostfornewsmallwindprojectsin2021was$5,120/kW,basedon16projects(eachhavingoneturbine)inthreestatesforacombinedratedcapacityof396kW.Theoverallannualaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostfornewprojectsinPNNL’sdatasethadbeenrelativelyflatthrough2019atapproximately$9,970/kW,sothe2021averageisanotabledecreasefrompastyears’averages.Thisdecreasemaybeattributabletothesampleofprojectswithreportedcostsfor2021onlyincludingturbinesinthesizesegmentof11–100kW,whichtendtohavealowercostperkWthanturbinesinthesizesegmentof1–10kW,althoughtherewasalsoanincreaseinsalesinthesizesegmentof11–100kWin2021.Theaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostforsmallwindretrofitprojectsin2021wasapproximately$3,400/kW,basedon17projects(eachhavingoneturbine)ineightstatesforatotalratedcapacityof494kW.Thisisdownfromanaverageof$3,900/kWin2020(13projects,371kW,6states)and$5,300/kWin2019(10projects,89kW,2states)forsmallwindretrofits.Someretrofitprojectsuserefurbishedturbineunits,andrefurbishedturbinesrepresentthelowendoftheretrofitinstalledcostrange.In2021,sixoftheretrofitprojectswithreportedcostsusedrefurbishedturbines,comparedtothreein2020andnonereportedin2019,largelydrivingthedropsintheannualaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostsoverthoseyears.Theaveragecapacity-weightedinstalledcostforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWin2021wasapproximately$2,900/kW,basedonjustthreeprojectsusingfiveturbinesforacombinedcapacityof6,250kW.Thisisdownfromanaverageof$3,100/kWdocumentedin2019(5projects,14.6MW,5states),and$4,300/kWdocumentedin2018(14projects,32.9MW,6states).However,thesmallsamplesizesandrangeofprojectsizesrepresentedmustbeconsideredwhenreviewingtheseaverages.Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2021forasampleofsmallwindprojectswas13%.Thesampleincludes105turbinestotaling1.1MWinratedcapacityrangingfrom2.1kWto56kWinsizeinstalledfrom2009throughthebeginningof2021.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom1%to33%.Smallwindprojectswithreportedperformancedatafor2021producedlowergenerationamountsin2021thanthegenerationamountsthatwereinitiallyestimatedfortheprojects.Historicaldataindicatesthat2021wasgenerallyabelowaveragewindresourceyearandthatisonecontributingfactortothelowturbineperformancerecordedin2021relativetoexpectations.Theoverallaveragecapacityfactorin2021forasampleofdistributedwindprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kWwas22%.Thesampleincludes25distributedwindenergyprojectsinstalledfrom2005to2018in14statestotalingacombined44MWincapacitywithturbinecapacitiesrangingfrom600kWto3MW.Observedcapacityfactorsrangedfrom6%to43%.ixDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONTableofContentsPreparationandAuthorshipiiiAcknowledgments.ivListofAcronyms.viExecutiveSummaryviiTableofContentsxListofFiguresxiiListofTablesxiii1Introduction11.1PurposeofReport11.2DistributedWindApplications11.3WindTurbineSizeClassifications21.4Data-Collection,Categorization,andAnalysisMethodologies22U.S.DistributedWindDeployment42.1TopStatesforDistributedWind:AnnualandCumulativeCapacity43U.S.DistributedWindProjects,Sales,andExports83.1Mid-SizeandLarge-ScaleTurbines83.2SmallWind93.3SmallWindExports113.4GlobalSmallWindMarket114Policies,Incentives,andMarketInsights134.1PoliciesandIncentives134.2MarketInsights175InstalledandOperationsandMaintenance(O&M)Costs205.1SmallWindInstalledCosts205.2InstalledCostsforProjectsUsingWindTurbinesGreaterThan100kW215.3OperationandMaintenanceCosts226Performance236.1CapacityFactors236.2ActualversusEstimatedSmallWindPerformance257LevelizedCostofEnergy278DistributedWindMarkets288.1CustomerTypes288.2InterconnectionTypes308.3WindTurbineSizes328.4TypeofTowers359FutureOutlookandMarketPotential3610Conclusions37xDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONReferences 38AppendixA:WindTurbineManufacturersandSuppliers A.1AppendixB:Methodology B.1xiDISTRIBUTEDWINDMARKETREPORT:2022EDITIONListofFiguresFigure1.U.S.distributedwindcapacity 4Figure2.U.S.cumulative(2003–2021)capacityand2021capacityadditionsfordistributedwindbystate 5Figure3.Projectdevelopersusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2012–2021 6Figure4.Stateswithdistributedwindcapacitygreaterthan20MW,2003–2021 6Figure5.Stateswithsmallwindcapacitygreaterthan2MW,2003–2021 7Figure6.Windturbinemanufacturersofturbinesgreaterthan100kWwithaU.S.salespresence,2012–2021 9Figure7.U.S.smallwindturbinesales,2012–2021 10Figure8.U.S.distributedwindincentiveawards,2013–2021 13Figure9.USDAREAPgrantsbytechnology,2012–2021 16Figure10.USDAREAPloansbytechnology,2012–2021 16Figure11.Averageandproject-specificU.S.newandretrofitsmallwindinstalledprojectcosts,2012–2021 20Figure12.Averageandproject-specificinstalledcostsforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW,2012–2021 22Figure13.Smallwindcapacityfactors 23Figure14.Capacityfactorsforprojectsusingturbinesgreaterthan100kW HYP