研究生多維教程通達(dá)課文解釋及課后答案unit1-unit3

51/51研究生多維教程通達(dá)課文解釋及課后答案unit1-unit3博士英語多維教程通達(dá)課文解釋及課后答案！

Unit1WhatWillBe

BackgroundInformation

LanguagePoints

KeytoExercises

1.We’venowacknowledgedsomefundamentalancienthumanforcesandthewaystheywillaffectandbeaffectedbytheInformationMarketplace.Andthroughoutthecourseofthisbookwe’veansweredthequestionsweraisedattheverybeginning.SoitistimetofinallyconsiderthegreatesttransformationthattheInformationMarketplacehatooffer.Togettoit,let’sreconstructthegrowingcrescendoofkeydiscoverieswehavemade,whichtogetherdescribe“whatwillbe.”

2.Webeganwithasimplebutfar-reachingmodelofthefutureworldofinformationasanInformationMarketplace,wherepeopleandtheircomputerswillbuy,sell,andfreelyexchangeinformation.OurfirstdiscoverywasthatthisInformationMarketplacecanindeedbebuiltonatechnologicalfoundation:theinformationinfrastructure.Wewentontoexplorethemanyhuman-machineinterfacespeoplewillusetogetinandoutofthisnewedifice,fromvirtualrealityandfancybodysuitstothelowlykeyboard,andsingledoutspeechinterfacesasperhapsthemostsignificantandimminent.Weexploredthepipesthatwillcarryourinformationandthewayswewillbendthemtogiveusthespeed,reliability,andsecurityweneed.Wealsosawhowavastarrayofnewsharedsoftwaretoolswillevolveonthisinfrastructure,shiftingtheattentionoftheentiresoftwarebusinessfromindividualtointerconnectedcomputers.Thearrivalofthisfoundationiscertain,butitcouldbedelayedbyadecadeormoreifthekeyplayerscontinuetheirwarsforcontrolandtheirindifferencetowardthesharedinfrastructuretheyallneed.Wesawtoothattherewon’tbejustahandfulofwinnersthatwillsurvivethesewars;theterrainisvast,rich,andfullofchallengesforalmosteverysupplierandconsumerofinformationtobeawinner.

3.OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramatically

affectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturingitwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobeandgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthinswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtrainingfirstinspecificandestablishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.

4.Puttingallthesedetailedusesinperspective,wecametorealizethattheyaredifferentfacesoftwomajornewforces:electronicbulldozersandelectronicproximity.Eachhasbroadconsequencesforsociety.Theelectronicbulldozers’effectisprimarilyeconomic,increasinghumanproductivityinbothourpersonallivesandtheworkplace.Therapid,widespreaddistributionofinformationintheformofinfo-nouns(text,photos,sounds,video)andespeciallyinfo-verbs(humanandmachineworkoninformation)isonesimplewayinwhichproductivitywillincrease.Automatizationistheotherpowerfuleffector;machine-to-machineexchangeswilloff-loadedhumanbrainworkthewaymachinesoftheIndustrialRevolutionoff-loadedmusclework.Weconcluded,however,thattoenjoytheproductivitybenefitswewillhavetoavoidandcorrectcertaintechnologicalandhumanpitfalls.

5.TobetterunderstandtheeconomicimpactoftheInformationMarketplace,weexploredthevalueofinformationanditsconsequences.Thisledustoafewtroublesomediscoveries:thehugeamountofinfo-junkwe’llhavetoworkhardtoavoidandthegapbetweenrichandpoornations(andpeople)thatwillincreaseifwedonothingtostopit.Othereconomicconsequenceswerelessclear,liketheunemploymentrateoverthelongrun,whichwecan’tforecasteventhoughwecanforeseemanynewtypesofjobs.

6.AnotherimportantdiscoveryfromtheseexplorationswasthepoweroftheInformationMarketplacetocustomizeinformationandinformationworktodifferenthumanandorganizationalneeds.Toleveragethispower,we’llneedtomakeourmachinesconsiderablyeasiertousethattheyaretoday.Withincreasedproductivity

andcustomization,wecanlookforwardtoalargerarrayofbetter,cheaper.Morecustomizedproductsandservicesthatwillreachusevenfasterthanbefore.Moreimportant,bymakingmachineseasiertouseandgivingourselvestheabilitytofashionsoftwarepainlesslyandrapidly,wecanfulfillthepromiseoftheInformationAgetotailorthenewtechnologiestoourindividualhumanandorganizationalpurposes,ratherthantheotherwayaround.

7.Thesecondofthetwomajorforceselectronicproximitywillincreaseby

athousandtimesthenumberofpeoplewecaneasilyreachandwillbringpeopletogetheracrossspaceandtime.Manysocialconsequences,goodandbad,willariseasthisnewproximitydistributespowersofcontrolfromcentralauthoritiestothemanyhandsoftheworld’speople.Groupworkandteleworkwillfurtherhelpimprovehumanproductivity.Democracywillspread,aswillpeople’sknowledgeofoneanother’sbeliefs,wishes,andproblems.Thevoicelessmillionsoftheworldwillcometobeheardandbebetterunderstood,providedthatthewealthynationshelpthelesswealthyonesentertheInformationClub.Ethnicgroupsmaybecomemorecohesive,aspeoplebelongingtoacertaintribeusetheInformationMarketplacetobindthemselvestogetherregardlessofwheretheymaybe.Atthesametime.TheInformationMarketplacewillhelpsharedculturesgrowinnationsthatthriveondiversity.

AndthoughweneednotchangeourlegalframeworkinanymajorwaytoaccommodatetheInformationMarketplace,differentnationswillneedtocooperateonsharedconventionsforsecurity,billing,andothertransnationalissuesthatwillsurelyariseassharedinformationcrossesinternationalbarriers.Onanotherlevel,electronicproximitywillfosterashareduniversalculture,athinveneerontopofalltheworld’sindividualnationalcultures.WehopethatthisecumenicalpropertyoftheInformationMarketplacetoenhancetheco-existenceofnationalisticidentityandinternationalcommunitywillhelpusunderstandoneanotherandstaypeaceful.

8.Ourexplorationthenbroughtussquarelybeforehumanemotionsandhumanrelationships.WediscoveredthattheywillpassonlypartiallythroughehInformationMarketplace.Physicalproximitywillstillbenecessarytoconsummatetheseemotionsandrechargethebatteriesthatwillsustainhumanrelationshipsbetweenvirtualencounters.Finally,wediscoveredthattheprimitiveforcesofthecavethatlieattherootsofouremotionsandpassionsdonotpassthroughthe

InformationMarketplace;deepdown,ourpsychesknowthat1sand0scannotlove,nurture,hurt,orkillusatadistance.Becausemanyofourmostvaluedactionsanddecisionsinvolvetheseforcesliketrust,love,andfeartheinformationworldwillnotbeasubstituteforthephysicalworld.

9.Givenallthesepossibilitiesforchange,weconsideredwhatmighthappenwhentheybumpupagainsttheancienthumanbeingsthatweareandhavebeenforthousandsofyears.Predictably,wediscoveredthatwewillhavedifficultycopingwiththeincreasedsocialandtechnologicalcomplexityandoverloadbroughtforthbytheInformationMarketplace.Thoughwewillbepotentiallyclosetohundredsofmillionsofpeople,wewillbeabletodealwithonlyaveryfewofthematanygiventime.YetwesawthatwemightbeabletoreducesomeofthesecomplexityproblemsbymakingtheartifactsoftheInformationAgeeasiertouseaprimarygoalforthetechnologistsofthetwenty-firstcentury.

10.TheInformationMarketplacewillmakeofusurbanvillagershalfurbansophisticate,roamingthevirtualglobe,andhalfvillager,spendingmoretimeathomeandtendingtofamily,friends,andtheroutinesoftheneighborhood.Ifourpsychestilttowardthecrowdedurbaninfo-city,wewillbecomemorejaded,moreorientedtowardtheself,andmoreindifferent,fickle,andcasualinourrelationshipswithothers,aswellaslesstightlyconnectedtoourfamiliesandfriends.Ifwetilttowardthevillage,wemaybesurprisedbyaresurgenceofmorecloselyknitfamiliesrootedinourtighterhumanbonds.Indeed,ifweuseitcorrectly,theInformationMarketplacecanbeapowerfulmagniyinglensthatcanamplifygoodnessemployingdisabledandhome-boundworkers,matchinghelpneededwithhelpofferedviatheVirtualCompassionCorps,andhelpingpeoplelearnandstayhealthy,amongmanyotherpossibilities.

11.Reflectingonourexploration,wealsodiscoveredthatpeoplewillexploitthenewness,vagueness,andbreadthoftheInformationMarketplacetosupporttheirwishesandpredilections,whatevertheymaybe.Someproclaimthattheworldofinformationcanstandoutonlybyofferingeducationallyandculturallyrichopportunitiesthatwillbenefithumanity.OtherswillusetheInformationMarketplaceasanewbattlegroundforthefamiliardisputescapitalismversussocialism,greedversuscompassion.Materialismversusspiritualism,practicalityversusabstractionallsuitablydescribedas‘new’issues.Asinthecaseof

money,thereishardlyandevent,action,orprocessthatisnotlinkedtoandaffectedbyinformation,sosuchargumentscansoundplausible.Buttheyshouldnotdeceiveus;thediscerningeyew8illdistinguishthatwhichislikelyfromthatwhichismerelypossible.

12.ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchmoreinfluentialthanitspartstheinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theypresentamuchgreaterpowerthepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilitytosendane-mailmessage,ortohavegivehundredTVchannels.

13.TheInformationMarketplacewilltransformoursocietyoverthenextcenturyassignificantlyasthetwoindustrialrevolutions,establishingitselfsolidlyandrightfullyastheThirdRevolutioninmodernhumanhistory.Itisbig,exciting,andawesome.Weneednotfearitanymoreoranylessthanpeoplefearedtheotherrevolutions,becauseitcarriessimilarpromisesandpitfalls.Whatweneededtodo,instead,isunderstandit,feelit,andembraceitsothatwemayuseittosteerourfuturehumancourse.

14.Wecouldstophere,afterputtingallthesediscoveriestogether,satisfiedandimpressedwithouroverarchingvisionofathirdsocioeconomicrevolution.However,ifwelookevendeeperattheboldandhistoricimperativethattheInformationMarketplacecallsustoembrace,wewillseeallthreerevolutionsaspartofafargreatermovement,wellbeyondcombines,steamengines,andcomputeramovementtowardanewagethatmayliberatethetotalhumanpotentialwithineachofus.

15.Ontoourfinaldiscovery.

BackgroundInformation

Abouttheauthorandthebook

Fortwodecades,technologicaloracle,entrepreneur,andconsultantMichaelpolicymakersandCEOs(i.e.chiefexecutiveofficers)onthefuturecourseandimpactofthesetechnologies.In1980Dertouzospredictedtoday’sworldofinformationwithstunningaccuracy.Now,inWhatWillBehechartsauniqueandrichlydetailedmapofthewaysinformationtechnologywillaltereveryfacetofourpublicandprivatelives,fromafewyearstoacenturyhence.

DertouzosheadstheMITLaboratoryforComputerScience－h(huán)omeoftheWorldWideWebandbirthplaceofmanyofthehigh-techproductsandprocessesthatsurroundustoday.InWhatWillBe,heofferstheultimateinsider’spreviewoftheinventionsthatwillusherinaThirdRevolutiontorivaltheAgriculturalandIndustrialRevolutions.Andindeftanddetailedanalysis,Dertouzosrevealsthechangeswewillexperienceineverydaylife,inthepursuitofpleasure,health,learning,officework,commerce,manufacturing,andgovernance.Debunkingthestarry-eyedviewofnewtechnologypromotedbymanycommentators－whiletakingtheLudditesfirmlytotask－Dertouzosunveilsacrisppictureofthenewcentury’sglobalinformationmarketplaceandshowshowitwillaffectone-halfoftheworld’sindustrialeconomies.Heuncoverswhat’swrongwithtechnology,explainshowwecanrightthewrongs,andidentifiesthekeytrade-offstomorrowwillbring.Dertouzosevenhighlightswhataspectsofoursocietyandourselveswillneverbealteredbytechnologyandoffersaninspiringblueprintforhownewtechcouldbridgethecenturies-oldgapsbetweenreasonandthespirit.

BillGateswrotetheforewordtothebook.Thebookhasthreeparts:I.ShapingtheFuture,whichexplainsthenewtechnologiessothatreaderscanjudgeunfoldingeventsforthemselves;II.HowYourLifeWillChange,whichimagineshowandjustifieswhyourliveswillberecast;andIII.ReunitingTechnologyandHumanity,whichassessestheimpactofthesechangesonoursocietyandourhumanity.

somefundamentalancienthumanforces

Dertouzospointsoutthatnomatterhowpowerfulandpervasiveatechnologicalforcemaybe,itwillfacesomeimmutablehumantraitthatwillalwaysacttoconservetheconstancyandstabilityofourspecies.Wecarrythefeaturesandmannerismsofourancestorsaswellasourcommonreflexesandhumanpatternsacquiredthroughevolution.Thefear,love,anger,greed,andsadnessthatwefeeltodayarerooted

inthecavesthatweinhabitedthousandofyearsago.Itwasinthatancientsettingthatthepredator’sgrowlandtheenemy’sattackdefinedprimalfear.Itwasthere,too,thatourotherprimalfeelingsbecamereinforced－protectingourchildren,enjoyingthepleasureofphysicalcontactwithourmate,relyingonourfellowtribespeople,andsoon.Thesearetheforcesofthecave.Inthenewworldofinformation,thesefundamentalhumanqualitieshaven’tleftus.

theinformationMarketplace

Dertouzosthinksthatthereisgreatconfusionintheworldtodayaboutwhatthe“InformationAge”is,bothphysicallyandfunctionally.ThemodelofanInformationMarketplaceisacleanwaytoenvisionboth.InthisInformationMarketplace,peopleandmachinesbuy,sell,andfreelyexchangeinformationandinformationservices.

thequestionsweraisedattheverybeginning

InChapterOneofPartIShapingtheFuture,theauthorlistsanumberofquestionsthebookwilltackle.Theyinclude:Willcomputersincreasetheindustrialperformanceoftheworld’snations,oristhehelptheyofferirrelevanttothatquest?Willourwayoflifeimprovethroughcheaper,faster,andhigher-qualityhealthcareandagreateraccesstoknowledge?Orisbetterinformationaminorplayerinthesequests?WhatnewsoftwarewillflourishintheInformationMarketplace?Howclosetotherealworldcanwegetwitgoggles,tactilebodynets,virtual“feelies”and“smellies”?Willordinarycitizensbebetterheardbytheirgovernments,orareelectronictownhallsimpossibleorachiev3e?Whatwillhappentohumanrelationships?

theinformationinfrastructure

TheInformationMarketplaceismoreextensivethanavillagemarket.Itisclosertoabustlingmetropoliswheremanypeople,shops,offices,andorganizationsbusilyconductmillionsofpersonalandcommercialinteractionsinpursuitoftheirowngoals.Inarealcity,theseactivitiesaresupportedbyasharedfoundation－aninfrastructureofroadsforthetransportationofpeopleandgoods;ofpipesandwiresformovingwater,electricity,andphoneconversations;ofdoor,locks,and

policethatmaintainorder;andofsomeagreed-uponconventionslikeacommonlanguageandacceptedbehaviorst5hatfacilitateinteractionsamongthecity’speople.

Inexactlythesameway,theInformationMarketplaceisbuiltonasharedinfrastructuremadeupofalltheinformationtoolsandservicesthatenableitsmanyactivitiestofunctionsmoothlyandproductively.Thisinfrastructurewillbedistributedandownedbyallus,notasingleorganization.Itwillmovethedata,voice,text,andX-rayimagesinthesevere-asthmascenariobynegotiatingautomaticallywithphone,cable,satellite,andwirelesscarriersandwiththekioskandcomputersattheradiologylabanddoctors’offices.Theinfrastructurewillsupportalltheonlineinterviewsandreviewspeoplewillperformintheirdailyjobs.AnditwillhelptransactallthebusinessfromtheWorldShop.

virtualreality

It’sasystemthatenablesoneormoreuserstomoveandreactinacomputer-simulatedenvironment.Varioustypesofdevicesallowusestosenseandmanipulatevirtualobjectsmuchastheywouldrealobjects.Thisnaturalstyleofinteractiongivesparticipantsthefeelingofbeingimmersedinthesimulatedworld.Virtualworldsarecratedbymathematicalmodelsandcomputerprograms.

electronicbulldozersandelectronicproximity

AccordingtoDertouzos,ultimatelymostofthehardwareandcommunicationstechnologies,human-machineinterfaces,middleware,andinformationinfrastructureswilleitherserveaselectronicbulldozersorcreateelectronicproximity.Thebulldozerswillrelieveusoftheburdenofhumanwork,eitherbycompletelyreplacinginformation-relatedhumanactivitiesorbyaugmentingourabilitytocarryouttheseactivitieswithlesshumanwork－inshort,byincreasingourproductivity.

ThesecondnewforcearisingfromtheInformationMarketplaceiselectronicproximity.DuringtheIndustrialAgepeople’sphysicalmobilityexpandedtremendously,wideningaperson’suniverseofpotentialrelationshipsfromafewhundredvillageneighborstohundredsofthousandofpeoplewithindrivingrange.

Asaresult,ourproximitytopeoplewhomwecouldreachgrewathousandfold.Incredibly,theInformationMarketplacewillincreasethisrangebyyetanotherthousandfold,tohundredsofmillionsofpeoplewhowillbewithinelectronicreach,Thatistheessenceofthegiganticnewforcewecallkilometersbutinkeystrokesandotherelectronicgesture,thewholescenewillresembleabillionpeopleandmachinesallsqueezedintooneelectroniccityblock.

twoindustrialrevolutions

ThefirstindustrialrevolutionbeganinEnglandwhenthesteamengineswasinventedinthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury.Theappearanceoftheinternalcombustionengine,electricity,syntheticchemicals,andtheautomobilebytheendofthenineteenthcenturymarkedthesecondindustrialrevolution.

LanguagePoints

1.crescendo:asoundorapieceofmusicthatbecomesgraduallylouder;atimewhenpeoplearebecomingmoreandmoreexcited,anxious,orangry

e.g.InthepasttendaysZairehaspublishedamountingcrescendoofattacksonBelgium.

Acrescendoofresentmentwasbuiltupbetweenthetwocompaniesbecauseofseriesofconflictsintradetransactions.

riseto/reachacrescendo:becomegraduallylouder

e.g.It’spossiblefortheorganisttoreachaveryquickcrescendobyusingallthesestops.

2.interface:[C]thepartofacomputersystemthroughwhichtwodifferentmachinesareconnected;thewayinwhichtwosubjects,eventsetc.affecteachother

e.g.Inapressconference,thePrimeMinisterproposedsomenewwaysofinvolvingyoungpeoplewiththeinterfacebetweentechnologyanddesign.

Theyhavejustdesignedanewinterfacebetweenacomputerandatypesettingmachine,whichworksextremelywell.

v.:[+with]connect;cooperate

erfaceadevicewithacomputer

Thecomputertechniciansinterfacewiththeflightcontrollers.

3.singleout:choose,selectonepersonorthingfromamongseveralforspecialcomment,treatmentetc.

e.g.IimaginethattobesingledoutbytheCaptainforafarewellluncheonisindeedanhonor.

NanaandMargaretweresingledoutforspecialpraisefortheiroutstandingperformanceduringtheexperiment.

4.imminent:abouttohappen,usu.Usedinreferencetothingsthatareunpleasantorthatyouthinkwillprovetobeunpleasant

e.g.Thereportpointsoutthattheredoesnotseemtobeanimminentdangerofamineonaworldscale.

Withtheelectionimminent,ChurchillreturnedtoLondonbeforethemeetingwasfinished.

5.Weexploredthepipesthatwillcarryourinformationandthewayswewillbendthemtogiveusthespeed,reliability,andsecurityweneed:Wesearchforthepipesthatcantransferourinformationandthewayswewillmanipulateandapplythemtoofferusthespeed,reliabilityandsecurityweneed.Herethecompleteclausefor“thewayswewillbendthem”is“thewaysinwhichwewillbendthem”.Whenthepreposition“in”iscombinedwith“way”tointroduceanattributiveclause,itisoftenomitted.

bendv.:focus,apply;forcetosubmit

e.g.Heisveryfirmaboutit;Icannotbendhim.

Anyonewhoappliesforthispositioninthecompanyshouldbendhisorherwilltocorporategoals.

6.Thearrivalofthisfoundationiscertain,butitcouldbedelayedbyadecadeormoreifthekeyplayerscontinuetheirwarsforcontrolandtheirindifferencetowardthesharedinfrastructuretheyallneed.:Heretheword“they”refersto“thekeyplayers”.Accordingtotheforegoingsentences,keyplayersare“thecomputer,software,media,telecom,andcablecompanies”.

indifferencen.:[U]acompletelackofinterestinsth.orsomeone

e.g.Manynativespeakersofalanguageshowindifferenceto/towardsgrammaticalpoints.

Hisattitudetohisworkisoneofboredindifference.

7.permeatevt.:penetratewholly,pervade,soakthrough

e.g.Toxicchemicalsmaypermeatethesoil,threateningtheenvironment.

Changesincivilianlifehavenotyetbeguntopermeatethearmy.

puttingallthesedetailedusesinperspective,wecametorealizethat﹍:judgingtheimportanceofallthesedetailedusescorrectly,webegantofindthat﹍

8.perspectiven.:aspecificpointofviewinunderstandingorjudgingthingsorevents,esp.onethatshowthemintheirtruerelationstooneanother

e.g.Hewantstoleavethecountryinordertogetabetterperspectiveonthings.

Fromthetopofthehillyoucangetaperspectiveoftheentirelake.

get/keep/putsthinperspective:judgetheimportanceofsthcorrectly

e.g.Itwillhelptoputinperspectivethevastgulfthatseparatesexistinggroups.

Firstofall,weoughttogetourtemporaryadvantageintosomekindofperspective.

fromtheperspectiveof/froma﹍perspective:fromaspecificpointofview

e.g.Feministssaythatthebookwaswrittenfromamaleperspective.

Thenoveliswrittenfromtheperspectiveofaprimaryschoolpupil.

in/outofperspective:showingthecorrect/incorrectrelationshipbetweenvisibleobjects

e.g.Thehousesdon’tseemtobeinperspectiveinyourdrawing.

Thedrawingofthehouseisgood,butthecarisoutofperspective.

9.AnotherimportantdiscoveryfromtheseexplorationswasthepoweroftheInformationMarketplacetocustomizeinformationandinformationworktodifferenthumanandorganizationalneeds.:OnemorekeyfindingoftheseexplorationswasthepoweroftheInformationMarketplacetomakeinformationandinformationworkmoresuitedtohumanandorganizationalneeds.

customizev.:makeorchangesthaccordingtothebuyer’soruser’sneeds

e.g.GeneralMotorswillcustomizeCadillasforspecialclients.

Thecomputerprogramscanbecustomizedforindividualusers.

10.Toleveragethispower,we’llneedtomakeourmachinesconsiderablyeasiertousethantheyaretoday.:TomakethebestuseofthepoweroftheInformationMarketplaceforeconomicprofits,we’llneedtoredesignourmachinestilltheyaremuchmoreeasiertousethannow.

11.fashionv.:shapeormakesth,usingyourhandsoronlyafewtools;influence

orformsomeone’sideasandopinions

e.g.Hefashionedaboxfromafewoldpiecesofwood.

TheJapaneseauthoritieswanttofashionanewpoliticalroleforthecountry.

ina﹍fashion:inaparticularway

e.g.Theauthoritiesappeartohaveabandonedanyattempttodistributefoodandwaterinanorderlyfashion.

LathajoinedherhandstogetherinanIndianfashionandgavealittlebow.

In/outoffashion:popular/notpopular

e.g.Thisisapolicythatisincreasinglyoutoffashion.

Capabilityandefficiencyseemtobecomingbackintofashion.

afterthefashionof:(sth.)doneinawaythatistypicalofsomeone

e.g.Leibnitzwasanotherchildprodigywho,afterthefashionofhiskind,waswritingGreekandLatinfromanearlyage.

12.tailor﹍to:adaptto;make,devise,insuchawaythatitfitsparticularneeds

e.g.Ourinsurancepoliciesarespeciallytailoredtotheearningspatternoftheinsuredatdifferentstagesinhiscareer.

Experiencehastaughtustotailorourmerchandisetotheparticularrequirementsofeachoverseasmarket.

tailor-made:make-to-measure;make-to-order;exactlysuitedtoaparticularneedoraparticularperson

e.g.Theclubistailor-madeforJane.(Theactivitiesoftheclubfitinperfectly

withHJane’sinterests.)

Johnhasanewtailor-madesuit.(John’snewsuitwasmadeespeciallytofithim.)

Mr.Black’sclotheswerealltailor-made.(Mr.Black’sclotheswereallspeciallymadetohisownmeasurementsandwishes.)

13.Manysocialconsequences,goodandbad,willariseasthisnewproximitydistributespowersofcontrolfromcentralauthoritiestothemanyhandsoftheworld’speople.:Inthissentence,“goodandbad”mightbeexpandedinto“bothgoodonesandbadones”.

proximityn.:nearnessindistance,timeetc.

e.g.Nolongerisitthecasethatnationalsuppliers,becauseoftheirproximity,