RemoteSensingamp;GISRutgers遙感和GIS羅格斯大學(xué);課件

RemoteSensing&GISMichaelCarmonRemoteSensing&GISMichaelCa1AbstractGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)areanewandblossomingconcept,andcontinuetogrowincomplexityandutilitythanksinlargeparttotheproceedingandcontinualdevelopmentofRemoteSensing.RemoteSensingplaysalargeroleintheenhancementofanyGIS,andinmostcases,allowsdatatobecomemuchmorerelatableandusefulforanyone.AGISreceivesmuchofthedataforitsbuilt-inlayersfromRemoteSensingplatformssuchassatellites,radarsandairplanes.Passivesensorscontributetoimageryanddataforlandcovermapping,changedetection,snowmonitoring,thermalchangesandterrainmodeling.ActivesensorscontributeheavilytodataforextremelyaccurateterrainmodelsknownasDigitalElevationModels(DEMs).Theselargequantitiesofdatacanbegeo-referencedandintegratedintoonelargeGIS,allowingausertoaccessapowerfulamountofinformationatonetimewithrelativeease.Andasremotesensingtechnologycontinuestoincreaseinresolutionandpower,thedatabasewillenlargeandincreasethepotentialpowerofusersofaGeographicInformationSystem.AbstractGeographicInformation2OverviewWhatisaGIS?TheImportanceofRemoteSensinginGIScienceRSMethodsUsedinGISDataAcquisitionDigitalOrthophotos&SatelliteImageryRadarData:DEMsTheFutureofGISandRemoteSensingOverviewWhatisaGIS?3GISBasicsGeographicInformationSystemAllowstheviewingandanalysisofmultiplelayersofspatiallyrelatedinformationassociatedwithageographicregion/locationBothspatialandattribute(tabular)dataareintegratedThewidespreadcollectionandintegrationofimageryintoGIShasbeenmadepossiblethroughremotesensingWiththeincreasingtechnologicaldevelopmentofremotesensing,thedevelopmentofGIShassimultaneouslyacceleratedGISBasicsGeographicInformati4TheImportanceofRSLargeamountsofdataneeded,andRemoteSensingcanprovideitReducesmanualfieldworkdramaticallyAllowsretrievalofdataforregionsdifficultorimpossibletoreach:OpenoceanHazardousterrain(highmountains,extremeweatherareas,etc.)OceandepthsAtmosphereAllowsforthecollectionofmuchmoredatainashorteramountoftimeLeadstoincreasedlandcoverageANDIncreasegroundresolutionofaGISDigitalImagerygreatlyenhancesaGISDIRECTLY:ImagerycanserveasavisualaidINDIRECTLY:Canservesasasourcetoderiveinformationsuchas…Landuse/landcoverAtmosphericemissionsVegetationWaterbodiesCloudcoverChangedetection(includingseaice,coastlines,sealevels,etc.)TheImportanceofRSLargeamou5RSMethodsinGISPassiveSensors:LandsatTMAVHRRSpotMODISIKONOSQuickbirdPassiveSystems:AirPhotography(DOs)ActiveSensors:RadarDEMsRSMethodsinGISPassiveSenso6CoarserResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedLANDSATThematicMapperGoodforregionalcoverage30mMSresolution15mpanchromaticresolutionMostCommonUse:LandCover/LandUseMappingMODIS36spectralbandsMostCommonUses:Cloud/AerosolPropertiesOceanColorAtmosphericWaterVaporSea/AtmosphericTemperaturesCoarserResolutionSatelliteS7HigherResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedQuickbird2.5mmultispectralresolution61cm(~2ft.)panchromaticresolutionIKONOS4mvisible/infraredresolution1mpanchromaticresolutionMOSTCOMMONUSESFORHIGHRESOLUTION:AccurateBaseMapsInfrastructureMappingDisasterAssessment(SmallerScale)HigherResolutionSatelliteSe8Howdataisextracted:Layerssuchasroads(yellow)andrivers(blue)canbeeasilyseenfromair/satellitephotosThisinformationisdigitized(seenextslide),separatedintolayers,andintegratedintoaGISHowdataisextracted:Layerss9DigitizingDataMANUALMapisfixedtodigitizertableControlPointsaredigitizedFeatureBoundariesaredigitizedinstreamorpointmodeThelayerisproofedandeditedThelayeristransformed/registeredtoaknownsystemAUTOMATEDSCANNERSDigitizingdoneautomaticallybyascannerThereisarangeofscannerqualitiesMostutilizethereflection/transmissionoflighttorecorddata“Thresholding”allowsforthedeterminationofbothlineandpointfeaturesfromahardcopymapEditingstillrequiredDIRECTDATAENTRYCoordinateGeometryisused,withGPSplayingavitalroleThisinvolvesdirectlyenteringincoordinatesmeasuredinthefieldThesecoordinatescanthenbetaggedwithattributedataThisdatathisthendownloadedtoacomputerandincorporatedintoaGISDigitizingDataMANUAL10AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotographisanaerialphotographthathasbeencorrectedtoremovedistortionscausedby:CameraopticsTiltElevationdifferencesDigitalConversion(“Registration”)MustbeconvertedtodigitalformatbeforeintegrationintoaGISPhotographissplitintomanypixelsDistortionateachpointmustbecalculatedAphotographisconsideredregisteredwheneachpixelhasitsexactposition(geographically)placedwiththeabovedistortionshavingbeentakenintoaccountTheseregisteredairphotoscanthenbeusedtoextractdataorasabasemapforaGIS(orboth)AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotogr11RadarData:DEMsActivesensorsprovidethemostthorough,accurateandintricatemodeloftopographyRadarcanreachplacesnearlyimpossibletosurveymanuallyInterferometricSyntheticApertureRadarTwopassesofaradarsatelliteareusedAnyphasedifferenceofreturnedechoesyieldsinformationabouttheanglefromwhichtheechowasreturnedAllowsfortopographicinformationtobederivedhispixelheightandphiisphasedifference:RadarData:DEMsActivesensors12Thisimagewascreatedbyoverlayinga1mresolutionDOonaDEMofthesamearea(bothutilizethesameprojection)Source:/maps/digitalelevation.php#GISThisimagewascreatedbyover13ApplicationsChangeDetectionDisasterAssessmentHurricaneKatrina&Rita2019TsunamiAtmosphericModelingaerosolsairpollutionclimatechangeOceantopographycurrentsApplicationsChangeDetection14FutureofGIS&RS:WorldviewILaunchedinSeptember2019Provides?mresolutionimages(Houston,TXabove)ImagessuchastheoneabovewillbecomeincreasinglycommonandwillprovidemoreaccuratedataforaGISAltitude:496kmOrbitType:Sun-SynchronousSwathwidthatnadir:17.6kmOrbitTime:94.6minutesPanchromaticImageryMoreWorldviewIImagesFutureofGIS&RS:Worldview15IssuesofRemoteSensing&GISintheFutureUserinterfacescontinuetobecomemorestandardizedAnincreasednumberofRSplatformsisleadingtomoreaccurateandmoreeasilyacquirabledataGeospatialLaw&PrivacyIssuesbecomingmoreofanissueasresolutionincreaseswhohasarighttobelookingatpicturesofone’shomein?mresolution?GISisbecomingmoregloballyacceptedIncreasingresolutionsofRSplatformshasleadtoincreasingamountsofdatacanthelargeamountofdatabehandledandstoredefficiently?canthisdatabeincorporatedintoaGISthatisnotoverwhelminglylarge?Thecurrentera(andtimestocome,mostlikely)continuestoemphasizevisualizationofinformationRemoteSensingimagesarekeytothisaspectIssuesofRemoteSensing&GIS16SourcesAllen,C.“AnInterferometricTechniqueforSyntheticApertureGround-PenetratingRadar.”GeoscienceandRemoteSensingSymposium.4(2019):2033-2035.Bolstad,Paul.FundamentalsofGIS,2nded.AtlasBooks,2019.EnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute(ESRI):esriLillesand,ThomasM.,RalphW.KieferandJonathanW.Chipman.RemoteSensingandImageInterpretation,5thed.Wiley,NewYork,2019.NASA:ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php?id=3054SattelliteImagingCorps:satimagingcorpUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey:SourcesAllen,C.“AnInterfero17謝謝！18謝謝！18RemoteSensing&GISMichaelCarmonRemoteSensing&GISMichaelCa19AbstractGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)areanewandblossomingconcept,andcontinuetogrowincomplexityandutilitythanksinlargeparttotheproceedingandcontinualdevelopmentofRemoteSensing.RemoteSensingplaysalargeroleintheenhancementofanyGIS,andinmostcases,allowsdatatobecomemuchmorerelatableandusefulforanyone.AGISreceivesmuchofthedataforitsbuilt-inlayersfromRemoteSensingplatformssuchassatellites,radarsandairplanes.Passivesensorscontributetoimageryanddataforlandcovermapping,changedetection,snowmonitoring,thermalchangesandterrainmodeling.ActivesensorscontributeheavilytodataforextremelyaccurateterrainmodelsknownasDigitalElevationModels(DEMs).Theselargequantitiesofdatacanbegeo-referencedandintegratedintoonelargeGIS,allowingausertoaccessapowerfulamountofinformationatonetimewithrelativeease.Andasremotesensingtechnologycontinuestoincreaseinresolutionandpower,thedatabasewillenlargeandincreasethepotentialpowerofusersofaGeographicInformationSystem.AbstractGeographicInformation20OverviewWhatisaGIS?TheImportanceofRemoteSensinginGIScienceRSMethodsUsedinGISDataAcquisitionDigitalOrthophotos&SatelliteImageryRadarData:DEMsTheFutureofGISandRemoteSensingOverviewWhatisaGIS?21GISBasicsGeographicInformationSystemAllowstheviewingandanalysisofmultiplelayersofspatiallyrelatedinformationassociatedwithageographicregion/locationBothspatialandattribute(tabular)dataareintegratedThewidespreadcollectionandintegrationofimageryintoGIShasbeenmadepossiblethroughremotesensingWiththeincreasingtechnologicaldevelopmentofremotesensing,thedevelopmentofGIShassimultaneouslyacceleratedGISBasicsGeographicInformati22TheImportanceofRSLargeamountsofdataneeded,andRemoteSensingcanprovideitReducesmanualfieldworkdramaticallyAllowsretrievalofdataforregionsdifficultorimpossibletoreach:OpenoceanHazardousterrain(highmountains,extremeweatherareas,etc.)OceandepthsAtmosphereAllowsforthecollectionofmuchmoredatainashorteramountoftimeLeadstoincreasedlandcoverageANDIncreasegroundresolutionofaGISDigitalImagerygreatlyenhancesaGISDIRECTLY:ImagerycanserveasavisualaidINDIRECTLY:Canservesasasourcetoderiveinformationsuchas…Landuse/landcoverAtmosphericemissionsVegetationWaterbodiesCloudcoverChangedetection(includingseaice,coastlines,sealevels,etc.)TheImportanceofRSLargeamou23RSMethodsinGISPassiveSensors:LandsatTMAVHRRSpotMODISIKONOSQuickbirdPassiveSystems:AirPhotography(DOs)ActiveSensors:RadarDEMsRSMethodsinGISPassiveSenso24CoarserResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedLANDSATThematicMapperGoodforregionalcoverage30mMSresolution15mpanchromaticresolutionMostCommonUse:LandCover/LandUseMappingMODIS36spectralbandsMostCommonUses:Cloud/AerosolPropertiesOceanColorAtmosphericWaterVaporSea/AtmosphericTemperaturesCoarserResolutionSatelliteS25HigherResolutionSatelliteSensorsUsedQuickbird2.5mmultispectralresolution61cm(~2ft.)panchromaticresolutionIKONOS4mvisible/infraredresolution1mpanchromaticresolutionMOSTCOMMONUSESFORHIGHRESOLUTION:AccurateBaseMapsInfrastructureMappingDisasterAssessment(SmallerScale)HigherResolutionSatelliteSe26Howdataisextracted:Layerssuchasroads(yellow)andrivers(blue)canbeeasilyseenfromair/satellitephotosThisinformationisdigitized(seenextslide),separatedintolayers,andintegratedintoaGISHowdataisextracted:Layerss27DigitizingDataMANUALMapisfixedtodigitizertableControlPointsaredigitizedFeatureBoundariesaredigitizedinstreamorpointmodeThelayerisproofedandeditedThelayeristransformed/registeredtoaknownsystemAUTOMATEDSCANNERSDigitizingdoneautomaticallybyascannerThereisarangeofscannerqualitiesMostutilizethereflection/transmissionoflighttorecorddata“Thresholding”allowsforthedeterminationofbothlineandpointfeaturesfromahardcopymapEditingstillrequiredDIRECTDATAENTRYCoordinateGeometryisused,withGPSplayingavitalroleThisinvolvesdirectlyenteringincoordinatesmeasuredinthefieldThesecoordinatescanthenbetaggedwithattributedataThisdatathisthendownloadedtoacomputerandincorporatedintoaGISDigitizingDataMANUAL28AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotographisanaerialphotographthathasbeencorrectedtoremovedistortionscausedby:CameraopticsTiltElevationdifferencesDigitalConversion(“Registration”)MustbeconvertedtodigitalformatbeforeintegrationintoaGISPhotographissplitintomanypixelsDistortionateachpointmustbecalculatedAphotographisconsideredregisteredwheneachpixelhasitsexactposition(geographically)placedwiththeabovedistortionshavingbeentakenintoaccountTheseregisteredairphotoscanthenbeusedtoextractdataorasabasemapforaGIS(orboth)AirPhotos:DOsAnorthophotogr29RadarData:DEMsActivesensorsprovidethemostthorough,accurateandintricatemodeloftopographyRadarcanreachplacesnearlyimpossibletosurveymanuallyInterferometricSyntheticApertureRadarTwopassesofaradarsatelliteareusedAnyphasedifferenceofreturnedechoesyieldsinformationabouttheanglefromwhichtheechowasreturnedAllowsfortopographicinformationtobederivedhispixelheightandphiisphasedifference:RadarData:DEMsActivesensors30Thisimagewascreatedbyoverlayinga1mresolutionDOonaDEMofthesamearea(bothutilizethesameprojection)Source:/maps/digitalelevation.php#GISThisimagewascreatedbyover31ApplicationsChangeDetectionDisasterAssessmentHurricaneKatrina&Rita2019TsunamiAtmosphericModelingaerosolsairpollutionclimatechangeOceantopographycurrentsApplicationsChangeDetection32FutureofGIS&RS:WorldviewILaunchedinSeptember2019Provides?mresolutionimages(Houston,TXabove)Imagessuchastheoneabovewillbecomeincreasinglycommonandwillprovidemoreaccuratedatafora