蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結(jié)

蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結(jié)蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結(jié)蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結(jié)資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月蘇教版牛津高中英語語法總結(jié)版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：牛津高中英語－模塊一第一單元一定語從句：定語從句的介紹就像是一個形容詞或介詞短語修飾名詞一樣，定語從句也可以修飾名詞。定語從句所修飾的名詞稱為先行詞。形容詞：Thegreenteam介詞短語：Theteamingreen定語從句：Theteamwhowerewearinggreen定語從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來引導，如which,that,who,whom,whose,或關(guān)系副詞來引導，如when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞可以在定語從句中擔當主語，賓語，表語，定語；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語從句中擔當狀語。如：做主語Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.做賓語Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表語Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定語ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcan’tremember.做狀語TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二定語從句：關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who，whom，和whose在定語從句中，that和which用來指代物。如：Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingcontest.在定語從句中，who用來指代人。如：IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.當who在定語從句中做賓語時，可以用whom來取代，且whom比who更正式。如：Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做賓語時，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。如：Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.Whose用來表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。如：IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二單元一定語從句：介詞提前的定語從句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）當關(guān)系代詞（which/whom）做定語從句中介詞的賓語時，可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面。如：Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.在非正式英語中，介詞通常放在定語從句的最后。如：ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.如果介詞放在定語從句的最后，which可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。如：Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.當關(guān)系代詞做定語從句中介詞的賓語，并且介詞又放在定語從句的末尾時，我們通常省略關(guān)系代詞who和that。如：Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.當先行詞是way時，我們用inwhich或that來引導定語從句，這種情況下，inwhich或that可以被省略。如：Ididn’tliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二定語從句：關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why1．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導先行詞是time，moment，day，season，year等的定語從句。如：Doyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouincharge?IoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.2．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導先行詞是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定語從句。如：Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.3．我們通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導先行詞是reason的定語從句。如：Idon’tknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.4．在更加正式的英語中，where，when和why能夠被介詞＋which所替代。如：Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichmyparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三單元一定語從句：非限制性定語從句1．非限制性定語從句是一個為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語從句前通常有個逗號。如：Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.2．當先行詞是整個主句時，可以用which來引導定語從句。如：Hemissedtheshow,whichwasagreatpity.3．我們可以用all＋whom/which來表示全部數(shù)量，用someof＋whom/which來表示部分數(shù)量。如：Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二附加疑問句1．附加疑問句是放在陳述句后面的短問句。它們通常被用在口語中來引出一段對話，以一個更加禮貌的方式來詢問信息，溫柔的發(fā)號施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見或征求同意。當我們用附加疑問句來詢問意見時，為了期待對方能同意我們的觀點，附加疑問句會用降調(diào)來表達。當我們用附加疑問句來征求同意時，我們實際上是在詢問我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時候附加疑問句會用升調(diào)來表達。2．附加疑問句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種：1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會用否定的附加疑問句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會用肯定的附加疑問句。如：Wecanstillbefriends,can’twe?Hedoesn’tlikeicecream,doeshe?當主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom這類詞時，它們被認為是否定的，因此后面會跟個肯定的附加疑問句。如：Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?人稱代詞如I，we，you，he，she，it或they會放在附加疑問句中。如：Iwasprettysilly,wasn’tI?Everyonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haven’tyou?助動詞，情態(tài)動詞或be動詞會放在附加疑問句中。如：Youliketraveling,don’tyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isn’tthere?Youcan’tspeakItalian,canyou?祁使句后用willyou，Let’s后用shallwe如：Postaletterforme,willyou?Let’shaveabreak,shallwe?牛津高中英語－模塊二第一單元一現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示在最近的過去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情。如：ThedisappearanceofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy.2．我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示在過去剛開始，并且現(xiàn)在還沒結(jié)束的事情。如：IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.當動作發(fā)生的確切時間不清楚或不重要時，我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。經(jīng)常連用的時間短語有：alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetalready用語肯定句，yet用語否定句。如：Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaven’theardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段時間since+點時間如：Wehaven’tseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaven’tseenhimsince2002.注：當已給定具體的時間時，我們往往用一般過去時態(tài)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭幼?。如：Thepolicehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來表示重復的動作。如：SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：have/has+動詞的過去分詞二現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)來表示在過去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動作。如：IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.2．我們用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)來表示剛剛結(jié)束但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動作。如：---SorryI’mlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong?

---Yes,I’vebeenwaitingforanhour.3．現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has+been+doing注：for和since和現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)連用。如：Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineo’clock.三現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)還是現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)1．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭幼?，用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)來表示發(fā)生在過去并且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動作。如：LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.(Shefinishedreadingthebook.)LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.(Sheisstillreadingthebook.)2．我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)表示重復的動作，用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)來表示不停的動作。如：IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)用于回答howmany/much的提問，現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)用語回答howlong的提問。

如：Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake?

Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake?3．狀態(tài)動詞和動作動詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，但只有動作動詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)中。如：Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(狀態(tài)動詞)IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（動作動詞）IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（動作動詞）注：動作動詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動作，如go，play。狀態(tài)動詞表示保持不變的動作，如like，know，exist4．當never，yet，already，ever出現(xiàn)在句子中時，只用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，而不用現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)。如：I’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.第二單元一將來進行時態(tài)1．我們用將來進行時態(tài)來：1）談?wù)搶硪欢螘r間正在進行的事情。如：TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2）談?wù)搹膶淼哪骋稽c開始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時間的事情。如：TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3）沒有任何意圖的表達將來的事情。如：TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒有人為的安排。4）禮貌地詢問有關(guān)其他人將來的計劃。如：WillyoubevisitingyouruncleinTanzania?2．將來進行時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）陳述句：will(not)+v-ing如：Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will(not)beflyingtoMorocco.2）疑問句：will提到主語的前面如：WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly?

3）回答：will（not）如：Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot(won’t)二過去將來時態(tài)1．我們用過去將來時態(tài)和過去進行時態(tài)來：1）表示過去的將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作。如：Theysetoffat9a.m.andwouldreachtheairportanhourlater.2)暗指一個過去的目的。如：Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.3)暗指一個過去的安排。如：ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.4)指代實際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的將來的動作。如：ThejourneythatwastochangeToby’slifestartedinJulythatyear.2．陳述句中過去將來時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）would+動詞原形如：ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.2)was/weregoingto，was/wereto,was/wereaboutto如：Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidn’thavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool---hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三單元一過去完成時態(tài)1．我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談?wù)撘粋€過去的動作。當我們想要談?wù)摫冗^去更早的時間里發(fā)生的事情時，就用過去完成時態(tài)。如：Uponenteringthetomb,Carter’sluckypetbird,whichhadledhimtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake.2．在直接引語中，我們用過去完成時態(tài)來指代說話的時候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作。直接引語中的一般過去時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)在間接引語中改為過去完成時態(tài)。如：“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCarter.-------Cartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.3．過去完成時態(tài)只是指在另一個過去的動作之前發(fā)生的動作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長段時間以前的動作。如：IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum.4．過去完成時態(tài)經(jīng)常跟以下引導的時間短語連用，如when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.如：ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.5．過去完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：had+v-ed如：HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)還是過去完成時態(tài)當我們談?wù)撘粋€與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的過去的事情時，我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。如：HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.當我們在談?wù)撨^去，并要說明一個更早發(fā)生的動作的時候，我們就要用過去完成時態(tài)。如：Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCarter’steambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英語－模塊三第一單元一名詞性從句：名詞性從句的介紹名詞性從句在句中的作用和名詞或名詞短語的作用是一樣的。我們可以用名詞性從句做句子的主語。如：ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegivememakesmehappy.Whetherhe’llbeabletocomeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.我們可以用it來做形式主語。如：Itwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely.我們可以用名詞性從句來做動詞的賓語。如：shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthat’sagoodidea.Pollydidn’tknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.我們可以用名詞性從句來做介詞的賓語。如：I’minterestedinwhothattallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.我們可以用it來做形式賓語。如：weallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning.我們可以用名詞性從句來做表語。如：thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.TheproblemishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd.我們可以用名詞性從句來做一個名詞的同位語。如：thefactthatPollydidn’taskfortheman’snameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing?

我們用that，if/whether或一個疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。如：IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecouldn’timaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.二名詞性從句：用that或if/whether引導的名詞性從句1．我們用that來引導名詞性從句。1）當從句是一個陳述句時，我們用that來引導名詞性從句。如：Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.2)在大多數(shù)情況下，我們不用that來引導介詞后的名詞性從句，但是，可以用that來引導in或except后的賓語從句。如：Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybecomeathickfog.Ididn’ttellhimanythingexceptthatIwasn’tabletofindmywayback.3）當名詞性從句做句子的主語時，that不能省略。如：Thatwecouldn’tfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4）在非正式英語中，當名詞性從句做句子的賓語或表語時，that可以省略。如：Shewished(that)someonewouldcomealongtohelpher.Thetruthis(that)thebuseswillnotberunning.我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。當從句是個一般疑問句時，我們用if或whether來引導名詞性從句。我們把if或whether后面從句的順序改成陳述句的語序。如：Shewondered.Wouldthebusesstillberunning?

Shewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.介詞后只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.當從句做主語放在句子開頭時，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.只能用whetherornot，而不能用ifornot。如：IwanttoknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.如果and或but引導兩個并列的that或whether/if引導的名詞性從句，后一個句子的that或whether/if不可省。如：Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldn’tuseanumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewillcometowork.第二單元一名詞性從句：由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句我們用以下的疑問詞來引導名詞性從句：what,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow。當從句是wh-引導的疑問句時，我們用疑問詞來引導名詞性從句。從句可以做句子的主語，賓語或表語。如：Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.我們把疑問詞后面的句式改成陳述句的語序。如：Whatarepeoplefromthenorthsaying

Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying.3．在任何情況下，都不可以省略名詞性從句中的疑問引導詞。二形式主語it在英語中，我們通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于強調(diào)。這被稱做句末強調(diào)效果。用形式主語it就可以達到這一效果。It只是語法意義上的主語，真正的主語在句子的后面。我們通常用it來做形式主語。當我們用一個名詞性從句來做句子的主語時：（更好的）ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.（正確的）ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.當主語是帶to的動詞不定式時：（更好的）Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.（正確的）Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.當主語是動詞-ing形式時：（更好的）Smokingisdifficulttostop.（正確的）Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turnout和prove前做句子的形式主語。如：Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighborcomesfrommyhometown.=mynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown.我們可以用句型it+be+被強調(diào)的名詞或短語+that或who引導的從句來強調(diào)句子中的主語，賓語或狀語。如：Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.如果不強調(diào)任何成分，句子可以是：IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.第三單元一賓語補足語1．賓語補足語為賓語提供更多的信息。如：TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty.2．賓語補足語通常以下面形式出現(xiàn)：動詞+賓語+賓語補足語，賓語補足語通?？梢允敲~短語或形容詞。如：TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.有時侯帶to的動詞不定式和不帶to的動詞不定式可以做賓語補足語。如：Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhang’sspeechmadeusalllaugh.賓語補足語可以時介詞短語。如：Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert.賓語不足語通常和賓語在數(shù)上是一致的。如：ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.二Either…or…和Neither…nor…1．我們用either…or…來表示選擇性。如：（連接主語）eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.(連接動詞)peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.(連接賓語)wecouldchoosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.(連接狀語)theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.我們用neither…nor…來連接表示否定的觀點。（both…and…的反義詞）如：neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.三主謂一致主謂一致是指在主語后選擇正確的單復數(shù)形式。以下幾點幫助我們決定動詞是單數(shù)或是復數(shù)。動詞應是單數(shù)，如果主語是：單數(shù)的名詞或不可數(shù)名詞如：thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.2)計量的短語，標題或名字如：twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.3)一個短語或從句如：travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists.動詞應是復數(shù)，如果主語是：一個復數(shù)名詞如：bothcitieswereveryrich.由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的單詞或短語如：thenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain.當主語是allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof+名詞/代詞，動詞與名詞或代詞保持一致。如：allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered.當主語是集合名詞，如band,crowd,class,dozen,family,public,team時，如果名詞指代的是集體，動詞用單數(shù)；如果名詞指代的是個體，動詞用復數(shù)。如：ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang.當主語是news,physics,mathematics,Aids時，動詞用單數(shù)；當主語是goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings時，動詞用復數(shù)。如：thelatestnewsisthattheLoulanBeautyisbeingdisplayedinShanghai.Alltheirbelongingsweredestroyedintheearthquake.當either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…,連接句子的主語時，動詞采取就近原則。如：eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.注：當主語是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one時，動詞用單數(shù)。牛津高中英語－模塊四第一單元一直接引語和間接引語1．我們用直接引語來闡述所說的話。如果我們把引語寫下來，這些單詞就會被放在引號但是，我們通常更愿意用間接引語來闡述所說的話。直接引語：Shesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.”間接引語：ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.2．我們可以通過把所說的話改成賓語從句或動詞不定式短語的形式來把直接引語變成間接引語。如：Shesaid,“I’musedtoads.”----Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads.“Wemustnotfallforthiskindoftrick!”shesaid.-----Shewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick.3．除了句型的改變外，還有其它的改變：人稱代詞的改變：如：Shesaid,“Ididsomeresearch.”-----Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.時態(tài)的改變：如：Shesaid,“Thisasisveryclever.”-----Shesaidthatthatadwasveryclever.下面列舉當動詞是過去時態(tài)時，時態(tài)是如何變化的：直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時過去完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行時注：當陳述一個不變的事實時，時態(tài)不變。如：“l(fā)ighttravelsatgreatspeed,”hesaid.----Hesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.時間和地點狀語的變化：如：Tomsaid,“Iamworkingheretoday.”-----Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.下面列舉這種變化的例子：直接引語間接引語todaythatday/yesterday/onWednesday,etc.tomorrowthenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.yesterdaythedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.nextmonththemonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4）其它的例子：直接引語間接引語thisthatthesethosecomego二間接引語：陳述句，疑問句和祈使句1．陳述句1）我們用that引導的名詞性從句來陳述一件事。如：Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.”------Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.2)除了say之外，還有其它的動詞可以這樣用：tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn如：“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewritersaid.-----ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.2．疑問句我們用whether/if引導的名詞性從句來陳述一般疑問句。如：MattaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld?”-----MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.我們用wh-疑問詞引導的名詞性從句來陳述wh-疑問句。如：Iaskedher,“Howcanthatcouldbe?’-----Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue.3．祈使句1）我們用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來陳述祈使句：陳述動詞+賓語+（not）+to-動詞不定式如：Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoushoulddothethingstheadsuggests.”-----Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.“Don’tworry,Mickey,”Jensaid.-----JenaskedMickeynottoworry.2)其它的單詞也有同樣的用法：advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn如：“Don’tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,”Michellesaidtome.-----MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二單元一情態(tài)動詞：總體介紹1．我們用情態(tài)動詞來談?wù)摚?）能力如：Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.2)義務(wù)義務(wù)性由弱到強排列：oughtto/should----haveto-----must如：Youmustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.3)確定確定性由弱到強排列：might----may----could----should-----oughtto----will----must如：ShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.4)允許正式性由弱到強排列：can----could----may----might如：Heisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames.2我們也用情態(tài)動詞來：1）提要求：正式性由弱到強排列：will---can----could----would如：Canyouhelpmewithmytraining?提意見：如：Shallwedoexercisethismorning?提供幫助：如：I’llwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou?

提建議：如：Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.3情態(tài)動詞后應該接不帶to的動詞不定式。如：Shecouldwinthegoldmedal.4我們用情態(tài)動詞的進行時來談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在可能發(fā)生的事情，用情態(tài)動詞的完成時來談?wù)撨^去可能發(fā)生的事情。如：Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二情態(tài)動詞：can和beableto等1．Can和beableto1）當指能力時，can和beableto可以互換，但beableto比can更加正式但也不常用。如：Mybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.2)我們用can來談?wù)搶砜赡馨l(fā)生的動作。如：Let’sgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.beableto可以用在不同的時態(tài)中，可以后面直接接動詞原形或放在另一個情態(tài)動詞之后。如：I’msorryIhaven’tbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.It’snicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.4)can的過去式是could，beableto的過去式是was/wereableto如：Hecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthecompetition.2shall和will1）我們通常用shall來表達承諾，用will來表達決心或決定。如：Don’tworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2)在疑問句中，shall用于第一人稱或第三人稱提供幫助或提建議，will用于第二人稱和第三人稱詢問意愿。如：Shallwegoswimmingthisweekend?Agroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.Shalltheycomein?Willyougohikingwithmeinthemountain?Willhepayforme?3mustn’t和needn’tMustn’t用來表達讓某人不做某事，needn’t用來表達做某事沒必要。如：Youmustn’tmissthisfootballmatch.It’sveryimportant.Youneedn’twatchthegameifyoudon’twantto.4need和dare當用做情態(tài)動詞時，這兩個詞常出現(xiàn)在否定句和疑問句中。這兩個詞還可以當做普通動詞來用。如：Youneedn’t/don’tneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromthebridge?第三單元一被動語態(tài)1．主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)在意思上沒有太大區(qū)別，可以互換。在主動語態(tài)的句子中，我們用動作的發(fā)出者作為句子的主語；在被動語態(tài)的句子中，我們用動作的承受者作為句子的主語。如：ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset.AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2被動語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：be+-ed（動詞的過去分詞），在不同的時態(tài)中，be的形式是不一樣的。例如，在一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)中，be是is或are；在現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中，be是is/am/are+being；在現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)中，be是have/has+been；在一般將來時態(tài)中，be是will+be。如：Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.3．當用被動語態(tài)的時候，以下幾點需要注意：1）我們通常用by來引導動作的發(fā)出者，但當沒必要提及動作的發(fā)出者或動作的發(fā)出者不重要，或很難說出動作的發(fā)出者是誰時，動作的發(fā)出者可以省略不提。如：hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCinecomputersystem.動詞give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接兩個賓語，分別指人和物。當這些動詞用做被動語態(tài)的時候，我們通常把動詞后面接的人做為句子的主語；有些時候，也會把物作為主語。如：Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3）在主動語態(tài)中，一些動詞后面往往接賓語和動詞原形。在被動語態(tài)中，動詞原形前面要接to。如：Isawhimgothere.Hewasseentogothere.4)有時候，在被動語態(tài)中，get可以替換be。如：getchanged,getdressed,gethurt如：Pleasewaitawhile.I’lljustgoandgetchanged.有些動詞主動形式表被動含義。如：ThiskindofcomputersellswellinChina.Yourarticlereadswell.狀態(tài)動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)。如：Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.被動語態(tài)的其它特殊形式：it+動詞的被動語態(tài)+that從句如：ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreality.主語+動詞的被動語態(tài)+todo如：ThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.類似的動詞還有：believe,report,suppose,know,prove等。二情態(tài)動詞和被動語態(tài)1．在被動語態(tài)中用情態(tài)動詞來表達能力，可能性，責任，允諾等。如：FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine.2．情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)的形式是：情態(tài)動詞+be+動詞的過去分詞如：Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.注意其它情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)的用法：主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)CantouchcanbetouchedMayfeelmaybefeltMightnotimpressmightnotbeimpressedCouldusecouldbeusedShoulduseshouldbeusedOughttodevelopoughttobedevelopedMustwearmustbeworn被動語態(tài)通常被用在科學報告中。三經(jīng)常被用做被動語態(tài)的動詞1．一些經(jīng)常被用做被動語態(tài)的動詞可以充當形容詞的作用.如：beboredwithbebornin/onbedisappointedat/bybefascinatedbybeimpressedat/by/withbeinterestedinbesetupbybesituatedin/onbesurprisedat/by如：AndywasboredwithlisteningtothesameCDeveryday.IwasbornonaWednesday.Mydadwasdisappointedbymytestresults.Peoplehavealwaysbeenfascinatedbynewtechnology.ShewasimpressedatthenumberofpointsIscored.Someofmyfriendsareinterestedinstudyingabroad.ThisnewexhibitionwassetupbytheStudents’Union.Ourschoolissituatedinaquietarea.TheyweresurprisedatthepossibilitiesoftheInternet.這里的be都可以用become來取代。牛津高中英語－模塊五第一單元一動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式帶to-的動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)是to+動詞原形，如，todo,towork.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。如：Iwasdeterminedtobecheerful.1．帶to-的動詞不定式可以做：1）句子的主語如：Tofindabestfriendisdifficult.=Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.2）句子的賓語如：Ineedtosleepforeighthourseverynight.賓語不足語如：Iaskedhimtocomeover.定語如：Ihaveaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.同位語如：Hisintentionwastocheermeup.狀語如：Mydadarrangedsomeswimminglessonstosurpriseme.2．帶to-的動詞不定式有進行時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)如：Thingsseemtobegettingbetter.Johnpretendednottohaveseenme.二動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式1．可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有：1）letmakehave（有時候）如：Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.2)感官動詞：feelhearseewatch如：Isawhertalktohernewfriends.3）wouldratherhadbetterwhynot如：Iwouldrathergoswimming.YouhadbettertidyyourbedroomWhynotvisityourcousininJapan?注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing如：Isawhertalktohernewfriend.(見證談話的整個過程)Isawhertalkingtohernewfriend.(見證談話正在發(fā)生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2．當有and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。如：Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?

WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV?

Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.三V-ing作名詞1．V-ing可以充當名詞用?？梢员挥米觯?）做主語（指一般性的動作）如：Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）如：Iloveswimmingintheseaduringthesummer.3)介詞之后如：Ikeepfitbyswimmingeveryday.4）物主代詞之后如：Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.注：如果所談?wù)摰娜吮容^明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。如：Thankyouforcoming.5）組成復合名詞如：Thereisashoeintheswimmingpool.2．以下動詞后面接v-ingAdmitdislikeimaginedelayconsidermindunderstandavoidenjoypracticemissfinishkeepsuggest3．以下常用詞組后面接v-ingWouldyoumindcannothelplookforwardtofeellikecannotstanditisnouse/goodputoffkeepon如：Wouldyoumindhelpingmewithmyhomework?Icannothelpwonderingwhyshedoesnotlikeme.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouattheparty.Idon’tfeellikedoinganythingnow.Shecannotstandseeingthatboy.Ithinkitisnousecryingaboutyourexamresultsnow.Ihadtoputoffshoppingforawhile.Hekeptonaskingmeformyphonenumber.4．以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或todo，意思上幾乎沒有區(qū)別。Continuepreferbeginhatelikestart5．一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接todo，但意義和用法上有區(qū)別。在使用時要確保形式的正確。如，forgetregretremembermeantrygoonforget+todo(事情還沒做)如：Heforgottoclosethedoorwhenheleft.Forget+doing(事情已經(jīng)做了)如：I’llneverforgetwinningmyfirstgoldmedal.第二單元一V-ing充當形容詞或副詞1．v-ing可作：1）定語v-ing可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：Thiswillhavealastingeffect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。如：Thatwasanextremelyinterestingspeech.v-ing可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復合詞。如：Thefast-growingeconomyhascausedenvironmentalproblems.Awood-burningstoveisenvironmentallyfriendly.v-ing可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。如：peoplerunningthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.=Peoplewhorunthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.2）表語如：Thisdestructionisfrightening.賓語補足語如：Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.2．v-ing可放在stand,sit,lie的后面，表示動作同時發(fā)生。如：Theystoodtalkingtoeachother.=Theystoodwhentheyweretalkingtoeachother.3．v-ing有完成時態(tài)，如，havingworked如：Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.二V-ing短語v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：Theysattheresmiling.Theysattheresmilingateachother.1．v-ing短語可以表示：1）時間如：Askingaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.=WhenIaskaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.Havingobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.=Afterheobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.2）原因如：Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,hopingtoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.=Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,becausewehopetoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.3）結(jié)果如：Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke,makingtheairdirty.=Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke.Asaresult,theairismadedirty.4)條件如：Preparingfully,wecanachievegreatthings.=Ifwepreparefully,wecanachievegreatthings.2．連詞+v-ing也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：whenwheneverwhileonceuntil如：Wehavetotakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhendevelopingtheeconomy.3．v-ing從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingth