國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)Chapter5CFRandCIF課件

Chapter4CFR-CostandFreight,CIF-Cost,InsuranceandFreightChapter4CFR-CostandFreight,1I. GuidanceNote

“CostandFreight”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocuresthegoodssodelivered…

1)Transferofrisks ThedividingpointofrisksisthesameasthatofFOB:onboardthevessel.

2)Allocationofcosts Thedividingpointofcostsistheportofdestination.

Twocriticalpointsareinvolved,whichisdifferentfromFOB,onlyonepoint.

.I. GuidanceNote2

3)Additionalcosts Therisksandadditionalcostsafterthegoodsareplacedonboardthevesselaretobebornebythebuyer,sameasFOB.

4) Exportclearance

bytheseller,sameasFOB.

3)Additionalcosts35) ObligationtodeliverWhenCPT,CIP,CFRorCIFareused,thesellerfulfilsitsobligationtodeliverwhenithandsthegoodsovertothecarrierinthemannerinthechosenruleandnotwhenthegoodsreachtheplaceofdestination. Thesellermustpayandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination,butnotdeliverthegoodstothedestination.5) Obligationtodeliver46)CFRmaynotbeappropriatewherethegoodsarehandedovertothecarrierbeforetheyareonboardthevessel,forexample,goodsincontainers,whicharetypicallydeliveredataterminal.Insuchcircumstances,theCPTruleshouldbeused.6)CFRmaynotbeappropriate5

II.Seller’sandBuyer’sObligations

1.A3.Contractsofcarriageandinsurance: Contractofcarriage: 1)Thesellermustcontractforcarriagewiththecarrierathisownexpense,chartertheshiporbooktheshippingspace. 2)Thesellermustpaythefreightnecessarytobringthegoodstotheportofdestination.II.Seller’sandBuyer’s6 3)Article32.2ofCISG: “Ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation. (如果賣方有義務(wù)安排貨物的運(yùn)輸，他必須訂立必要的合同，以按照通常運(yùn)輸條件，用適合情況的運(yùn)輸工具，把貨物運(yùn)到指定地點(diǎn)。) Therefore,ifthesellerdoesnotarrangeforthecarriageofthegoodstothedestination,heviolatesthecontract. 3)Article32.2ofCISG:7 4)Contractforinsurance:

Thesellerhasno

obligationtothebuyertomakeacontractofinsurance.

32.3ofCISG: “Ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofgoods,hemust,atthebuyer’srequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.”

如果賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)對(duì)貨物的運(yùn)輸辦理保險(xiǎn)，他必須在買方提出要求時(shí)，向買方提供一切現(xiàn)有的必要資料，使他能夠辦理這種保險(xiǎn)。

4)Contractforinsurance:8

B3.ContractofCarriageandInsurance:Thebuyerhasnoobligationtotheseller

UnderCFRcontract,thesellerisresponsibleforthecarriageofthegoods,sothebuyerhasnoobligationtothesellertosignacontractofcarriage.

B3.ContractofCarriageandI9 Astotheinsurance,thebuyerhasnoobligationtotheseller.

(對(duì)賣方無義務(wù)辦理保險(xiǎn)，辦理保險(xiǎn)對(duì)自己有利，而不是對(duì)賣方盡義務(wù)。）

But,itisinthebuyer’sinteresttoprocureinsuranceforthegoodswhentheyhaveplaceonboradthevessel.UnderCFR,thebuyerusuallyprocuresinsuranceforthegoods. Astotheinsurance,thebuye10

Whenthegoodsareonboard,therisksoflossof,ordamagetothegoodsarethentransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Sowhetherthegoodsaretobeinsuredandagainstwhatrisksthegoodsshouldbeinsuredrestwhollywiththebuyer. Whenthegoodsareonboard,11 A4:Delivery Thesellermustdeliverthegoodsonboardthevesselattheportofshipmentonthedateorwithintheagreedperiod.

B4.Thebuyermusttakedeliveryofthegoods…andreceivethemfromthecarrieratthenamedportofdestination.

貨物已按A4條的規(guī)定交付時(shí)，買方必須提取貨物，并在指定目的港向承運(yùn)人收取貨物。 A4:Delivery12

TworeceivingpointsunderCFR: 1) onboardthevesselattheportofshipment.Inpractice,atthispointthecarrierreceivesthegoodsdeliveredbytheseller.

13 2) attheportofdestination.

Inpractice,atthispointthebuyerreceivesthegoodsfromthecarrier,whichisacontractualobligationofthebuyertotheseller.Ifthebuyerfailstofulfillthisobligation,itshouldreimbursethesellertheadditionalcostsincurredbecauseofthebuyer’sviolationofthecontract. 2) attheportofdestinatio14 A5:Transferofrisks

“risksoflossofordamagetothegoods”heredonotincludetheriskscausedbythebuyer.Forexample, ifthebuyerfailstogivenoticeinaccordancewithB7,therisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsshouldbebornebythebuyer (Prematuretransferofrisks).

A5:Transferofrisks15

B5.ThebuyerbearsallrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthetimetheyhavebeendeliveredasenvisagedinA4. a.“risksoflossofordamagetothegoods”arerelatedtorisksofcontingenciesonthesea,suchasstorm,fire,collision,etc. Therisksdonotincludethelossordamagetothegoodscausedbytheseller,suchasinsufficientpacking,thegoodsthatcontaindefects,etc.

B5.Thebuyerbearsallrisks16

Evenifsuchriskshappenafterthegoodsareonboard,thesellerisstillresponsibleaslongassuchlossordamageiscausedbythehismisconduct.b.“Thebuyermust,…fromtheagreeddateortheexpirydateoftheperiodfixedforshipment…”

Thisstipulationtellsusinwhatcircumstancestherisksaretransferredprematurely.

Evenifsuchriskshappenaft17 AccordingtoCFRterm,sometimes,thebuyerhastherighttodeterminethetimeofdelivery.Inthiscase,thebuyershouldgivesufficientnoticetotheseller.Ifnot,thecontractgoodshavetobestoredsomewhereatorneartheportofshipment.Therisksandadditionalcostssustainedbythesellershallbebornebythebuyereveniftherisksandcostsoccurbeforethegoodsareonboardthevessel.

AccordingtoCFRterm,someti18 Article143ofLawofContractstipulates

因買受人的原因致使標(biāo)的物不能按照約定的期限交付的,買受人應(yīng)當(dāng)自違反約定之日起承擔(dān)標(biāo)的物毀損、滅失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

“…provided,however,thatthegoodshavebeenclearlyidentifiedasthecontractgoods”

Thisisapreconditionofprematurepassingofrisks.Ifthegoodsarenotsetasideasthecontractgoods,therisksdonottransferprematurelyevenifthebuyerfailstogivesufficientnoticetotheseller. Article143ofLawofContrac19

A6,B6.Allocationofcost

WhatshouldthesellerpayunderCFRterms? a.allthecostsuntilthegoodsaredeliveredonboardattheportofshipment. b.thenormalfreightfromtheportofshipmenttotheportofdestination c.andallothercostsincludingthecostsofloadingthegoodsonboardandanychargesforunloadingattheagreedportofdischarge,thatwerefortheseller’saccountunderthecontractofcarriage.

A6,B6.Allocationofcost20d.whereapplicable,costsofcustomsformalitiesforexportandallduties,taxesandother chargespayableuponexport,andthecostsfortheirtransportthroughanycountrythatwerefortheseller’saccountunderthecontractofcarriage.d.whereapplicable,costsof21 B6:

Thebuyermust,subjecttotheprovisionsofA3a),pay…(除A3條a)款規(guī)定的情形外.

Thebuyerisresponsibleforallcostsandadditionalcostsfromthetimetheyhavebeendeliveredonboardexcludingfreight… (“l(fā)ighterage”（駁船費(fèi)） “warfage”（碼頭費(fèi)）) B6:Thebuyermust,subjectt22 A7&B7 A7:Noticetothebuyer: “Thesellermustgivethebuyeranynoticeneededinordertoallowthebuyertotakemeasuresthatarenormallynecessarytoenablethebuyertotakethegoods….”

Thenoticeshouldbesentwithoutanydelayintime,andmustbedetailedincontentsoastoenablethebuyertotakemeasurestotakethegoodsincludingprocuringinsurance. Ifthesellerfailstodoso,itshouldbeartheresponsibilityofbreachofthecontract. A7&B723 B7.Noticetotheseller Thebuyermust,wheneverit

isentitledtodeterminethetimeforshippingthegoodsand/orthepointofreceivingthegoodswithinthenamedportofdestination,givethesellersufficientnoticethereof. Thebuyermustgivethesellersufficientnoticeastothetimeforshippingandportofdestination.Ifthebuyerfailstodoso,therisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsaretransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsaredeliveredinaccordancewithA4.Theadditionalcostsincurredwillalsobebornebythebuyer.Ifthesellerpaysfirst,thenithastherighttogetreimbursedfromthebuyer.

B7.Noticetotheseller24 A8&B8:

A8.a.theusualtransportdocumentmaybeanegotiablebilloflading,anon-negotiableseawaybilloraninlandwaterwaydocument. 1)Itmustbedatedwithintheperiodagreedforshipment. 2)Ifthebuyerwantstosellthegoodsintransit,thenanegotiablebillofladingmustbepresented. 3)…afullsetoforiginalsmustbepresentedtothebuyer. 4)Ifnot,anyonetakingoneoriginalbillofladingmaytakedeliveryofthegoodsattheportofdestinationfromthecarrier. A8&B8:25 B8.ThebuyermustacceptthetransportdocumentprovidedasenvisagedinA8ifitisinconformitywiththecontract. Ifthebuyerrefusestoacceptthetransportdocument…,itbreaksthecontract.Thesellermaylodgeaclaimagainstthebuyer.Butifthedocumentspresentedhavediscrepancies,thebuyerhastherighttorefusethedocumentsandinstructtheissuingbanktorefusetopay. B8.Thebuyermustacceptthe26 Sometimes,thesellerasksthecarriertoissueacleanbillofladingagainstaletterofindemnity,evenifseveralcartonsarebroken.Butifthebuyercanprovethatthedefectsordamagesexistedbeforetheywereloadedonboard,thebuyercanlodgeaclaimagainstthecarrierwithacleanbilloflading,orlodgeaclaimagainsttheselleraccordingtothesalescontract. Thecarrier’sresponsibilitiescannotbereleasedagainstaletterofindemnity. Sometimes,thesellerasksth27

CaseAnalysis

28

CIF 1.ThebiggestdifferencebetweenCIFandCFRisthatinCIFtheselleralsohasto 1)procuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.(賣方還應(yīng)當(dāng)為貨物在運(yùn)輸中滅失或損害的買方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)辦理保險(xiǎn)。) 2)contractforinsuranceandpaytheinsurancepremium. CIF29 2.Thesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover. UnderCIF,thesellerhastheobligationtoprocureinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer.However,sometimes,itwouldnotknowthebuyer’spreciserequirements.UndertheInstituteCargoClauses（協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款I(lǐng)CC）draftedbytheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters(倫敦保險(xiǎn)人協(xié)會(huì)),insuranceisavailablein“minimumcover”underClauseC.（C款規(guī)定辦理“最低程度”的保險(xiǎn)。） 2.Thesellerisrequiredto30

ICC(C)clause(1982): Theinsurancecompanyisonlyresponsibleforthelossesordamagestothegoodscausedbyseriousaccidentsexcludinglossesordamagescausedbynaturaldisastersornon-seriousaccidents. ICC(C)clause(1982):31 Riskscovered 1. lossofordamagetothesubject-matter （標(biāo)的物）insuredreasonablyattributableto 1) fireorexplosion 2) vesselorcraft（駁船）beingstranded（擱淺） grounded（觸礁）sunk（沉沒）orcapsized（傾 覆） 3) overturning（傾覆）orderailment（出軌）of landconveyance（陸上運(yùn)輸工具） 4) collisionorcontactofvesselcraftor conveyancewithanyexternalobjectotherthan water（船舶、駁船或運(yùn)輸工具同除水以外的任何 外界物體碰撞） 5) dischargeofcargoataportofdistress （避難港）

Riskscovered32 2. lossofordamagetothesubject-matterinsuredcausedby 1) generalaveragesacrifice 2) jettison（拋貨）

CICclause(1981):

ThesellerwillinsurethegoodsagainstFPAasperOceanMarineCargoClauses(1/1/1981)ofthePeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina. 2. lossofordamagetothes33 3.Shouldadditionalcoverberequiredbythebuyer,itshouldagreewiththesellerthatthelattercouldtakeoutadditionalinsurance,buttheadditionalinsurancepremiumshouldbebornebythebuyer. Or, thebuyermayarrangeforextendedinsurancecoverhimself.Forexample,risksbeyondICC(A)suchaswarriskandSRCC. 3.Shouldadditionalcoverbe34 4.Theinsurancevalue/amount（投保金額，保險(xiǎn)金額）: Sincethesellerisprocuringinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer,theminimuminsurancevalueshouldbethe100%ofthecontractvalueplus10%tocoverareasonableprofitandsomeexpenses,i.e.110%oftheinvoicevalue.Ifthebuyerrequestsinsurancetocovermorethan110%,say120%,130%,theextrapremiumwillbeforthebuyer’saccount. 4.Theinsurancevalue/amount35Chapter4CFR-CostandFreight,CIF-Cost,InsuranceandFreightChapter4CFR-CostandFreight,36I. GuidanceNote

“CostandFreight”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocuresthegoodssodelivered…

1)Transferofrisks ThedividingpointofrisksisthesameasthatofFOB:onboardthevessel.

2)Allocationofcosts Thedividingpointofcostsistheportofdestination.

Twocriticalpointsareinvolved,whichisdifferentfromFOB,onlyonepoint.

.I. GuidanceNote37

3)Additionalcosts Therisksandadditionalcostsafterthegoodsareplacedonboardthevesselaretobebornebythebuyer,sameasFOB.

4) Exportclearance

bytheseller,sameasFOB.

3)Additionalcosts385) ObligationtodeliverWhenCPT,CIP,CFRorCIFareused,thesellerfulfilsitsobligationtodeliverwhenithandsthegoodsovertothecarrierinthemannerinthechosenruleandnotwhenthegoodsreachtheplaceofdestination. Thesellermustpayandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination,butnotdeliverthegoodstothedestination.5) Obligationtodeliver396)CFRmaynotbeappropriatewherethegoodsarehandedovertothecarrierbeforetheyareonboardthevessel,forexample,goodsincontainers,whicharetypicallydeliveredataterminal.Insuchcircumstances,theCPTruleshouldbeused.6)CFRmaynotbeappropriate40

II.Seller’sandBuyer’sObligations

1.A3.Contractsofcarriageandinsurance: Contractofcarriage: 1)Thesellermustcontractforcarriagewiththecarrierathisownexpense,chartertheshiporbooktheshippingspace. 2)Thesellermustpaythefreightnecessarytobringthegoodstotheportofdestination.II.Seller’sandBuyer’s41 3)Article32.2ofCISG: “Ifthesellerisboundtoarrangeforcarriageofthegoods,hemustmakesuchcontractsasarenecessaryforcarriagetotheplacefixedbymeansoftransportationappropriateinthecircumstancesandaccordingtotheusualtermsforsuchtransportation. (如果賣方有義務(wù)安排貨物的運(yùn)輸，他必須訂立必要的合同，以按照通常運(yùn)輸條件，用適合情況的運(yùn)輸工具，把貨物運(yùn)到指定地點(diǎn)。) Therefore,ifthesellerdoesnotarrangeforthecarriageofthegoodstothedestination,heviolatesthecontract. 3)Article32.2ofCISG:42 4)Contractforinsurance:

Thesellerhasno

obligationtothebuyertomakeacontractofinsurance.

32.3ofCISG: “Ifthesellerisnotboundtoeffectinsuranceinrespectofthecarriageofgoods,hemust,atthebuyer’srequest,providehimwithallavailableinformationnecessarytoenablehimtoeffectsuchinsurance.”

如果賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)對(duì)貨物的運(yùn)輸辦理保險(xiǎn)，他必須在買方提出要求時(shí)，向買方提供一切現(xiàn)有的必要資料，使他能夠辦理這種保險(xiǎn)。

4)Contractforinsurance:43

B3.ContractofCarriageandInsurance:Thebuyerhasnoobligationtotheseller

UnderCFRcontract,thesellerisresponsibleforthecarriageofthegoods,sothebuyerhasnoobligationtothesellertosignacontractofcarriage.

B3.ContractofCarriageandI44 Astotheinsurance,thebuyerhasnoobligationtotheseller.

(對(duì)賣方無義務(wù)辦理保險(xiǎn)，辦理保險(xiǎn)對(duì)自己有利，而不是對(duì)賣方盡義務(wù)。）

But,itisinthebuyer’sinteresttoprocureinsuranceforthegoodswhentheyhaveplaceonboradthevessel.UnderCFR,thebuyerusuallyprocuresinsuranceforthegoods. Astotheinsurance,thebuye45

Whenthegoodsareonboard,therisksoflossof,ordamagetothegoodsarethentransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Sowhetherthegoodsaretobeinsuredandagainstwhatrisksthegoodsshouldbeinsuredrestwhollywiththebuyer. Whenthegoodsareonboard,46 A4:Delivery Thesellermustdeliverthegoodsonboardthevesselattheportofshipmentonthedateorwithintheagreedperiod.

B4.Thebuyermusttakedeliveryofthegoods…andreceivethemfromthecarrieratthenamedportofdestination.

貨物已按A4條的規(guī)定交付時(shí)，買方必須提取貨物，并在指定目的港向承運(yùn)人收取貨物。 A4:Delivery47

TworeceivingpointsunderCFR: 1) onboardthevesselattheportofshipment.Inpractice,atthispointthecarrierreceivesthegoodsdeliveredbytheseller.

48 2) attheportofdestination.

Inpractice,atthispointthebuyerreceivesthegoodsfromthecarrier,whichisacontractualobligationofthebuyertotheseller.Ifthebuyerfailstofulfillthisobligation,itshouldreimbursethesellertheadditionalcostsincurredbecauseofthebuyer’sviolationofthecontract. 2) attheportofdestinatio49 A5:Transferofrisks

“risksoflossofordamagetothegoods”heredonotincludetheriskscausedbythebuyer.Forexample, ifthebuyerfailstogivenoticeinaccordancewithB7,therisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsshouldbebornebythebuyer (Prematuretransferofrisks).

A5:Transferofrisks50

B5.ThebuyerbearsallrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthetimetheyhavebeendeliveredasenvisagedinA4. a.“risksoflossofordamagetothegoods”arerelatedtorisksofcontingenciesonthesea,suchasstorm,fire,collision,etc. Therisksdonotincludethelossordamagetothegoodscausedbytheseller,suchasinsufficientpacking,thegoodsthatcontaindefects,etc.

B5.Thebuyerbearsallrisks51

Evenifsuchriskshappenafterthegoodsareonboard,thesellerisstillresponsibleaslongassuchlossordamageiscausedbythehismisconduct.b.“Thebuyermust,…fromtheagreeddateortheexpirydateoftheperiodfixedforshipment…”

Thisstipulationtellsusinwhatcircumstancestherisksaretransferredprematurely.

Evenifsuchriskshappenaft52 AccordingtoCFRterm,sometimes,thebuyerhastherighttodeterminethetimeofdelivery.Inthiscase,thebuyershouldgivesufficientnoticetotheseller.Ifnot,thecontractgoodshavetobestoredsomewhereatorneartheportofshipment.Therisksandadditionalcostssustainedbythesellershallbebornebythebuyereveniftherisksandcostsoccurbeforethegoodsareonboardthevessel.

AccordingtoCFRterm,someti53 Article143ofLawofContractstipulates

因買受人的原因致使標(biāo)的物不能按照約定的期限交付的,買受人應(yīng)當(dāng)自違反約定之日起承擔(dān)標(biāo)的物毀損、滅失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

“…provided,however,thatthegoodshavebeenclearlyidentifiedasthecontractgoods”

Thisisapreconditionofprematurepassingofrisks.Ifthegoodsarenotsetasideasthecontractgoods,therisksdonottransferprematurelyevenifthebuyerfailstogivesufficientnoticetotheseller. Article143ofLawofContrac54

A6,B6.Allocationofcost

WhatshouldthesellerpayunderCFRterms? a.allthecostsuntilthegoodsaredeliveredonboardattheportofshipment. b.thenormalfreightfromtheportofshipmenttotheportofdestination c.andallothercostsincludingthecostsofloadingthegoodsonboardandanychargesforunloadingattheagreedportofdischarge,thatwerefortheseller’saccountunderthecontractofcarriage.

A6,B6.Allocationofcost55d.whereapplicable,costsofcustomsformalitiesforexportandallduties,taxesandother chargespayableuponexport,andthecostsfortheirtransportthroughanycountrythatwerefortheseller’saccountunderthecontractofcarriage.d.whereapplicable,costsof56 B6:

Thebuyermust,subjecttotheprovisionsofA3a),pay…(除A3條a)款規(guī)定的情形外.

Thebuyerisresponsibleforallcostsandadditionalcostsfromthetimetheyhavebeendeliveredonboardexcludingfreight… (“l(fā)ighterage”（駁船費(fèi)） “warfage”（碼頭費(fèi)）) B6:Thebuyermust,subjectt57 A7&B7 A7:Noticetothebuyer: “Thesellermustgivethebuyeranynoticeneededinordertoallowthebuyertotakemeasuresthatarenormallynecessarytoenablethebuyertotakethegoods….”

Thenoticeshouldbesentwithoutanydelayintime,andmustbedetailedincontentsoastoenablethebuyertotakemeasurestotakethegoodsincludingprocuringinsurance. Ifthesellerfailstodoso,itshouldbeartheresponsibilityofbreachofthecontract. A7&B758 B7.Noticetotheseller Thebuyermust,wheneverit

isentitledtodeterminethetimeforshippingthegoodsand/orthepointofreceivingthegoodswithinthenamedportofdestination,givethesellersufficientnoticethereof. Thebuyermustgivethesellersufficientnoticeastothetimeforshippingandportofdestination.Ifthebuyerfailstodoso,therisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsaretransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsaredeliveredinaccordancewithA4.Theadditionalcostsincurredwillalsobebornebythebuyer.Ifthesellerpaysfirst,thenithastherighttogetreimbursedfromthebuyer.

B7.Noticetotheseller59 A8&B8:

A8.a.theusualtransportdocumentmaybeanegotiablebilloflading,anon-negotiableseawaybilloraninlandwaterwaydocument. 1)Itmustbedatedwithintheperiodagreedforshipment. 2)Ifthebuyerwantstosellthegoodsintransit,thenanegotiablebillofladingmustbepresented. 3)…afullsetoforiginalsmustbepresentedtothebuyer. 4)Ifnot,anyonetakingoneoriginalbillofladingmaytakedeliveryofthegoodsattheportofdestinationfromthecarrier. A8&B8:60 B8.ThebuyermustacceptthetransportdocumentprovidedasenvisagedinA8ifitisinconformitywiththecontract. Ifthebuyerrefusestoacceptthetransportdocument…,itbreaksthecontract.Thesellermaylodgeaclaimagainstthebuyer.Butifthedocumentspresentedhavediscrepancies,thebuyerhastherighttorefusethedocumentsandinstructtheissuingbanktorefusetopay. B8.Thebuyermustacceptthe61 Sometimes,thesellerasksthecarriertoissueacleanbillofladingagainstaletterofindemnity,evenifseveralcartonsarebroken.Butifthebuyercanprovethatthedefectsordamagesexistedbeforetheywereloadedonboard,thebuyercanlodgeaclaimagainstthecarrierwithacleanbilloflading,orlodgeaclaimagainsttheselleraccordingtothesalescontract. Thecarrier’sresponsibilitiescannotbereleasedagainstaletterofindemnity. Sometimes,thesellerasksth62

CaseAnalysis

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CIF 1.Thebiggestdifference