消除跨境支付障礙的五大路徑

消除跨境支付障礙的五大路徑導(dǎo)讀隨著商品和資本市場(chǎng)的國(guó)際化程度不斷加深，跨境支付在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中擁有了前所未有的重要地位。然而，由于支付壁壘的存在，跨境支付仍存在成本、速度、透明度和包容性方面的問題。為此，金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)了推動(dòng)跨境支付發(fā)展的路徑圖，主要包括以下五個(gè)方面：首先，需要加強(qiáng)公私合作。中央銀行和私人部門需共同改進(jìn)支付系統(tǒng)，并聯(lián)合金融行業(yè)內(nèi)外的專家攜手努力；第二，需要監(jiān)管、監(jiān)察和監(jiān)督框架的協(xié)調(diào)。通過反洗錢/打擊資助恐怖主義框架的實(shí)現(xiàn)、跨境數(shù)據(jù)和信息共享、數(shù)字身份架構(gòu)和盡調(diào)系統(tǒng)的改善等途徑提高金融機(jī)構(gòu)和轄區(qū)間的信任。第三，需要調(diào)整現(xiàn)有支付基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和相關(guān)安排。通過促進(jìn)交付、優(yōu)化進(jìn)入渠道、協(xié)調(diào)不同系統(tǒng)工作時(shí)間、探索對(duì)等的流動(dòng)性安排等方式減少技術(shù)差異。第四，需要更優(yōu)質(zhì)的數(shù)據(jù)。為此，金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)將研究信息交流過程中的方式和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并設(shè)計(jì)連接交易中賬戶信息的獨(dú)特全球標(biāo)識(shí)。最后，需要研究支付基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和相關(guān)安排方面領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新的可能作用。在加密資產(chǎn)不斷發(fā)展和流行的大背景下，金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)正在研究在不降低監(jiān)管監(jiān)督標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下，支付領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新對(duì)跨境支付有何作用。促進(jìn)跨境支付的發(fā)展需要承諾、協(xié)作和責(zé)任感，而針對(duì)這一目標(biāo)的路徑圖對(duì)個(gè)體、行業(yè)和金融機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展都大有裨益。在將路徑圖付諸實(shí)踐的過程中，金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)將通過與世界各地，特別是撒哈拉以南非洲國(guó)家的合作，在跨境支付的成本、速度、透明度和包容度等方面完成一系列目標(biāo)。作者|

克拉斯·諾特，荷蘭央行行長(zhǎng)英文原文如下：Theroadahead-liftingbarriersforcross-borderpaymentsKlaasKnot,PresidentoftheNetherlandsBank,attheFINSYScommemorationofProfessorBennoJosephNduluon"RealizingaCross-BorderPaymentVisionfortheAdvancementoftheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea(AfCFTA)",virtual,22February2022.Helloeveryone.Itisanhonortobehere–inmemoryofprofessorNdulu.ThankyouDoctorKasekendeforremindingusoftheimportanceofProfessorNdulu'swork.HehadavisionIcanverymuchrelateto–especiallyinmycapacityaschairoftheFinancialStabilityBoard.ProfessorNdulu'svisionwastoestablishacross-borderpaymentssysteminthisregion.AndthisalignsverywellwiththeFSB'svision.Wehavemadeitaprioritytoenhancecross-borderpayments–inourcaseatagloballevel.Soitisagreatpleasuretotalktoyoutodayaboutourambitiousworkplan.IrememberthetimewhenIstudiedabroad.Thiswaspre-euro.InItaly.Anditwasquiteahassleformyparentstosendmeanymoney.Today,mychildrenarestillinhighschool.Butinthefuture,theymaystudyabroadtoo.Ifthathappensintheeurozone,Iwillexperiencehardlyanyhasslesendingthemmoney.Unfortunately,therearestillmanypaymentcorridorsallovertheworldwhichfaceincrediblyhighcostsandconsiderabledelays.ArecentreportbytheWorldBankprovidesanexamplefromEastAfricawhere,in2021,thefeeforsending200dollarsinremittancesfromTanzaniatoneighboringUgandawas23percentforaUgandanmigrant.1Icannotbegintoimaginegivingupnearlyaquarterofmyincomeeverymonthjusttosendthatmoneyhometomyfamily.Butbarrierslikethesearetherealityformanypeople.Anditisnotjustthecostofcross-borderpayments.Thesetypesofpaymentsareoftenalsoslowandnottransparent–andthenthere'sthefactthattheyarenotfullyaccessibleforall.TheFSBstanceisthatthepaymentsbarriersshouldbereduced–forbothindividualsandcompanies.Themorewetradeandinvestwithoneanother,themoreneedforcross-borderpayments–itisassimpleasthat.Asgoodsandcapitalmarketscontinuetointernationalize,cross-borderpayments,morethanever,sitattheheartofglobaleconomicactivity.JustoverayearagotradingofficiallycommencedundertheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.OnefactorthatcouldgreatlyenhancetheeconomicbenefitsoffreetradeinAfricaischeaperandfastercross-borderpaymentserviceswithinthecontinentandbeyond.Alotofwhatwedodailyinvolvescrossingborders.Fromsendinganemailtosomeoneabroad,tomeetingwithyouvirtuallyrightnow.Itistimethatourmoneyalsoflowsmoreeasilyacrossborders.Therearefourkeybarrierstocross-borderpayments–thecost,thespeed,thetransparencyandtheinclusion.Toaddressthesefourbarriers,theFSBhasdevelopedaRoadmaptoenhancecross-borderpayments.Wehavedonethistogetherwithourpartners,mostnotablytheCommitteeonPaymentsandMarketInfrastructures.AndthisRoadmaphasbeenendorsedbyG20Leaders,givingitstrongpoliticalbackingfromthelargestfinancialcentres.ThisRoadmapcoversthewholepaymentsmarket–bothwholesaleandretailpayments.Anditincludesaparticularfocusonremittances,recognisingthattheyareacriticalsourceoffinancingforpeopleindevelopingcountriesandthattheyplayanimportantroleineconomicgrowth.TheRoadmapseekstodeliverthenecessaryimprovementsthroughfivefocusareas,withcooperationbetweenallstakeholders–publicorprivate,nationalorinternational–beingessential.Letmebrieflywalkyouthroughthefocusareas.First–partofthesuccessofthisRoadmapwilldependonpublic-privatecooperation.Wewillneedcentralbankstoimprovetheircorepaymentsystems,allowingtheprivatesectortofollowsuit.Andatthesametime,wewillneedtheprivatesectortoplayabigroleintheneededimprovementswhendevelopingnewpaymentsystemsandarrangements,orwhenenhancingexistingservices.Wewillalsoneedthecombinedeffortsofmanydifferenttypesofexperts–frompaymentserviceprovidersandsystemoperators,tosupervisors,regulators,andcentralbanks.Butalsofromexpertsoutsideofthefinancialsector–likedataauthoritiescontributingtostreamliningdataprovisionanddatasharing.Second–toimprovecross-borderpayments,weneedcoordinationofregulatory,supervisoryandoversightframeworks.Cross-borderpaymentsobviouslyinvolveatleasttwojurisdictions,andoftenmore,whencorrespondentbankingnetworksareinvolved.Thisoftencreatesfrictions–with,asaresult,thefourchallengesIjustmentioned.Toaddressthesefrictions,wewillneedactionsonbothaninternationalandanationallevel.Thisshouldleadtoabetteralignmentofregulatory,supervisoryandoversightframeworksacrossjurisdictions.Whereappropriate,thisshouldbedoneona"samebusiness,samerisk,samerules"basis.High-qualitycustomerduediligenceis,ofcourse,essential.Butitisrelativelycostlyforcross-bordertransactions.SotheFSBwantstoimproveconfidencebetweenfinancialinstitutionsandbetweenjurisdictions.Wewanttodothisby:promotingmoreconsistentapplicationofAML/CFTstandards;facilitatingcross-borderdataflowsandinformationsharing;fosteringimproveddigitalidentityframeworksaswellascustomerduediligenceinfrastructures;

inspecificcases,byidentifyinglow-risk"safepaymentcorridors".Ourthirdfocusareaisthatweneedtobetteralignexistingpaymentinfrastructuresandarrangements.

Thereasonforthisbeingthattechnicaldifferencesincreasecostsandslowtransactions.SothisthirdfocusareaoftheFSBRoadmapwouldseekseveralthings–forexample:tostrengthenlinksbetweenpaymentsystemsandreducesettlementrisk,throughmeasuressuchasfacilitatingpayment-versus-payment,toimproveaccessbybanks,non-banksandpaymentinfrastructurestosystems,toextendandalignoperatinghoursbetweensystems,topursuebetterinterlinkingofpaymentsystemsforcross-borderpayments,toexplorereciprocalliquidityarrangements.Fourth–toreducecostsandimprovethescopeforstraight-throughdataprocessing,weneedbetterdata.Toachievethis,weneedtoadoptcommondataformats,includingrulesforconversionandmappingfromlegacyformats,aswellasprotocolsforinformationexchange.Morespecifically,theFSBRoadmapaimstoharmonizetechnicalstandardscommonmessageformatsandstandardsfordataexchange.Wearealsoexaminingthescopeforauniqueglobalidentifierthatlinkstotheaccountinformationinpaymenttransactions.Theseimprovementswouldalsobeimportantbuildingblockstoenablethedevelopmentofefficientnewpaymentinfrastructures.Ourfifthandfinalfocusareaisthatweneedtoexaminethepotentialroleofnewtypesofpaymentinfrastructuresandarrangements,likecentralbankdigitalcurrenciesandwell-regulated"globalstablecoins".Sofar,theseinnovationshavenotbeenimplementedbroadly–somearestillintheirdesignphaseandothersremaintheoretical.Buttheycould,potentially,bypassbarriersthatarehardtoaddressbymerelyadjustingexistingprocesses.Sowiththisfocusarea,theRoadmapisexamininginparticulartowhatextentsuchinnovationscouldcontributetoimprovedcross-borderpayments–allofthis,ofcourse,withoutcompromisingonminimumsupervisoryandregulatorystandardstocontrolrisksorendangeringmonetaryandfinancialstability.Theimportanceofthisworkhasrecentlybeenemphasisedbytherapidevolutionandgrowingpopularityofcrypto-assets.Thishaspromptedustoaccelerateworktostrengthentheregulationandsupervisionofcrypto-assetmarkets.Butthereisacautionarytalehere.Thedemandforcrypto-assetsinpartreflectspublicdissatisfactionwithcurrentpaymentservices,andifwedonotimprovetheperformanceoftheregulatedmarketthentheremaybeincreasingdemandfortheless-regulatedcrypto-assetmarkettofillthegap.Enablingeasierremittancepayments,whilemaintainingtheirsafetyandsecurity,willbeakeypartofthis.Theseare,inanutshell,thefivefocusareasoftheFSBRoadmap.Insomeways,however,theworkwehavedonesofarhasbeentheeasypart.Thehardpartliesahead,aswestarttotranslateourgoalsintoactions.Toguideouractions,wehavedevelopedasetofquantitativetargets.Eachtargetrelatesdirectlytooneofthefourchallengeswewanttotackle.Forexample,relatedtothehighcostofcross-borderpayments,ourtargetistolowertheglobalaveragecostofcross-borderretailpaymentstoonepercentoftheamounttransferred,withnocross-countrycorridorabovethreepercent.WehavealsoreaffirmedtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoaltargetsforcostsofsendingremittances.Intermsofspeed,wehavesetthegoalthat,for75percentofpayments,recipientsreceivetheirfundswithinonehourofpaymentinitiation,andtheremainderwithinonebusinessday.Intermsoftransparency,wewantpeoplemakingcross-borderpaymentstohaveaccesstoaminimumlistofinformationabouttheirpayment–suchasonchargesandtheabilitytotrackthestatusoftheirpayment.Andregardinginclusion,allshouldhaveaccesstoatleastoneoptionforsendingandreceivingelectronicpayments,and–ifpossible–multipleoptions.Weareaimingtoachievemostofourtargetsbytheendof2027.Thismayseemlikealongtimeframe,butitis,infact,quiteambitiouswhenyouconsiderthetimeneededtoupgradeunderlyinginfrastructure.Critically,thetargetshavebeensetinordertoleadto–andmotivate–actionsthatarefocusedonachievingvisibleimprovementsforthosemakingandreceivingpayments.Soafterthegroundworkofthepasttwoyears,wehavestarted,thisyear,todevelopspecificproposalsformaterialimprovementstoexistingpaymentssystemsandarrangements,aswellasthedevelopmentofnewsystems.Withouttheseimprovements,ourtargetswillnotbeachieved.Andcross-borderpaymentswillremaincostly,slow,anduntransparent,andcontinuetoexcludemanyofthemostvulnerable.Towrapup:Enhancingcross-borderpaymentsisasharedglobalgoal.Commitment,coordinationandaccountabilitywillbecriticaltoitssuccess.TheFSBRoadmapgivesustheopportunitytomakearealdifferencetoindividuals,businessesandfinancialinstitutionsacrosstheglobe.Cheaper,faster,moretransparentandmoreinclusivecross-borderpaymentshavewidespreadbenef