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“黃花菜”是植物的什么部分?(花)愛(ài)因斯坦是哪國(guó)科學(xué)家?(美國(guó))白兔的眼睛為什么是紅的?(是血液的顏色)北極星在哪個(gè)星座中?(小熊星座)邊緣比中央厚的透鏡叫如近視眼鏡的鏡片:(凹透鏡)風(fēng)向可以用什么來(lái)測(cè)量。(風(fēng)向標(biāo))彩虹的頂部是什么顏色的?(紅)穿山甲是用什么捕食的?(舌頭)從哪個(gè)部位可以知道馬的年齡?(牙齒)10、大熊貓和小熊貓是同一科的嗎? 不是11、大葉黃楊和小葉黃楊是同一種植物嗎?(不是)12、地球大約有多大年歲了?(50~60億年)13、地球與太陽(yáng)系的其它行星不會(huì)相撞,是因?yàn)槭裁丛??(太?yáng)的引力作用)14、動(dòng)物中的跳高冠軍是誰(shuí)?(美洲山獅)15、動(dòng)物中視角最大的是:(魚(yú))16、任何植物的莖上都有?,這是莖最基本質(zhì)的特征。(節(jié))17、風(fēng)能利用的最主要的形式是:(風(fēng)力發(fā)電)18、海帶屬于什么植物:(藻,褐藻)19、海豚是什么動(dòng)物:(哺乳動(dòng)物)20、海洋占地球表面積的:(71%)21、黑洞的顏色是?(無(wú)顏色)22、紅藥水能否和碘酒一起使用?(不能,會(huì)有毒性物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生)23、黃河流經(jīng)于幾個(gè)?。浚?個(gè))24、蛔蟲(chóng)生活在人體內(nèi)屬于什么關(guān)系?(寄生)25、雞為什么要吃小石子?(幫助消化)26、極地越野車(chē)是模仿什么動(dòng)物行走而設(shè)計(jì)制造的?企鵝27、讀取溫度計(jì)的數(shù)值時(shí)視線要與溫度計(jì)中液柱的上表面?相平。(28、假設(shè)你在宇宙飛船上燒一壺水,燒多少時(shí)間才會(huì)燒開(kāi)呢?不會(huì)燒開(kāi)29、菊花一般在什么季節(jié)開(kāi)放?秋天30、開(kāi)屏的孔雀是:雄孔雀31、空氣中含量最多的是:氮?dú)?2、種子萌發(fā)先長(zhǎng)出?,再長(zhǎng)出芽和葉, (根)33、眉毛的生長(zhǎng)周期在約為: 二個(gè)月34、梅花鹿是我國(guó)的幾級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物:I級(jí)35、目前在各種礦物質(zhì)中硬度最大的是:金剛石36、鳥(niǎo)中最小的是:蜂鳥(niǎo)37、蘋(píng)果和玫瑰花是同一科的嗎?是,薔薇科38、人體中最大的淋巴器官是:脾39、人體內(nèi)的水份約占體重的百分比是多少? 60%40、石油被人們譽(yù)為“黑色的金子” ,這句話對(duì)嗎?對(duì)41、世界上第一例試管嬰兒出身于:1978年42、世界上哪一種動(dòng)物的壽命最長(zhǎng)?烏龜43、世界上熔點(diǎn)最高的金屬是:鎢44、糖尿病人比較適合吃的“糖”是:木糖醇45、天然氣主要成分是?甲烷46、通常所說(shuō)的鯨魚(yú)是:哺乳47娃娃魚(yú)的產(chǎn)卵季節(jié)是:夏末48娃娃魚(yú)體長(zhǎng)一般在幾米左右? 1米49完全花包括萼片雄蕊雌蕊和?四個(gè)部分,(花瓣)50月亮不會(huì)發(fā)光,我們看到的月光是:月亮反射太陽(yáng)光51魚(yú)有耳朵嗎?有52現(xiàn)存鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)中的最大的鳥(niǎo)蛋是: 鴕鳥(niǎo)53熊貓是什么科動(dòng)物?貓科54一個(gè)蘋(píng)果最甜的地方是哪個(gè)部位?頂部55一公斤鐵和一公斤棉花哪一個(gè)輕?一樣重56像放大鏡那樣,中央比邊緣厚的透鏡叫:凸透鏡57最高級(jí)的爬行動(dòng)物是:鱷魚(yú)58我國(guó)最北面的城市是哪個(gè)? : 漠河59奧運(yùn)會(huì)旗是 :"五色環(huán) "旗,其中黃色環(huán)代表 :亞洲60最早的地鐵是哪國(guó)建造的? 英國(guó)61最早的溫度計(jì)是:空氣溫度計(jì)62我國(guó)農(nóng)歷中有多少個(gè)節(jié)氣?( 24個(gè))63產(chǎn)生海水潮汐的主要原因是: (月球引力)64“出污泥而不染”說(shuō)的是哪種植物?(荷花)65我們常說(shuō)高科技的“兩彈一星”是指什么?(原子彈 氫彈人造地球衛(wèi)星)66在我國(guó)一年四季中,哪一天的白天最短?(冬至)67青蛙是屬于爬行動(dòng)物嗎?(不是,是兩棲動(dòng)物)68電腦的“大腦”是什么?(中央處理器( CPU))69降水的形式很多,常見(jiàn)的有雨雪和?等。(冰雹)70文房四寶指的是哪四件東西?(筆墨紙硯)71戲曲人物中畫(huà)白色臉譜的一般是好人還是壞人?(壞人)72第一個(gè)飛上太空的是前蘇聯(lián)宇航員是誰(shuí)?(加加林)73誰(shuí)發(fā)明了炸藥?(諾貝爾)74造紙術(shù)是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的?(蔡倫)75"鐳的母親 "是指誰(shuí)?(居里夫人)76電燈是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的?(愛(ài)迪生)77中國(guó)的"導(dǎo)彈之父"是指誰(shuí)?(錢(qián)學(xué)森)78世界是第一臺(tái)測(cè)定地震的儀器是由誰(shuí)發(fā)明的?(張衡)79我國(guó)最早的飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)師是誰(shuí)?(馮如)80什么被稱為 "海上輕騎兵 "?(快艇)81田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)競(jìng)賽分為哪兩種?(田賽和徑賽)82氣象學(xué)家用來(lái)測(cè)量降水量多少的裝置是什么?(雨量器)83我國(guó)古代有“琴棋書(shū)畫(huà)”之說(shuō),請(qǐng)問(wèn)琴指什么?棋指什么?(古箏 圍棋)84環(huán)境污染的來(lái)源主要有工業(yè)生產(chǎn)日常生活農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和?四個(gè)方面(交通運(yùn)輸 )85目前在我國(guó)家庭固定電話接聽(tīng)手機(jī)電話時(shí)是否要交費(fèi)? :不要86我國(guó)的愛(ài)鳥(niǎo)周是每年哪個(gè)月的最后一個(gè)星期。(四月)87世界環(huán)境日是哪一天?( 6月15日)88大大小小的地震在地球上每年約有多少次?( 500萬(wàn)次)89人體最大的細(xì)胞是什么?( 卵細(xì)胞)90世界水日是哪一天?: (3月22日)91“www”表示什么?(網(wǎng)頁(yè))92中國(guó)古代的四大發(fā)明是 指南針火藥活字印刷術(shù)和什么?(造紙術(shù))93、代表著和平的植物是什么?( 橄欖枝)94、人體缺少哪種微量元素會(huì)造成甲狀腺腫大?(碘)95、被稱為“啟明星”的是太陽(yáng)系中的:(金星)96、云實(shí)際上是由千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的?或冰晶組成的。(小水滴)97、食魚(yú)對(duì)眼睛有益是因?yàn)轸~(yú)中尤其魚(yú)眼中富含那種元素?(維生素 A)98、濫用維生素 C會(huì)對(duì)人體造成什么傷害?(削弱人體免疫能力)99、中國(guó)第一顆原子彈在哪一天引爆 ,震驚了世界 ?(1964年10月16日)100、不給仙人掌澆水,最多能活幾年?101、美國(guó)宇航員尼爾?阿姆斯特朗于 1969年由于什么而名垂史冊(cè)?(是第一位在月球上行走的人)102、被稱為"雜交水稻之父 "的科學(xué)家是誰(shuí)?(袁隆平 )103、第一架望遠(yuǎn)鏡是由誰(shuí)發(fā)明?(伽利略)104、我國(guó)首飛航天員梯隊(duì)由楊利偉、翟志剛及誰(shuí)三名航天員組成。(聶海勝)105、四個(gè)文明古國(guó)是巴比倫、古埃及、中國(guó)及?四個(gè)國(guó)家。(印度)106、首次成功克隆哺乳動(dòng)物——“多莉”的國(guó)家是:(英國(guó))107、世界上第一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星是 1957年由哪國(guó)發(fā)射成功的?(前蘇聯(lián))108、什么被稱為空中的 "運(yùn)輸大王 "?(軍事運(yùn)輸機(jī))109、風(fēng)向是指風(fēng)風(fēng)吹來(lái)的方向?qū)??。(?duì)的)110、什么槍被稱為"槍中之王"?(步槍?zhuān)?11、為什么先看見(jiàn)閃電后聽(tīng)到雷聲?(光波在空氣中的傳播速度比聲速快)112、中國(guó)第一個(gè)奧運(yùn)會(huì)冠軍是誰(shuí)?(許海峰)113、為什么自行車(chē)能動(dòng)?(自行車(chē)的輪胎與地面相互摩擦)114、月亮圍繞什么東西轉(zhuǎn)?轉(zhuǎn)一周期多長(zhǎng)?(地球)(24小時(shí))115、我國(guó)三大平原是哪些?(東北平原、華北平原、長(zhǎng)江中下游平原)116、地球的厚被是什么?(大氣圈)117、誰(shuí)發(fā)明蒸汽機(jī)?(瓦特)118、為什么不要看電焊火花?(內(nèi)含一種對(duì)眼睛有害的紫外線)119、電池的發(fā)明人是誰(shuí)? (伏特)120、魚(yú)類(lèi)的祖先叫什么? (文昌魚(yú))121、世界上最毒的蜘蛛叫什么?(狼蜘)122、氣象學(xué)家通常把云分成積云、層云和?三類(lèi)。(卷云)123、巧克力是從哪里來(lái)的?(是從可可樹(shù)上果實(shí)里的種子制成的)124、天氣日歷中,我們已經(jīng)使用了晴天、多云和?等來(lái)描述和記錄云量的觀察(陰天)125、世界野生生物基金會(huì)的會(huì)徽是采用了我國(guó)特有的珍貴動(dòng)物是什么?(大熊貓)126、鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的祖先是什么鳥(niǎo)?(始祖鳥(niǎo))127、第1個(gè)到達(dá)月球的兩個(gè)宇航員是誰(shuí)?(阿姆斯特郎和奧爾德林)128、泰山在哪個(gè)省哪個(gè)市? (山東泰山市)129、亞馬遜河在哪個(gè)國(guó)家? (巴西)130、最大的哺乳動(dòng)物是什么? (藍(lán)鯨)131、最大的兩棲動(dòng)物是什么? (娃娃魚(yú))132、最早的農(nóng)作物是什么? (小麥)133、我國(guó)四大油料作物是什么?(油菜、大豆、花生、芝麻)134、馳名全國(guó)的三大飲料是哪三樣?(茶葉、可可、咖啡)135、郁金香是哪個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)花?(荷蘭)136、甩掉中國(guó)貧油帽子的人是誰(shuí) ?(李四光)137、誰(shuí)發(fā)明了麻醉術(shù)?(華佗)138、橡皮是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的?(愛(ài)迪生)139、“天下第一關(guān)”指的是我國(guó)的那里?(山海關(guān))140、中國(guó)是世界上產(chǎn)虎最多的國(guó)家,那么什么最為名貴? (東北虎)141、UFO是什么標(biāo)志? (飛碟)142、飛機(jī)是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的?(萊特兄弟)143、全球的四大害是哪四種? (老鼠、蚊子、蒼蠅、臭蟲(chóng))144、第一個(gè)預(yù)報(bào)彗星的是誰(shuí)? (哈雷)145、漢民族的共同語(yǔ)是什么? (普通話)146、用手“讀書(shū)的文書(shū)是什么文?(盲文)147、被稱為天然監(jiān)測(cè)儀的是什么植物? (苔群)148、被稱為捕蟲(chóng)神刀手的是什么動(dòng)物? (螳螂)149、中國(guó)首次參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)是哪一年? (1924年)150、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的五環(huán)旗象征著什么?(五大洲運(yùn)動(dòng)員的友誼和團(tuán)結(jié))151、紅十字標(biāo)志來(lái)自哪個(gè)國(guó)家?(瑞士)152、冰淇淋是哪國(guó)發(fā)明的? (中國(guó))153、世界上第一個(gè)兩次獲得若貝爾獎(jiǎng)的是誰(shuí)? (居里夫人)154、書(shū)法有正書(shū)、草書(shū)、篆書(shū)、隸書(shū)、行書(shū)和?的種類(lèi)? (楷書(shū))Keys:第一章科技英語(yǔ)閱讀第一節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)主要特點(diǎn)ThefirstthreesentencesinPassageOneareallconstructedwithpassivevoicewhilethefirstthreesentencesinPassageTwoareconstructedwithactivevoice.Therefore,thelanguageinPassageOnesoundsmoreformalandobjectivethanthatofPassageTwo.ThewordsspokenbySheilainPassageTwoareinformal.Examples:"There'sRaviatthehomeofthatAmericandoctor."(Contractedform);"Awonderfulguy."(Incompletesentence);"Ravilookssweet,doesn'the?"(Questiontag).InthesecondparagraphofPassageOne,"it"refersto"touseinsecticideregularly,onaverylargescale."InthesecondparagraphofPassageTwo,"through"means"finish"or"complete."PassageOneiswrittenforacademicpurposeandPassageTwomainlyforentertainment.PassageOneAblastofhotairissentintothebottomofthefurnacetomakethecokeburnfiercely.Itisblownintothefurnacethroughpipes.Thesepipesareinstalledaroundthecircumferenceoftheblastfurnaceeightfeetabovethebottom.Whilethecokeisburningandironismelting,gasisformedatthetopofthechamber.Thisisledofffromthetopofthefurnacetobeused.Itcontainscarbonmonoxide,whichiscombustible.Partofthisgasisusedformakingtheairblasthot.Itisledoffintostoves.

PassageTwoAllelementsarecomposedofdiscreteunitscalledatoms,whicharethesmallestparticlesthatexhibitthecharacteristicsoftheelement.Atomsaretinyunitsofmattercomposedofpositivelychargedprotons,negativelychargedelectrons,andelectricallyneutralneutrons.Protonsandneutrons,whichhaveapproximatelythesamemass,areclusteredinthenucleusinthecenteroftheatom.Electrons,whicharetinyincomparisontotheotherunits,orbitthenucleusathighspeed.Atomsthathaveanequalnumberofelectronsandprotonsareelectricallyneutral.Thosethathavegainedorlostelectrons,andthereforearepositivelyornegativelycharged,arecalledions.第二節(jié)科技、半科技英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)D(自動(dòng)駕駛儀)2.F(生物鐘)3.1(熱核的)4.G(地?zé)岬?B(微波) 6.J(放射療法) 7.E(光周期)8.A(超導(dǎo)體)H(遠(yuǎn)距離操縱器)10.C(超顯微/濾過(guò)性病毒)II.1.II.1.一位從事航空醫(yī)學(xué)研究的醫(yī)生3.一種新型除霜器5.一輛裝有自動(dòng)報(bào)警器的汽車(chē)7.一種廣泛使用的殺蟲(chóng)劑(農(nóng)藥)9.電信業(yè)的發(fā)展 10.2.防止計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪的措施4.一個(gè)用光電池驅(qū)動(dòng)的玩具6.隔音材料8.用放射性碳做的試驗(yàn)一臺(tái)通用機(jī)床III.in-(Inorganic)III.in-(Inorganic)3.hydro-(Hydrotherapy)radio-(radioactive)-free(caffeine-free)infra-(infrared)/infra-(infrared)/ultra-(ultrared)mono-(monorail)aero-(Aerodynamics)-fold(33-fold)aero-(Aerodynamics)-fold(33-fold)geo-(geocentric)-proof(weatherproof)geo-(geocentric)-proof(weatherproof)bio-(biotechnology)anti-(antibiotic)bio-(biotechnology)anti-(antibiotic)IV.發(fā)電站2.礦物燃料3.太陽(yáng)黑子 4.航天探測(cè)器5.滾珠軸承6.渦輪7.航天飛機(jī) 8.樹(shù)木的年輪 9.離心調(diào)速器10.心肌功能V.1.flow2.laws3.law4.conserved5.transferred6.transformed7.bond8.thermodynamics9.work10.law11.degraded12.work13.law14.state 15.disorder16.energy17.law18.biological19.metabolically 20.cellVI.1.很明顯,許多家用電器的加熱和照明作用都依靠電阻。2.氣體如果不封閉在剛性的容器內(nèi)就會(huì)膨脹,受熱的氣球便可說(shuō)明這一現(xiàn)象。在化學(xué)變化中,粒子結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化,生成新的物質(zhì)。19世紀(jì),電力設(shè)備以及由此興起的工業(yè)得到迅速發(fā)展,而當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)電的性質(zhì)還不完全了解。應(yīng)注意保證脈沖信號(hào)本身不出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則現(xiàn)象和中斷現(xiàn)象。可以有把握地說(shuō),除了琥珀之外,許多其他物質(zhì)通過(guò)摩擦也能帶電。第三節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)中的復(fù)合詞與專(zhuān)有名詞1.H(耐熱的,抗熱的,不傳熱的) 2.E(帶寬)3.J(流線型的) 4.B(基巖)5.G(耗電量大的) 6.A(太空行走 )7.I(用水制冷的) 8.D(液態(tài)的)9.F(用防火材料保護(hù)的,阻燃的 ) 10.C(網(wǎng)絡(luò))II.stressshock,stress-relateddiseasessolid-statesemiconductordevicesenergy-efficientappliancestopsoilsteamenginesoilorganismswindbornedustthechainreactionFuelwoodshortagesheat-andscratch-resistantsurfacesIII.1.nylon2.volt3.pasteurization4.Morsecode5.Bunsenburner6.mackintosh7.Dopplereffect8.Xerox9.newton 10.ampere第四節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)中的復(fù)數(shù)形式與縮略語(yǔ)I.1.bacteria2.spectra/spectrums3.radius4.Fungi5.nucleus6.formula7.phenomenon 8.Algae/Algas9.larvae/larvas10.stratumII.F(computerdiscread-onlymemory)J(ear,nose,andthroat)A(ribonucleicacid)H(unidentifiedflyingobject)C(microwavelandingsystem)B(video-displayterminal)I(personalcomputer)E(ultraviolet)G(computer-aidedmanufacturing)D(artificialintelligence)III.上述定理和定律不但對(duì)直流電路而言是正確的,對(duì)交流電路而言也同樣是正確的。美國(guó)通常的家用電壓是 110-220伏,因?yàn)槿藗儼l(fā)現(xiàn)更高的電壓會(huì)造成致命的事故。4500型平版印刷機(jī)(人們給該機(jī)器取的名字)能過(guò)生產(chǎn)1英寸厚的18英寸彩色液晶顯示屏。該發(fā)生器每小時(shí)產(chǎn)生蒸汽 20萬(wàn)磅。電離層的結(jié)構(gòu)是變化的,這就意味著,高頻無(wú)線電通信的頻率極限也是變化的。第五節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)的主要句型I.Thefirstprogramwouldrequireaminimumof108weeks,whilethesecond72weeks.Heatedto100C,w°aterwillstartboiling.Thenutrientsolutionwillsupportgrowthevenifhighlydilute.Twoorthreehundredofthesewires,eachabout0.19inchesindiameter,areclampedtogethertoformasinglestrand.ThethreegroupsoftranquilizersaremarketedintheUnitedStates,butnotcommonlyusedinBritain.Commonsaltissolubleinwater.Benzenehasaboilingpointof80.4Cundernorm°alpressure.Thisplasticsmaterialhasgreaterrigidity.ThebeamhasanI-shapedcross-section.Thisspecimenhasalengthof3-26cm.Thestoragevesselhasacapacityof10,000liters.Abriefdescriptionisgivenoftheuseanddevelopmenttrendsoftelecommunication.Somescientistshavesuggestedanimmediatebanontheuseoffluorocarbons.Inplanningaroad,extensivepreliminarysurveysmustbecarriedouttodeterminethepreciselineoftheroad.Insuchcases,precautionshavetobetakentoavoiddamagetothemechanism.First,thetentsmustbespacedat25-footintervalstopreventflamespread.Thesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.Electricitycanbetransmittedbymeansofwires.Themicroscopeenablessmallobjectstobeobserved.Thesemethodsofjoiningmetalarenormallyadoptedforstrongpermanentjoints.Theexistenceofthebiologicalclockwasfirstrecognizedintheearly18thcentury.Thewaythisdangerhasbeenassessedandtheactiontakenreflectsagrowingawarenessoftheproblem.Afterthesoilhasbeenexcavatedtotheappropriatedepthandfilled,itiscompactedbyaroller

untilitisfirm.第六節(jié)科技英語(yǔ)篇章閱讀方法Subject:篇章閱讀答案Keys:IIITextOrganizationpartI:amultibillion-dollarcraftcalledtheCrewExplorationVehicle(CEV)partII:DavidGumpandGaryHudson;anentrepreneurwithfreshideaspartIII:innovativetechnologyviabilityofanewmethodforair-launchingspacecraftwinmoneyfromNASAandprivateinvestorsIVMultipleChoice1-5CBADC6-10CDCAA第二章科技英語(yǔ)翻譯I 詞的翻譯根據(jù)詞的搭配選擇詞義Solid:h),b),g),d),i),f),j),a),c),k),m),l),e)根據(jù)專(zhuān)業(yè)確定詞義System:(1)humanocularsystem視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)(醫(yī)學(xué))(1)humanocularsystem視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)(醫(yī)學(xué))(3)pillingsystem打樁工程(土木工程)(5)transmissionsystem發(fā)送站(無(wú)線電)(7)stresssystem應(yīng)力狀態(tài)(力學(xué))(9)systemofgovernment政體(政治)(11)opticalsystem光具組(光學(xué))3 根據(jù)詞類(lèi)或語(yǔ)境確定詞義round錠子同時(shí)繞兩個(gè)垂直的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。粒子每運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)一周都從振蕩電場(chǎng)獲取新的能量。condition數(shù)學(xué)操作或邏輯操作必須符合某種條件。交互編程環(huán)境現(xiàn)在能用于一些商用編程語(yǔ)言。(2)rocketsystem多級(jí)火箭(航天)(4)wiringsystem電路圖(電路)(6)trunksystem長(zhǎng)途電話網(wǎng)(郵電)(8)phone-visionsystem電視電話(通訊)(10)stripsystem帶伐作業(yè)(林業(yè))(12)parallelsystem平行式布置(設(shè)計(jì))⑶find人們發(fā)現(xiàn)鉆孔速度與工具所受的凈壓力成正比??茖W(xué)家們總是力求找到快速而簡(jiǎn)便的方法獲得定量數(shù)據(jù)。work推拉物體不見(jiàn)得就會(huì)做功。這些手表的零件都是國(guó)內(nèi)制造的,性能良好。II句子的翻譯.假說(shuō)是科學(xué)家從觀察中得出的一種特定的論斷。.大部分錢(qián)是靠出售他培育出的一種馬鈴薯新品種的秘訣而掙得的。.如果開(kāi)關(guān)接通,電流就流過(guò)線路。.由于分子運(yùn)動(dòng)而引起的力能使分子分離。.很顯然,數(shù)控是指機(jī)床采用數(shù)字來(lái)操縱。.電流的變化與電動(dòng)勢(shì)成正比,與電阻成反比。.無(wú)線電波與光波相似,只不過(guò)無(wú)線電波的波長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)一些。.自動(dòng)化機(jī)器雖然有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但他們只能做人們吩咐它們要做的事情。.這些新技術(shù)的采用為我們提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗電量小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。.即便在同一施工場(chǎng)地,由于地基的性質(zhì)有很大差異,土地的承載力也不相同。.不是每次碰撞都能發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng),因?yàn)樵S多分子不具有反應(yīng)所需要的能量。.絕緣體接上電源后,電不會(huì)像通過(guò)導(dǎo)體那樣通過(guò)絕緣體。III長(zhǎng)句的翻譯正是由于集成電路的研制成功,才有可能把電子器件做得越來(lái)越小。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的工廠和車(chē)間里,用機(jī)器人來(lái)充當(dāng)助手越來(lái)越普及, 它是經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)并制造出來(lái)的機(jī)器手,可以獨(dú)立從事各種工業(yè)活動(dòng)。試圖利用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)復(fù)制人腦活動(dòng)方式的數(shù)學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn), 即使運(yùn)用最先進(jìn)的電子設(shè)備,他們也要建造一臺(tái)重1萬(wàn)公斤的計(jì)算機(jī)才行。結(jié)果表明,在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi),全球平均氣溫都是相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定的,可極小的溫度變化卻意味著環(huán)境的巨大改變。但是,最近發(fā)表在科學(xué)雜志的一對(duì)研究報(bào)告并沒(méi)有驗(yàn)證生物燃料的這種作用。并且,事實(shí)上,相對(duì)于要被取而代之的化石燃料來(lái)說(shuō),生物燃料對(duì)氣候產(chǎn)生的危害是有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。盡管備受關(guān)注的是研發(fā)金屬,陶瓷,聚合物與復(fù)合材料材質(zhì)的改善, 但有能力生產(chǎn),制造可以滿足特定需求的材料現(xiàn)在也在漸漸變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。信息高速公路是一種電子通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò),這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)把所有的人互相聯(lián)系起來(lái),并可提供任意一種人們想得到的電子通訊方式。如果把管子裝成這個(gè)樣子,使最熱的水上升,而最冷的水流下來(lái)后返回鍋爐里去, 那么,鍋爐中的熱水系統(tǒng)不用水泵就能循環(huán),道理就在于此。多種因素促使人們更加關(guān)注(垃圾的處理)/這種興趣的產(chǎn)生有很多因素, 包括對(duì)垃圾越來(lái)越多,垃圾填埋場(chǎng)地越來(lái)越少,焚燒垃圾造成的空氣污染越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重的擔(dān)心; 及對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的必要性已形成的共識(shí)等。10無(wú)論是用作轎車(chē)和公汽的能源,還是發(fā)電作其他的什么用途,燃料電池都是無(wú)需燃燒就可將氫轉(zhuǎn)化成電能。.每個(gè)化學(xué)元素在周期表中都有一定的原子數(shù)和位置, 可以據(jù)此來(lái)推測(cè)其特性:如何同別的元素相互作用,能形成什么樣的化合物,以及它的物理屬性。.固體加熱到足夠溫度時(shí),它所含的電子就會(huì)有一部分離開(kāi)固體表面而飛到周?chē)目臻g中去;這種現(xiàn)象稱為熱電子放射;通常,電子管就利用這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生自由電子。第三章科技英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作第一節(jié)Ourlatestattemptatmoldingperformanceprotectorshasledtosomepositiveresults.WespentseveralhoursinDept.15tryingdifferentmachinesettingsandtechniques.Severalgoodpartsweremoldedusingtwodifferentsheetthicknesses.Hereisasummaryofthefindings.First,wetriedthethicksheetmaterial.At240F,thisthicknesswOrkedwell.Next,wetriedthethinnersheetmaterial.Thethinnermaterialislessforgiving,butafterafewadjustmentsweweremakinggoodparts.Still,thethinmaterialcausedthemosthandlingproblems.第二節(jié).引言部分I.ActionsofAntibiotics,(不夠具體)PerformancesofModeratorsinReactors,(不夠具體)AComprehensiveSurveyontheEtiologicalFactorsofStomachCancerinChina,(刪除acomprehensivesurvey)StudiesontheFluctuationofNoiseandRegressionAnalysis(刪除studiesonthe)AComparisonofRadioWaveswithWaterWaves,(不夠具體)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z.ApplicationofStatisticalMethodstoDiagnoseCausesofPoorAir-QualityModelPerformance(統(tǒng)計(jì)方法在診斷空氣質(zhì)量模型性質(zhì)差的原因方面的應(yīng)用 )InvestigationonHeat-ElectricityCogenerationwithNuclearHeatingReactors(核供熱反應(yīng)堆熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 )LightRadiationfromPulsedDischargesinWater(水中高壓脈沖發(fā)電的光輻射研究 ).摘要部分■、Thecurrentcalibrationmethodsoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystemareintroduced,andtheproblemandtheunreasonablenessofthesemethodsareanalyzed.Basedontheprincipleofthemathematicalstatistics,thecalibrationmethodisinvestigatedthatmeasurestheprojectile-velocityatthesametimebythemulti-groupzone-blockdeviceisunbiased,uniformandefficientandusestheaverageofthemeasuredvalueasthetruevalueoftheprojectile-velocityatthepoint.Themethodadvantagesareanalyzedtoo.Thecalibrationsystemoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystembasedonthelaserscreentargetsisestablished.Theexperimentandthedataprocessprovethatthemethodisnotonlyfeasible,butalsoprovidesaneffectivecalibrationmethodforquantificationallygivingtheuncertaintyofmeasuringtheprojectile-velocityquantitatively.Anovelwatersolublefluorescentmonomer,4-(N'-methyl-1-piperazinyl) -N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimideallylchloridequaternaryammoniumsalt(FM)issynthesizedfrom4-bromo-1,8-naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructureischaracterizedbyIR,HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)ispreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionareresearched.TheresultsshowthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAare399nmand531nmrespectively,andtheshapesaresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAislinear.Thecorrelationcoefficient(R)is0.9978andthelimitofdetectionis0.95mg.L-1.Bythestaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2is85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis20mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3is70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4is86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionisgood.TheresultsfromSEMshowthatthecopolymerhashighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3.[2010,34(1):151-156]Accordingtotheelectromagneticpropagationruleandthecalculationmethodsofequivalentsurfaceimpedance,anewmicrowaveabsorberbasedonresonanthigh-impedancesurfaceisproposedanddesigned.Thetheoreticanalysisinthefrequencyrangeof2.95to4.15GHz.Butinthisfrequencyrange,itisaperfectabsorberwhiletheresonantsurfaceisloadedwithanultra-thinelectricloss-sheetwithimpedancematchingtothefreespace.Thebandwidthwiththereflectioncoefficientof-10dBorlessisabout700MHz,andthemaximumabsorptionpeakisat3.55GHz.Thesimulatedresultsagreewellwiththeanalysisresults.Thedesignoftheabsorberisnotonlysimpleinstructure,butalsohascharacteristicsofultra-thin(1.5mmthickness),ultra-lightandwiderbandwidth.SinceWienerproposedtheCyvernetics,feedbackhasalwaysbeenthemostfundamentalconceptandmethodologyforcontroltheoryandengineering.Thispapersummarizesthedevelopmentoftheexistingfeedbackcontrolandtheemergencyinterconnectionscontrol.Itispointedthatthemechanismoftheclosed-loopfeedbackcanberegardedtobeadesigntorealizethedesiredperformancebychangingtheinterconnectionsofthesystemsviafeedbackgains.However,inmanypracticalsystems,especially,inlarge-scalesystems,someoftheinterconnectionsmayberegulateddirectly.Usually,theinterconnectionscanbedividedintotwoparts:fixedpartandregulatablepart.Theregualtablepartcanbeassigneddirectlyinanopen-loopwaywhiletheclosed-loopfeedbackcontrolisimplementedinacoordinateway.Anovelcontrolwayisthusproposed:itisconsistsofanopen-loopinterconnectionsassigningandaclassicalclosed-loopfeedbackcontrol.Theanalysisshowsthatthistechniquenotonlydescribesalargeclassofemergencycontrolstrategybutalsoextendsthelimitationoffeedbackcontrol.Withthisstrategy,almostallexistingclosed-loopfeedbackcontroltheoriesandtheircorrespondingmethodologycanbeextendedtoanewsphere.InordertoimproveGPSsignalsacquis’ition,trackingperformanceinhighdynamicenvironment.Throughthesequentiallogic,loopparameters,andhighdynamicchangesundertheDopplerfrequencyshiftanalysis,usingwidebandwidthandhigh-ordertrackingloop,alooptocarrieracquisition,trackingisdesignedbasedonDSP+FPGA.Bysignals’Fouriertransform,FPGAisusedtocompletefastcarrierfirstcaptureandsecondpreciseacquisition,whileDSPisusedtorealizeanautomaticadjustedsecond-orderFLL-assistedthird-orderCostas-PLLwhichmakestheloophavetheanti-highdynamicperformanceandstillhaveahightrackingaccuracy.Simulationresultsshowthat:thedesigncanachieveGPScarrier’sfastacquisitionandaccuratetrackinginhighdynamicenvironment.[2010,34(1):75-79]Bythemeasuresofthetheoryofcomplexfunctions,thedynamicpropagationproblemsconcerningmodeIIIasymmetricalinterfacecrackundertheactionofmovingvariableloadsarestudied.Theuniversalexpressionsofanalyticalsolutionsarereadilyattainedbythetechniqueofself-similarfunctionsandcorrespondingdifferentialandintegraloperation.TheproblemdiscussedherecanbeeasilytranslatedintoRiemann-Hibertproblembythisapproach,andtheanalyticalsolutionsofthestress,displacementanddynamicstressintensityfactorunderthecracksurfacessubjectedtomovingvariableloadsarerespectivelyattained.TheirclosedsolutionsareobtainedbymeansofMuskhelishvilism’ethod.Thesolutionsofthediscretionallycomplexproblemscanbegainedbythosesolutionsandsuperpositiontheorem.Inordertostudythedistributionoftheelectrondensitiesinthelaser-induced-plasma(LIP),theimage-processingmethodsareutilizedtopre-processtheinterferencefringesoflaser-induced-plasma.TheinterogramsoftheLIPisobtainedbyMach-Zehnderinterferometerinexperiment.TheinterferencefringesoftheLIPispretreatedbyfilteringandsharpening.Inordertogetthethinning-imageoftheinterferencefringesoftheLIP,binaryandthinningareusedtotreatthedenoisedinterferogramsoftheLIP.TheinverseAbeltransformisoperatedontheshiftofthethinnedinterferencefringes,andtheradialdistributionofelectrondensityoftheLIPisobtained.Aimedatthesystemconsistingofsquareplansifterandflexiblesuspenderattachedtosquareplansifter,therigid-flexiblecouplingdynamicmodelingandthefiniteelementsimulationareemployedtostudyit.ThenonlineardynamicequationofsquareplansifterisestablishedbasedontheLagrangeequation,andthekinematiccirclelawisderivedfromstabilizationcondition.ByusingMSC.Patran/Nastran,thefiniteelementmodelofsquareplansifteriscreatedandthetransientresponseanalysisisapplied.Thetheoreticmodelandtheresultsoffiniteelementsimulationareverifiedbyexperimentaldate.Thedynamicmodelandfiniteelementsimulationmethodpresentedinthispaperpossessanimportantreferencevalueandguidancetointensitycheckoutandstructureoptimizationofsquareplansifter.Inordertoobtaintheaccurateandefficientsimulationalgorithmfordescribingtherotationofthefuzeballrotor,twokindsofthefuzeballrotorarenumericallysimulatedwiththemathematicalmodelofquaternionasexamples.Runge-KuttamethodandGearmethodareadopted.TheresultsshowthatcomparingwiththenonlinearmathematicalmodelofEulerangles,themodelofquaternionoffuzeballrotorisabletoavoidthesingularitywhenthenutationangleapproaches0°or180°.ThearithmeticalsolutioncanbeobtainedbyRunge-KuttamethodinsteadofusingtheGearmethodwhichiscomplicatedandmoretime-consumedforcalculation.4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructurewascharacterizedbyIR,1HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)waspreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionwereresearched.TheresultsshowedthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAwere399nmand531nm,respectively,andtheshapesweresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAwaslinear,andthecorrelationcoefficient(R)was0.9978,thelimitofdetectionwas0.95mg?L-1.Bystaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2was85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas20mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3was70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4was86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionwasgood.TheresultsbySEMshowedthatthecopolymerhadhighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3.Inordertoobtainthethermodynamicdataofthesynthesisofethylcarbonate(EMC)fromdimethylcarbonate(DMC)anddiethylcarbonate(DEC),thestandardmolarenthalpiesofformation,GibbsfreeenergyandmolarheartcapacityunderconstantpressurearecalculatedbythemethodofBensongroupcontributions.Theenthalpychange,freeenergychange,equilibriumconstantandequilibriumconversionrateofthereactionarecalculatedanddiscussedaccordingtotheprinciplesofchemicalthermodynamicsunder300-1000K.TheresultsshowthatthefreeenergychangeinthesynthesisofEMCbytransesterificationofDMCwithDECisnegativeandthereactionisthermodynamicallyfeasible.Thefreeenergychangedecreaseswiththeincreasewiththeincreaseinthetemperature,andhighertemperatureisinfavorofthereaction.Theequilibriumconstantofthereactionisonly33.20evenat1000Kandthespontaneousdegreeofthereactionislow.Inthispaper,theaccumulativeerroranalysisoftheincrementallocalizationapproach(ILA)isconductedbyMonteCarlosimulationandtheeffectsoftheerrorsonlocalizationaccuracyarerevealed.ThenanimprovedILAisproposedtoreducetheaccumulativeerrors.Thebasicideabehindtheproposedalgorithmistoreducetheerrorpropagationbyusingtheconstraintsonthedistancesbetweentheunknownnodesandthebestaccuratenodesinpreviousknownnodes.ThesimulationresultsshowthattheimprovedILAcansignificantlyreducetheaccumulativeerrorsoftheILA,andthusenhancethelocalizationaccuracy.Inthemeasurementoftheperiodoftorsionpendulumusingthephotoelectricitytimingmethod,itisdemonstratedthatonlythefirstsamplingintervalisthemostsimilartotherealperiodoftorsionpendulumwhethercaughtinrisingedgesorinfallingedgesofamplitude,aslongaspositionerrorexists.However,measurementerrorcan’tbereducedthroughmulti-average.Amethodofreal-timecomputingdampingratiousingtheratioofadjacentareaofperiodispresented,andthefeasibilityofthismethodisdemonstratedbytheoreticalanalysis.Theexperimentalresultsshowthatthestandarddeviationofmomentofinertiawiththemethodintroducedinthispaperdecreasesanorderofmagnitudethanthatwithphotoelectricitytimingmethod.Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinengineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Atextbookexampleisgiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinEngineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Severaltextbookexamplesaregiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.a.Toconsidertheeffectoftheearthonthecalculationofultrarangetrajectorymoreaccurately,anellipticearthtrajectorymodeladoptingaccuratenormalgravityisestablished.Thecalculationmethodfortherocketimpactpointandflightheightisdiscussed.Anaccuratenormalgravitycalculationmethodisdeductedandanellipticearthtrajectorymodelisobtained.Theerrorofrangecalculationbyadoptingaplainearthmodeliscalculatedandanalyzed.Theresultshowsthat,intermsofthelongrangetrajectory,therangecalculationerrorbytheellipsoidearthsurfacetrajectorymodelissmallerthanthatbytheplainearthsurfacetrajectorymodel.b.Inordertobreakthroughtherestrictionoftunnellengthontheapplicationoftailracetunnelventilationtechnologyandextendthetechnologyapplicationscope,aseriesair-handlingsystemofsprayingthetailracetunnelventilationwithlow-temperaturewaterispresented.Themathematicalmodelsofthecounterandconcurrentflowspraysystemsareestablishedandtheanalyticalsolutionsarederived.Theinfluencesofventilationrate,spraycoefficient,waterjetpressureandthelocationofspraydeviceontheoperationperformancesoftheseriesair-handlingsystemareanalyzed.Theresultsindicatethatitisusefultoimprovetheheatandmoisturetreatmentoftheseriesair-handlingsystembyusingthepriorityair-handlingmodeoftailracetunnelventilationandincreasingthespraycoefficient,andtheventilationrateandwaterhetpressurehavethelessinfluenceontheoperatingperformanceoftheseriesair-handlingsystem.6.Thetransientreceived-forceresponseandthepenetrationdepthoftheKevlarc

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