2011英語年入學考試二真題及參考答案

2011年入學考試2011英語 及參考答Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDANSWERSHEET1.(10TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1 acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybe bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseems Lastmonth,HowardS idt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederal ernmenta4 maketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5 physicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9 tojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense bytheand areamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa Mr.S idtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14 ,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesofthe 15whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’splanhas16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet arguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads. D D AB AD10．A11．A.carryB.lingerC.setD.log12．A.InB.InC.InD.In13．B14．15．16．17．18．B19．20．DSection ReadingPartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points) RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecameofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butby of2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadleftth.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sHavingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityuse tabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsunderof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereon atthetimeany ngoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorstoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor [A]gainingexcessiveprofitsfailingtofulfillherduty[C]refusingtomakecompromises WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe [A]generousinvestorsunbiasedexecutives[C]sharepriceforecasters[D]independentadvisersAccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector’ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto emorestable[B]reportincreasedearnings[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket[D]performworseinlawsuitsItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors [A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirmhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrong ngsinthefirm[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirmTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper?Ayearago seemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America’sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldthey echaritablecorporations?Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapersare ingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremu orestable.Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.Bysaying“Newspaperslike…theirowndoom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthat neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies[D]wereinadesperatesituationSomenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause [A]readersthreatenedtopaylessnewspaperswantedtoreducecosts[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproductsComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuorestablebecause havemoresourcesofrevenue[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms[C]arelessdependentonadvertising[D]arelessaffectedbyreadershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness?[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.[D]Readershavelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe [A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediayfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofcommonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madesmall,efficienthousingpositivelyEconomicconditionwasonlyastimulusforthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase“l(fā)essismore”wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarIIandtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Mies’ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized,hasmoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies’ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedweresmallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuiltonChicago’sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,weresmaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity’sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings’detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentofthe artsopopularatthetime.Thetrendtoward“l(fā)ess”wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadino-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The“CaseStudyHouses”commissionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe“l(fā)essismore”trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife–fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers–buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans’ [A]prosperityandgrowthefficiencyandpracticality[C]restraintandconfidence[D]prideandfaithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus?[A]ItwasfoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.Miesheldtha eganceofarchitecturaldesign [A]wasrelatedtolargespacewasidentifiedwithwasnotreliantonabundantdecoration[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiencyWhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago’sLakeShoreDrive?[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsof Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe“CaseStudyHouse”?[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed. WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?Thequestionwouldhavesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject’sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga“Bermudatriangle”ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshavelostfaiththattheeurozone’seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichpetitivemembersthequickfixofYetthedebateabouthowtosaveEurope’ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone’sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.Germanythinkstheeuromustbesavedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandcompetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionsfor ernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundsforpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry’svotingrightsi inisterialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisasmallmajorityforfree-marketliberalismandeconomicrigour;intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,asmallmajorityfavourFrenchinterference.A“southern”campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:”Europeanernment”withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmonetarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingfor ernmentsthroughcommonEurobondsorcompletefiscaltransfers.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrance ernmenthavemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingcompetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld’slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananycomparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.TheEUisfacedwithsomanyproblems ithasmoreorlesslostfaithinevenitssupportersbegintofeelsomeofitsmembercountriesplantoabandonitintendstodenythepossibilityofThedebateovertheEU’ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominant arecompetingfortheleadingarebusyhandlingtheirownfailtoreachanagreementondisagreeonthestepstowardsTosolvetheeuroproblem,Germanyproposed EUfundsforpoorregionsbeonlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimplies ［A］poorcountriesaremorelikelytoget［B］strictmonetarypolicywillbeappliedtopoor［C］loanswillbereadilyavailabletorichRegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemsto PartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld’sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallCO2emissions?Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.Asearchcanleak0.2and7.0gramsofCO2dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe“right”answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,hastomaintainvastdentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargetiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.However,andotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.1~5 6~10 11~15 16~20TEXT A13howcould…?bonuspayoutsC。細節(jié)題：原文中出現(xiàn)outsidedirectors有幾處，helpfulbutlessbiasedadvisorB選項用的是executive,拼湊答案，D選項也是一樣。最后一句weatheredtheirowncrises對應forecasters。C。細節(jié)題：原文是若干個并列，stockislikelytoperformworseA。推理題：原文對應firmswhowantto說想留住outsidedirectorB。態(tài)度題：文章各個段落都說outsidedirector的方面。因此是positiveTEXT2 27．B．推理題：定位處前一句是readersarepayingmoreforslimmernewspaper.因此說明人們多付錢，報紙很薄，節(jié)約成本，定位處有even表示并列，說明前后的原因一致都C。推理題：原文用了對比的方法說占得比例不一樣，因此問題是收入D。推理題：A選項中有essential,文章中是說distinctiveness重要而非必要，有問題，D選項是文章中carsandfilmreviewershavegone.說明由于報紙沒 TEXT3C。細節(jié)題：原文restraint,incombinationwiththepostwarconfidenceDBauhausDC。細節(jié)題：原文elegancedidnotderivefromabundanceD。細節(jié)題：原文But后有thearchitecturalequivalentof artB。推理題：原文AestheticeffectcameformthelandscapenewmaterialsandforthrightTEXT B。推理題：第一段ButcheerleaderEUdebt，declinelowergrowthBbystricterruleson….AasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembersviacheaperborrowingforernmentsthroughcommonEurobonds.DEUworld’slargesttradingblock.最后一句itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign都是說EU正面的信息。 B參考答E62行：manufacturerofcrispsPlayacentralroleintheB65JamieOliver45．G11IT行業(yè)釋放的溫室氣體與全球航空公司產(chǎn)生的一樣多呢？它大約占總二氧化碳總排量的2%。許多日常工作對環(huán)境造成了令人的破壞。根據(jù)每次你搜索并得到正確答案的嘗試次數(shù)，谷歌會排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。為了迅速將結果傳遞給用戶，谷歌在全球設置了大量充斥著能量巨大的電腦的數(shù)據(jù)中心。這些電腦在排放大量二氧化碳的同時，也產(chǎn)生大量的能量。因此，這些數(shù)據(jù)中心需要良好的空調(diào)降溫，這又會同時產(chǎn)生大量的能量。然而，谷歌和其他技術提供商嚴密檢測他們的效果并不斷進行改進。是減排的第一步，但這仍任重道遠，且不僅只由大公司來承擔。DearLiWeareveryhappytoknowthatyouhavesuccessfullypassedthecollegeentranceexaminationthisyearandhavebeenadmittedintoPekingUniversity.Allowustogiveourmostsincerecongratulationsonthisexcitingoccasion.Youhaveallalongbeenworkinghardatyourprofessionalstudies,andyouareexcellentinmostsubjects.Yoursuccessshowsthatonlyhardworkcanyieldgoodresults，soIsuggestthatyoushouldmakeagreatprogressinuniversitylife.Wetakethisopportunitytoexpressourbestwishest