高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解專題練習(xí)之說明文

2022高考英語閱讀理解專題練習(xí)之說明文（A）Imagineyouhadnevertastedlemonade.Youwouldstillprobablyassumethatlemonjuicemixedwithsugartastesbetterthanlemonjuicealone.Becauseyouknowwhatlemonstastelike,andyouknowwhatsugartasteslike.Youcanrecallthosepastexperiences,andmakeapredictionaboutyourresponsetosomethingnew.Researcherscalltheabilitytopredictourfutureemotionalstate"affectiveforecasting".Andsomehavesuggestedthattheskillisuniquetohumans.Butisit?“Wecombineddifferentliquidsandaskedparticipants,theorangutan（猩猩）andthehumans,topredictwhatsuchnovelliquidcombinationstastelike,andwhethertheypreferoneortheother,”LundUniversitycognitivescientistGabriela-AlinaSaueiuctoldus.Sheandhercolleaguesofferedtheircocktails（雞尾酒）toa21-year-oldmaleorangutannamedNaong,wholivesinSweden'sFuruvikZoo.Theyusedfouringredients-cherryjuice,rhubarbjuice,lemonjuice,andapplecidervinegar-whichtheycombinedintosixunfamiliarmixtures.Altogether,thatmadefor24possiblecomparisonsofonedrinkagainstanother.Naongwatchedtheresearchersmixhisdrinks.Thenhegottochoosefromthetwosetsbeforehim.Andin21ofthe24trials,Naongmatchedtheresearchers'predictions：thathischoicewouldbebasedonhisrelativefondnessfortheseparateingredients.Forexample,sincehelikedrhubarbjuicebetterthanlemonjuice,healsopreferredrhubarb-cherryjuicetolemon-cherryjuice-despitehavinghadnoexperiencewitheither.“WeareimpressedwithNaong'sabilitytobesoconsistentinhischoices."Bothhumanandorangutanspeciesseemedtomakeconsistentchoicesaboutfutureeventseveniftheyhadnopreviousexperiencetoguidetheirdecision-making.It'sasinglestudywithasingleorangutan.Butprobablywewillsoonmarkyetanotherskilloffthelistofthingsthatwereoncethoughttobespecifictoourspecies.Perhapswhat’strulyuniqueaboutusisourongoingsearchforsomethinguniqueaboutus.1.WhatdidthescientistsaskNoangtodointhestudy?A.Separatedrinkingredients.B.Chooseoneoutoftwomixeddrinks.C.Combinedrinksintomixtures.D.Tastenovelliquidcombinations.2.Whatisapreconditionforthestudy?A.Naongcouldappreciatecocktails.B.Naongcouldreadthescientists'mind.C.Naongwasunfamiliarwiththeingredients,D.Naonghadapreferenceforcertainingredients.3.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Similarresearchfindingsareexpectedtofollow.B.Theresearchhasdrawnasafeconclusion.C.Thereisalistofalltheuniquelyhumanskills.D.Animalsequalhumansineveryway.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.OrangutanTaughttoMakePredictions.B.IntelligenceFoundintheAnimalKingdom.C.AffectiveForecasting：NotUniquetoHumans.D.TheOn-goingSearchforUniquelyHumanSkills.（B）Inthe1960sand1970s,thegreatestfearwasthatthehumanrace,andpossiblyalladvancedlifeformsontheplanet,couldbewipedoutbynuclearmissiles.Today,however,environmentalproblemshavetakenoverasthegreatestrisktolifeon.Earth.Scientistsarethinkingofwaystolowerthisrisk,suchasreplacingcoalandoilwithformsofrenewableenergy.Buttheyarealsopreparingfortheworst:whatcanwedoiftheterrifyingscenesinfilmssuchasTheDayAfterTomorrowhappeninreallife?WhatisourplanBforEarth?Oneoptionistoexploreotherplanetstoseeifwecouldliveonthem.ThemostlikelychoiceisMars,whichisrelativelyclosetoEarthandhasanenvironmentlesshostilethanthatofotherplanets.Marshasfascinatedpeoplesinceancienttimes,andtodayourinterestinMartianexplorationisgreaterthaneverbefore.Besides,moregovernmentsaremakingeffortstoeducatethepublicontheRedPlanet.ThereisnodoubtthathumankindisdrawntowardsMars.However,sendingpeopletherewillrequirealltheskill,courageandintelligence.WhiletheMooncanbereachedwithindays,itwouldtakemonthstoreachMars,travellingthroughdangeroussolarradiation.AndevenifthefirstsettlersdoreachMarssafely,theymaynotbeabletoreturntoEarth—ever.Stayingalivewillbeadailychallenge,butasprovedbytheBiosphere2experiment,notimpossible.Asearlyasthe1980s,scientistswerebuildingBiosphere2intheArizonadesert,consistingofaclosedspaceinwhichpeople,animalsandplantscouldlivetogether.Althoughthetwo-yearexperimentwasnotasuccess,itdidprovideuswithabetterunderstandingofhowhumansmightbeabletoliveonanotherplanet. Fornow,humansettlementofMarsisstilldecadesaway.Untilwearefinallyabletoliveonanotherplanet,weneedtotakemuchbettercareofourown.Rightnow,it'stheonlyonewehave!1.Whatwasthebiggestthreattohumansinthe1960sand1970s?A.Humanracethemselves. B.Alladvancedlifeforms.C.Nuclearmissiles. D.Environmentalproblems.2.WhyisMarssoattractivetoscientists?A.It'sclosesttotheearth. B.Ithasrelativelyappropriatelivingconditions. C.Ithasdrawnthepublic'sattentioninrecentyears.D.Ithasamorehostileenvironment.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage? /A.HumanshavevisitedMars. B.TheBiosphere2experimentprovedtobevalueless.C.Humanswillhavetogoandliveonanotherplanet.D.OurPlanAincludesdevelopingrenewableenergyresources.4.Fromwhichmagazinewouldthepassageprobablybetaken?A.TheTraveler. B.EnvironmentalConcerns.C.AllAboutSpace. D.BiologyforFun,（C）Withover4.1billionpeople，oraround55percentoftheworld’spopulation，livinginurbanareas，citiesandtownsworldwidearegettingincreasinglyjammed．Inadditiontospendinghoursstuckintraffic，residentsarealsoexposedtohighairpollutionlevelscausedbytransportationemissions(排放)．Now，SaudiArabiahopestooverturnurbanlivingwith“TheLine”—afuturisticcitydesignedaroundnature，withoutcars，roadsandcrowdedplaces!Thetotallydifferentcity，announcedonJanuary10，2021，isthebrainchildofSaudiCrownPrince(王儲)MohammedbinSalman(MBS)．LocatedinNeom，a10，000-square-milehigh-techplanneddevelopmentontheRedSeacoast，TheLinewillbethebaseofMBS’sSaudiVision2030．ThestrategicplanaimstodiversifySaudiArabia’soil-dependenteconomyintootherfields，liketourism，andcreateexcitingjobopportunitiesforitscitizens．The105-mile-longcity，expectedtocostbetween$100billionand$200billion，willbebuiltalongastraightlineandcompriseseveralself-sustainingcommunities．Toensureallservicesarewithinashort，five-minutewalk，eachcommunitywillfeatureathree-layerinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)．Therewillbenocarsorroadsonthetop“pedestrianlayer”，soresidentscanfreelywalkandbikeinthesurroundinggreenspaces．Thesecond“servicelayer”，willincludeallessentialdailyservices，suchasschools，medicalclinics，leisurefacilities，andgrocerystores．Thethird“spinelayer”willhouseultra-high-speedtransportationandautonomousvehiclestransportingresidentsacrosscommunitiesinlessthan20minutes．Theentirecitywillbepoweredwithrenewablecleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwind，andpossiblyevenhydrogen．Ifallgoesaccordingtotheplan，constructionofthisgroundbreaking，complexinfrastructureprojectwillstartbeforetheendof2021．Inadditiontoprovidinguptoamillionresidentswithacleanandstress-freelivingenvironment，TheLineisexpectedtocreate380，000newjobs，promoteeconomicdiversification，andcontributeashocking$48billiontoSaudiArabia’sGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)by2030．Moreimportantly，MBSbelievesitwillprovidegovernmentsworldwideablueprintforhowpeopleandplanetcanco-existinharmony．1．WherecanyoupurchaseabikeiflivinginTheLine?A．Pedestrianlayer． B．Servicelayer． C．Spinelayer． D．Thegreenspaces．2．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheprojectofTheLine?A．Widely-accepted． B．Ill-considered．C．Risk-taking． D．Mind-blowing．3．WhatdoesMBSthinkisthemostimportanteffectofTheLine?A．TofacilitateSaudieconomicdiversification．B．Toofferamodelfornature-manintegration．C．Toboostthegovernment’sfinances．D．Tocreatemorejobopportunities．4．Whatmightbethebesttitleofthetext?A．SaudiVisionforEnvironmentalProtectionB．TheConstructionofTheLineIsUnderwayC．MBS：AnInfluentialLeaderofSaudiArabiaD．MBS’VisionofaFuturisticZeroCarbonCity（D）Thisyear,newtechnologieswillenablemoredriverstotaketheirhandsoffthesteeringwheel（方向盤）whileontheroad.Butthatdoesn'tmeantheircarswillbefullyself-driving---thatdaystillremainsfarinthefuture.AutomakerslikeGeneralMotors（GM）,FordandStellantisareintroducing,orupgradingexistingtechnologies.ButinthewordsofKayStepper,anautomateddrivingexpert,thesesystemsare"feetoff'and"handsoff',buttheywillnotbe"eyesoff"or“mindoff'.Forthetimebeing,thesesystemswillonlybeusedonlimited-accesshighways,wheretherearenopedestriansorbicyclists.Vehicleswiththistechnologywillbeabletodriveatrelativelyhighspeeds,butonlyinsimpletrafficsituations.BryanReimer,aresearcherwiththeMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology'sAgeLab,saiditwillbedecadesbeforepeoplecanbuytrulyself-drivingcarsinwhichhumansrideaspassengers.Still,thetechnologythatwillberolledoutbythemajorautomakersthisyearwilldomorethanmostso-calledAdvancedDriverAssistanceSystems,orADAS,donow.GM'sSuperCruisesystemallowsdriverstocompletelyletgoofthesteeringwheelwhiledrivingonselectedhighways.Itwasintroducedin2017ontheCadillacCT6sedan,whichwasdiscontinuedlastyear.AnimprovedversioniscomingthisyearontheCadillacEscaladeSUVandtheCadillacCT4andCT5sedans.SuperCruiseonlyworksonhighwaysthathavebeenpreviouslylaser-mappedinthreedimensions.GPSpositioningandthevehicles,radarsensors（傳感器）andcamerasareusedtoenabledriverstounhand--andunfoot—allthecontrols.Driversstillneedtopayattention,however.Acamerainthecarmakessurethedriverislookingattheroadatalltimes.Ifthedriverlooksawayfromtheroadformorethanafewseconds,thesystemwillstopworking.1.Atpresent,whatcantheself-drivingcarsdo?A.Theycandrivefreelyoncitystreets.B.Theycanrunwithouthumandrivers.C.Theyhandlecomplexroadconditionsontheirown.D.Theyallowdriverstotaketheirhandsoffthesteeringwheel.2.WhatdoesParagraph6mainlytalkabout?A.GM'sSuperCruisesystem. B.GM'slatestcarmodels.C.GM'sdevelopmentplan. D.GM'sclosecompetitors.3.WhatcanweinferfromthewordsofKayStepper?A.Peopleneedtotrustnewtechnology.B.Peoplestillneedtopayattention.C.Peoplecanlookawayfromtheroad.D.Peoplecan'tunhandallthecontrols.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.It'sHighTimetoGetaNewCarB.TheIndustrialRevolutionIsUnderwayC.SuperCruiseDoesMorethanMostADASD.TheRealSelf-drivingRemainsFarAway（E）Unlessyou'reveryyoungorveryold,it'slikelyyouhavesomekindofrelationshipwithemail,whetheryougethundredsofmessagesadayorafewdozenaweek.Anewstudysuggeststhathowwedealwiththeseincomingmessagescouldbeaffectingourstresslevelsandoverallhealth.AteamfromtheFutureWorkCentreintheUKsurveyed2,000peopleacrossvariousindustries,sectors,andjobroles,askingparticipantshowtheymanagedtheiremailandhowmuchassociatedstresstheyfeltasaresult.Overall,thosewhospentthemosttimeorganisingandstayingontopofmessagesfeltthemostemailrelatedpressuretoo.“Whileemailcanbeavaluablecommunicationtool，it'sclearthatit'sasourceofstressandfrustrationformanyofus.Thepeoplewhoreporteditbeingmostusefultothemalsoreportedthehighestlevelsofemailpressure，”saidoneoftheteam,RichardMacKinnon.Twoofthehabitslinkedtomoreemailrelatedstresswerecheckingformessagesthefirstthinginthemorningandthelastthingatnight.Halfofthosesurveyedhadpushnotifications(消息推送)setupfornewemail，while62percentofrespondentslefttheiremailappopenalldayandallnight.Bothwerelinkedtohigherlevelsofemailpressure.Thesurveyalsofoundthatmanagerssufferedmorethannonmanagers.Stressisnotjustaproblemwhenitcomestoourmood－it'sbeenlinkedtoalotofdisorderssuchasheartdisease，weightgain,memoryimpairment(減弱),digestiveproblems,anddepression.Theresearcherssuggestthattherelationshipbetweenemailrelatedstressandthenegativeimpactonhomelifeisnotthesameforeveryone.1．What'sthepurposeofthestudy?A．Tofindouthowmanypeoplehaveanemailaccount.B．Toknowwhatsortofpeopleuseemailmost.C．Tofindouthowemailmanagementisrelatedtostress.D．Toshowwhatchangesemailhasbroughtabouttopeople.2．WhatdoesRichardMacKinnonthinkofemail?A．Itbringsmorestrengths. B．Itisnotanessentialtool.C．Itisadoubleedgedsword. D．Itmakespeoplepuzzled.3．Whichofthefollowinghabitscausesthemoststress?A．Checkingemailinthemorning.B．Checkingemailintheevening.C．Keepingemailappopenatwork.D．Settinguppushnotificationsfornewemail.4．Wheredoesthetextmostprobablycomefrom?A．Sciencefiction. B．AsciencereportC．Afashionmagazine. D．Abookguide.（F）Attentiontothefightagainstclimatechangetendstobefocusedontrees,but75%oftheplanet'ssurfaceiscoveredbytheocean,andanaturalprocesstakingplaceunderwaterhasexcitedscoresofinvestorsattherecentWorldEconomicForumwhomaywanttohelp.DuringtherecentwildfiresintheAmazonrainforest,journalistsoftendescribedtreesasthe“l(fā)ungsoftheworld”,butthattitlemostcertainlybelongstophytoplankton,whichalonerefreshesnearly50%oftheatmosphericoxygenonplanetearth,thevalueoffourAmazons.And,intheefforttostopthewarmingoftheplanet,ourgreatestassistantscouldbelongtowhales,becauseofthegreatamountoftheirexcrementleftinthesea.AnewpaperpublishedbyeconomistDr.RalphChiantihighlightstheinfluencethatwhales,especiallybluewhales,andtheirexcrementhaveonclimatechange.Itisallduetowhales'excrementinthedietsofphytoplankton.Thetinymarinealgaefloatsatthe