第三章-建設(shè)工程造價(jià)和成本管理-工程管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件

01簡(jiǎn)介Introduction

01簡(jiǎn)介IntroductionIntroductionProjectCostSystem項(xiàng)目成本系統(tǒng)成本估算分類成本估算方法初步成本估算最終成本估算工料測(cè)量ClassificationofCostEstimatesAccuracyRangeApproachestoEstimationPreliminaryCostEstimateFinalCostEstimateQuantitySurvey精度范圍IntroductionProjectCostSysteWordsandPhrasesreducedto簡(jiǎn)化為retrieve[r??tri?v]vt.重新得到;檢索數(shù)據(jù)ongoing[??ng????]adj.仍在進(jìn)行的pertinent[?p??t?n?nt]adj.有關(guān)的;切題的classification[?kl?s?f??ke??n]n.分類covers[?k?v?z]vt.覆蓋;包含(cover的第三人稱單數(shù))investment[In?vestm?nt]n.投資employedto使用prudent[?pru?dnt]adj.審慎的;精明的variesfrom不同于expressedas表示為positive[?p?z?t?v]adj.正的negative[?neg?t?v]adj.負(fù)的surrounding[s??ra?nd??]vt.圍繞(surround的動(dòng)名詞)outlay[?a?tle?]n.費(fèi)用,支出plant'smanufacturing設(shè)備的制造WordsandPhrasesreducedto簡(jiǎn)化WordsandPhrasesproductioncapacity生產(chǎn)能力inception[?n?sep?n]n.開(kāi)始;啟動(dòng)raw[r??]adj.未加工的generated[?d?en?re?t?d]vt.生成(generate的過(guò)去分詞)attributes[??tr?bju?ts]n.屬性;特質(zhì)(attribute的復(fù)數(shù))assumed[??sju?md]adj.假定的billofquantities工程量清單summation[s??me??n]n.求和;總和multipliedby乘以corresponding[?k?r??sp?nd??]adj.相應(yīng)的laborious[l??b??r??s]adj.費(fèi)力的breakdown分解disaggregate[d?s??gr?ge?t]vt.分解collectively[k??lekt?vl?]adv.共同地decomposing[di?k?m?p??z??]vt&vi.分解(decompose的動(dòng)名詞)expenditureitem支出項(xiàng)目WordsandPhrasesproductioncaWordsandPhrasesconstructionsupervision施工監(jiān)理generalofficeoverhead普通管理費(fèi);綜合辦公費(fèi)proportionally[pr??p????nl?]adv.按比例地subdivisions[?s?bd??v??ns]n.細(xì)分(subdivision的復(fù)數(shù))compiled[k?m?pa?ld]vt.編制(compile的過(guò)去分詞)fundamentally[f?nd??ment?l?]adv.根本地extrapolated[?k?str?p?le?t?d]vt.推算(extrapolate的過(guò)去分詞)workingdrawings施工圖compilation[?k?mp??le??n]n.匯編unit-pricebidding單價(jià)投標(biāo)customarily[?k?st?m?r?l?]adv.習(xí)慣上地extends[?k?stendz]vt.擴(kuò)展(extend的第三人稱單數(shù))check[t?ek]vt.核實(shí)workpackage工作包agreement[??gri?m?nt]n.協(xié)議close[kl?us]adj.接近的WordsandPhrasesconstructionThefirstclassification,thedegreeofprojectdefinition,isbaseduponthepercentageofcompletedarchitecturalandengineeringdesigns.Itdefinesavailableinputinformationtotheestimator.Thesecondclassification,theendusageoftheestimate,isbasedonavailabledataprogressandcoversconceptualestimatesforinvestmentfeasibility,andstudiesfundingauthorization,budgets,andcontractordetailestimatesforlump-sumbidding.Thethirdclassification,theestimategeneratingmethodology,isbasedonprocessesemployedtoforecastbuildingcoststhatarestochasticanddeterministic.第一種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為項(xiàng)目定義的細(xì)致程度,是基于已完成的建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工設(shè)計(jì)的百分比。它為估算人員定義了可用的輸入信息。第二種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為估算的最終用途,是基于可獲取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)展,涵蓋投資可行性的概念性估算,并研究資金授權(quán)、預(yù)算和承包商對(duì)總投標(biāo)的詳細(xì)估價(jià)。第三種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為估算的生成方法,是基于預(yù)測(cè)隨機(jī)性和確定性的建筑成本的過(guò)程。SentencesIllustrationThefirstclassification,theReviewQuestionsandProblemsLookuprelevantliteraturestofindoutifthereisanyotherclassificationofcostestimation.Discusshowtomakethecostestimationmoreaccurate.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsL02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCostEstimation

02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCBasicElementsofCostEstimationIndirectLabourCosts業(yè)主LabourCosts人工費(fèi)TheCostofHeavyEquipment重型設(shè)備成本BidsfromSubcontractor分包商報(bào)價(jià)MaterialCosts材料費(fèi)Markup(在成本的基礎(chǔ)上)加價(jià)/利潤(rùn)Overhead日常管理費(fèi)BasicElementsofCostEstimatWordsandPhrasescustomary[?k?st?m?r?]adj.通常的;習(xí)慣的solicit[s??l?s?t]vt.征求quotations[kw?u?te???nz]n.市價(jià)(quotation的復(fù)數(shù))desirable[d??za??r?b?l]adj.值得的guarantees[g?r?n?ti?z]n.保證;保證書(guarantee的復(fù)數(shù))stipulations[st?pju?le??nz]n.規(guī)定(stipulation的復(fù)數(shù))pertainingto屬于freight[fre?t]n.運(yùn)費(fèi)drayage[?dre??d?]n.運(yùn)貨馬車運(yùn)送storage[?st??r?d?]n.存儲(chǔ)inspection[?n?spek?n]n.檢查recapsheet匯總表handlingandinstallationexpense裝卸和安裝費(fèi)用thorough[?θ?r?]adj.徹底的;十分的;周密的hourlyrate計(jì)時(shí)工資;每小時(shí)工資率;按小時(shí)計(jì)的工資額fringe[fr?nd?]adj.附加的substantial[s?b?st?n?l]adj.大量的additionto除了WordsandPhrasescustomary[?kWordsandPhrasesinterrelate...with相互關(guān)聯(lián)allowance[??lau?ns]n.津貼workcategory工作類別accountsfor占……比例earth-movingmachines土方機(jī)械;掘土機(jī)concreteplants混凝土加工廠truckcranes貨車起重機(jī)powertools電動(dòng)工具concretevibrators混凝土振動(dòng)器concretebuggies混凝土車wheelbarrows[?wi?lb?r??z]n.手推車(wheelbarrow的復(fù)數(shù))waterhoses水管extensioncords延長(zhǎng)繩lump-sum一次總付的keepinmind牢記paramountto最重要的makingup組成qualifications[kw?l?f??ke??ns]n.資格;條件(qualification的復(fù)數(shù))WordsandPhrasesinterrelate..WordsandPhrasesstipulate[?st?pjule?t]vt.規(guī)定jobsite作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)hoisting[?h?Ist??]n.吊裝(設(shè)備)subbidn.分標(biāo)amounts[??maunt]n.數(shù)量(amount的復(fù)數(shù))contractingwith與……簽訂合同overhead[???v?hed]n.管理費(fèi)joboverhead工作管理費(fèi)fieldoverhead工地管理費(fèi)chargeable[?t?'?d??bl]adj.可以記賬的reliable[r??la??bl]adj.可靠的markup[?m'?k?p]n.(在成本基礎(chǔ)上的)加價(jià);利潤(rùn)margin[?m'?d??n]n.利潤(rùn)atthecloseof在……結(jié)束時(shí)contingency[k?n?t?nd??nsi]n.意外/偶然開(kāi)支;應(yīng)急;不可預(yù)見(jiàn)費(fèi)managementphilosophy管理哲學(xué)callsfor要求appraisal[??pre?zl]n.評(píng)價(jià)imponderables[?m?p?nd?r?blz]n.無(wú)法估量的事物(imponderable的復(fù)數(shù))haveabearingon影響到WordsandPhrasesstipulate[?sSentencesIllustrationSomechoosetoincludeallelementsoflabourexpenseinasinglehourlyrate.Othersevaluatedirectlabourcostseparatelyfromindirectcost.Somecontractorscomputeregularandovertimelabourcostsseparately,whileotherscombinescheduledovertimewithstraighttimetoarriveatanaveragehourlyrate.Someevaluatelabourchargesusingproductionrates,othersuselabourunitcosts.有些人選擇包含勞動(dòng)費(fèi)用中所有要素的計(jì)時(shí)工資,另一些人則會(huì)將直接人工成本與間接成本分開(kāi)來(lái)估算。一些承包商將常規(guī)人工成本和加班人工成本分開(kāi)計(jì)算,而其他承包商則將計(jì)劃性加班(工時(shí))與正式工時(shí)相結(jié)合,以計(jì)算出平均的計(jì)時(shí)工資。有些人用生產(chǎn)率來(lái)估算勞動(dòng)費(fèi)用,而另一些人則采用的是勞動(dòng)的單位成本(來(lái)估算)。

SentencesIllustrationSomechReviewQuestionsandProblemsHowtogetacompletecostestimation?Doyouthinkthecostestimationisthesameevenfromthedifferentpointsofviewofthecontractorandtheowner?Givesomedetailedreasons.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsH03成本管理CostManagement

03成本管理CostManagement

ConstructionMaterials

TheConstructionCostCycle工程成本周期ProjectCostAccounting項(xiàng)目成本核算ObjectivesofaCostSystem成本系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)CostAccountingReports成本核算報(bào)告ProjectCostControl項(xiàng)目成本控制EarnedValueManagementSystem掙值管理系統(tǒng)010203040506ConstructionMaterialsThWordsandPhraseswithinthelimits在……限制之內(nèi)anticipated[?n?t?s?pe?t?d]vt.預(yù)測(cè)(anticipate的過(guò)去分詞)revolving[r??v?lv??]adj.循環(huán)的historic[h??st?r?k]adj.歷史的proprietary[pr??pra??tri]adj.專有的protected[pr??tekt?d]vt.保護(hù)(protect的過(guò)去分詞)underprizing[??nd?rpra?z??]adj.低價(jià)出售的atanygivenpoint在任何已知點(diǎn)adjusted[??d??st?d]adj.調(diào)整過(guò)的execute[?eks?kju?t]vt.執(zhí)行periodic[?p??ri??d?k]adj.周期性的tailored[?te?l?d]vt.調(diào)整使適應(yīng)(tailor的過(guò)去分詞)cashflow現(xiàn)金流reallocate[?ri???l?ke?t]vt.重新分配shortfalls[????tf??lz]n.不足(shortfall的復(fù)數(shù))track[tr?k]vt.追蹤WordsandPhraseswithintheliWordsandPhrasesaccomplish[??k?mpl??]vt.完成supervision[?sju?p??v??n]n.監(jiān)督regardlessof不管……functioning[?f??k??n??]vi.運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)(function的動(dòng)名詞)reliable[r??la??bl]adj.可靠的playsavitalrole起著至關(guān)重要的作用indicated[??nd?ke?t?d]adj.表明的costaccounting成本核算fieldcosts現(xiàn)場(chǎng)費(fèi)用isolated[?a?s?le?t?d]adj.隔離的;孤立的;分離的distilled[d?s?t?ld]vt.蒸餾(distill的過(guò)去分詞)targetedfor針對(duì)management-by-exception例外管理;偏差管理devices[d??va?siz]n.設(shè)備(device的復(fù)數(shù))costoverruns成本超支detection[d??tek?n]n.檢測(cè)WordsandPhrasesaccomplish[?WordsandPhrasesingredient[?n?gri?di?nt]n.成分elaboration[??l?b??re??n]n.詳述routines[ru??ti?nz]n.日常工作(routine的復(fù)數(shù))time-average時(shí)間平均intermittently[??nt??m?t?ntl?]adj.間歇性的occasional[??ke???nl]adj.偶爾的spotchecks抽查excessive[?k?ses?v]adj.過(guò)多的projection[pr??d?ek?n]n.投影remedy[?rem?d?]vt.補(bǔ)救intervals[??nt?vlz]n.間隔uncomplicated[?n?k?mpl?ke?t?d]adj.不復(fù)雜的extension[?k?sten?n]n.延伸gauge[ge?d?]vt.測(cè)量cumulative[?kju?mjul?t?v]adj.累積的analogousto類似于WordsandPhrasesingredient[?WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalue貨幣價(jià)值division[d??v???n]n.分開(kāi)normalize[?n??m?la?z]vt.歸一化convertedinto轉(zhuǎn)換成indices[??nd?si?z]n.指數(shù)(index的復(fù)數(shù))benchmark[?bent?m'?k]n.基準(zhǔn)interim[??nt?r?m]adj.臨時(shí)的addingup總計(jì)baseline[?be?sla?n]n.基準(zhǔn)curve[k??v]n.曲線accrued[??krud]adj.應(yīng)計(jì)的slippage[?sl?p?d?]n.滑移to-datevariances迄今為止的差異subtracting[s?btr?kt??]vt.減去(subtract的動(dòng)名詞)WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalu在這種情況下,術(shù)語(yǔ)表不涉及先前在書中討論過(guò)的基于時(shí)間的模型,而是指在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中用作計(jì)費(fèi)基礎(chǔ)的成本清單。Thetermscheduleinthiscasedoesnotrefertothetime-basedmodelsthathavebeendiscussedpreviouslyinthebookbut,rather,toalistingofcoststobeusedasabasisforbillingthroughouttheproject.SentencesIllustration在這種情況下,術(shù)語(yǔ)表不涉及先前在書中討論過(guò)的基于時(shí)間的模型,ReviewQuestionsandProblemsIfthecostoverrunsintheprojectprocess,whowillberesponsibleforandhowtotaketheremedialmeasures?ReviewQuestionsandProblemsI04閱讀材料Readingmaterial

04閱讀材料ReadingmaterialReadingmaterialComputerestimatinghasbecomeverypopularinrecentyearsprimarilybecauseoftheadventofthemicrocomputer.Earlyeffortsofcomputerestimatingdatebacktotheearly1970sbutwerecumbersometousebecausetheywereonamainframeandwerecard-driven.Nolessthan15U.S.companiesnowofferestimatingsoftwareforamicrocomputer.Becausethecomputerestimatingindustryisnew,therearenorealstandardsforestimatingprograms.Someprogramsarenothingmorethanawaytoorganizethecalculationsofanestimate,whileotherscalculateallthedetailsoftheestimate.Thefollowingaresomeofthemajoradvantagesofcomputercostestimating:Accuracyversusconsistency.Computerestimatesareveryconsistent,providedtheycalculatethedetailofanestimate.Becausetheseestimatesareconsistent,theycanbemadetobeaccurate.Throughtheuseofconsistentefficiencyfactorsorleavingcurves,estimatescanbeadjustedupordown.Thisisoneofthechiefadvantagesofcomputercostestimating.ComputerEstimating1ReadingmaterialComputerestimReadingmaterialLevelsofdetails.Somecomputerestimatingsystemsprovidedifferentlevelsofestimatingcost.Thelevelofdetailselectedbytheuserdependsonthedollarrisk.Manyestimatorsproduceanestimateinmoredetailbecausethecomputercancalculatespeedsandfeeds,forexample,muchfasterthananestimatorcanahand-heldcalculator.Refinements.Somecomputerestimatingsystemsprovidemanyrefinementsthatwouldbeimpossiblefortheestimatortodoinanytimelymanner.Oneexampleistoadjustspeedsandfeedsformaterialhardness.Typically,theharderthematerialthemoreslowlyapartwillbeturnedorbored.Anotherrefinementistheabilitytocalculateafeedstateandadjustitbasedonthewidthofaformtool.

2ComputerEstimatingReadingmaterialLevelsofdetaReadingmaterialSourcecode.Somecompaniesofferthesourcecodeuncompiledtotheirusers.Thisisimportantbecauseitaffordstheusertheopportunitytocustomizethesoftware.Inaddition,manycompanieshavewrittentheirownsoftwaretodosomethingthatisnotavailableonthemarket.Ifthesourcecodeisnotcompiled,theuserscanbuilduponacomputerestimatingsystem.Thechiefdisadvantageofcomputerestimatingisthatnooneestimatingsystemcansuiteveryone‘sneed.Thisisespeciallytrueifthesourcecodeiscompiledandnotcustomizable.Anotherproblemwithcomputerestimatingisthattheestimatorwill,inallprobability,havetochangesomeestimatingmethods.Computersoftwareforestimatingcostisseldomwrittenaroundonemethodofestimating.

3ComputerEstimating

ReadingmaterialSourcecode.S01簡(jiǎn)介Introduction

01簡(jiǎn)介IntroductionIntroductionProjectCostSystem項(xiàng)目成本系統(tǒng)成本估算分類成本估算方法初步成本估算最終成本估算工料測(cè)量ClassificationofCostEstimatesAccuracyRangeApproachestoEstimationPreliminaryCostEstimateFinalCostEstimateQuantitySurvey精度范圍IntroductionProjectCostSysteWordsandPhrasesreducedto簡(jiǎn)化為retrieve[r??tri?v]vt.重新得到;檢索數(shù)據(jù)ongoing[??ng????]adj.仍在進(jìn)行的pertinent[?p??t?n?nt]adj.有關(guān)的;切題的classification[?kl?s?f??ke??n]n.分類covers[?k?v?z]vt.覆蓋;包含(cover的第三人稱單數(shù))investment[In?vestm?nt]n.投資employedto使用prudent[?pru?dnt]adj.審慎的;精明的variesfrom不同于expressedas表示為positive[?p?z?t?v]adj.正的negative[?neg?t?v]adj.負(fù)的surrounding[s??ra?nd??]vt.圍繞(surround的動(dòng)名詞)outlay[?a?tle?]n.費(fèi)用,支出plant'smanufacturing設(shè)備的制造WordsandPhrasesreducedto簡(jiǎn)化WordsandPhrasesproductioncapacity生產(chǎn)能力inception[?n?sep?n]n.開(kāi)始;啟動(dòng)raw[r??]adj.未加工的generated[?d?en?re?t?d]vt.生成(generate的過(guò)去分詞)attributes[??tr?bju?ts]n.屬性;特質(zhì)(attribute的復(fù)數(shù))assumed[??sju?md]adj.假定的billofquantities工程量清單summation[s??me??n]n.求和;總和multipliedby乘以corresponding[?k?r??sp?nd??]adj.相應(yīng)的laborious[l??b??r??s]adj.費(fèi)力的breakdown分解disaggregate[d?s??gr?ge?t]vt.分解collectively[k??lekt?vl?]adv.共同地decomposing[di?k?m?p??z??]vt&vi.分解(decompose的動(dòng)名詞)expenditureitem支出項(xiàng)目WordsandPhrasesproductioncaWordsandPhrasesconstructionsupervision施工監(jiān)理generalofficeoverhead普通管理費(fèi);綜合辦公費(fèi)proportionally[pr??p????nl?]adv.按比例地subdivisions[?s?bd??v??ns]n.細(xì)分(subdivision的復(fù)數(shù))compiled[k?m?pa?ld]vt.編制(compile的過(guò)去分詞)fundamentally[f?nd??ment?l?]adv.根本地extrapolated[?k?str?p?le?t?d]vt.推算(extrapolate的過(guò)去分詞)workingdrawings施工圖compilation[?k?mp??le??n]n.匯編unit-pricebidding單價(jià)投標(biāo)customarily[?k?st?m?r?l?]adv.習(xí)慣上地extends[?k?stendz]vt.擴(kuò)展(extend的第三人稱單數(shù))check[t?ek]vt.核實(shí)workpackage工作包agreement[??gri?m?nt]n.協(xié)議close[kl?us]adj.接近的WordsandPhrasesconstructionThefirstclassification,thedegreeofprojectdefinition,isbaseduponthepercentageofcompletedarchitecturalandengineeringdesigns.Itdefinesavailableinputinformationtotheestimator.Thesecondclassification,theendusageoftheestimate,isbasedonavailabledataprogressandcoversconceptualestimatesforinvestmentfeasibility,andstudiesfundingauthorization,budgets,andcontractordetailestimatesforlump-sumbidding.Thethirdclassification,theestimategeneratingmethodology,isbasedonprocessesemployedtoforecastbuildingcoststhatarestochasticanddeterministic.第一種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為項(xiàng)目定義的細(xì)致程度,是基于已完成的建筑設(shè)計(jì)和施工設(shè)計(jì)的百分比。它為估算人員定義了可用的輸入信息。第二種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為估算的最終用途,是基于可獲取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)展,涵蓋投資可行性的概念性估算,并研究資金授權(quán)、預(yù)算和承包商對(duì)總投標(biāo)的詳細(xì)估價(jià)。第三種分類(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))為估算的生成方法,是基于預(yù)測(cè)隨機(jī)性和確定性的建筑成本的過(guò)程。SentencesIllustrationThefirstclassification,theReviewQuestionsandProblemsLookuprelevantliteraturestofindoutifthereisanyotherclassificationofcostestimation.Discusshowtomakethecostestimationmoreaccurate.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsL02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCostEstimation

02成本估算的基本要素BasicElementsofCBasicElementsofCostEstimationIndirectLabourCosts業(yè)主LabourCosts人工費(fèi)TheCostofHeavyEquipment重型設(shè)備成本BidsfromSubcontractor分包商報(bào)價(jià)MaterialCosts材料費(fèi)Markup(在成本的基礎(chǔ)上)加價(jià)/利潤(rùn)Overhead日常管理費(fèi)BasicElementsofCostEstimatWordsandPhrasescustomary[?k?st?m?r?]adj.通常的;習(xí)慣的solicit[s??l?s?t]vt.征求quotations[kw?u?te???nz]n.市價(jià)(quotation的復(fù)數(shù))desirable[d??za??r?b?l]adj.值得的guarantees[g?r?n?ti?z]n.保證;保證書(guarantee的復(fù)數(shù))stipulations[st?pju?le??nz]n.規(guī)定(stipulation的復(fù)數(shù))pertainingto屬于freight[fre?t]n.運(yùn)費(fèi)drayage[?dre??d?]n.運(yùn)貨馬車運(yùn)送storage[?st??r?d?]n.存儲(chǔ)inspection[?n?spek?n]n.檢查recapsheet匯總表handlingandinstallationexpense裝卸和安裝費(fèi)用thorough[?θ?r?]adj.徹底的;十分的;周密的hourlyrate計(jì)時(shí)工資;每小時(shí)工資率;按小時(shí)計(jì)的工資額fringe[fr?nd?]adj.附加的substantial[s?b?st?n?l]adj.大量的additionto除了WordsandPhrasescustomary[?kWordsandPhrasesinterrelate...with相互關(guān)聯(lián)allowance[??lau?ns]n.津貼workcategory工作類別accountsfor占……比例earth-movingmachines土方機(jī)械;掘土機(jī)concreteplants混凝土加工廠truckcranes貨車起重機(jī)powertools電動(dòng)工具concretevibrators混凝土振動(dòng)器concretebuggies混凝土車wheelbarrows[?wi?lb?r??z]n.手推車(wheelbarrow的復(fù)數(shù))waterhoses水管extensioncords延長(zhǎng)繩lump-sum一次總付的keepinmind牢記paramountto最重要的makingup組成qualifications[kw?l?f??ke??ns]n.資格;條件(qualification的復(fù)數(shù))WordsandPhrasesinterrelate..WordsandPhrasesstipulate[?st?pjule?t]vt.規(guī)定jobsite作業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)hoisting[?h?Ist??]n.吊裝(設(shè)備)subbidn.分標(biāo)amounts[??maunt]n.數(shù)量(amount的復(fù)數(shù))contractingwith與……簽訂合同overhead[???v?hed]n.管理費(fèi)joboverhead工作管理費(fèi)fieldoverhead工地管理費(fèi)chargeable[?t?'?d??bl]adj.可以記賬的reliable[r??la??bl]adj.可靠的markup[?m'?k?p]n.(在成本基礎(chǔ)上的)加價(jià);利潤(rùn)margin[?m'?d??n]n.利潤(rùn)atthecloseof在……結(jié)束時(shí)contingency[k?n?t?nd??nsi]n.意外/偶然開(kāi)支;應(yīng)急;不可預(yù)見(jiàn)費(fèi)managementphilosophy管理哲學(xué)callsfor要求appraisal[??pre?zl]n.評(píng)價(jià)imponderables[?m?p?nd?r?blz]n.無(wú)法估量的事物(imponderable的復(fù)數(shù))haveabearingon影響到WordsandPhrasesstipulate[?sSentencesIllustrationSomechoosetoincludeallelementsoflabourexpenseinasinglehourlyrate.Othersevaluatedirectlabourcostseparatelyfromindirectcost.Somecontractorscomputeregularandovertimelabourcostsseparately,whileotherscombinescheduledovertimewithstraighttimetoarriveatanaveragehourlyrate.Someevaluatelabourchargesusingproductionrates,othersuselabourunitcosts.有些人選擇包含勞動(dòng)費(fèi)用中所有要素的計(jì)時(shí)工資,另一些人則會(huì)將直接人工成本與間接成本分開(kāi)來(lái)估算。一些承包商將常規(guī)人工成本和加班人工成本分開(kāi)計(jì)算,而其他承包商則將計(jì)劃性加班(工時(shí))與正式工時(shí)相結(jié)合,以計(jì)算出平均的計(jì)時(shí)工資。有些人用生產(chǎn)率來(lái)估算勞動(dòng)費(fèi)用,而另一些人則采用的是勞動(dòng)的單位成本(來(lái)估算)。

SentencesIllustrationSomechReviewQuestionsandProblemsHowtogetacompletecostestimation?Doyouthinkthecostestimationisthesameevenfromthedifferentpointsofviewofthecontractorandtheowner?Givesomedetailedreasons.ONETWOReviewQuestionsandProblemsH03成本管理CostManagement

03成本管理CostManagement

ConstructionMaterials

TheConstructionCostCycle工程成本周期ProjectCostAccounting項(xiàng)目成本核算ObjectivesofaCostSystem成本系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)CostAccountingReports成本核算報(bào)告ProjectCostControl項(xiàng)目成本控制EarnedValueManagementSystem掙值管理系統(tǒng)010203040506ConstructionMaterialsThWordsandPhraseswithinthelimits在……限制之內(nèi)anticipated[?n?t?s?pe?t?d]vt.預(yù)測(cè)(anticipate的過(guò)去分詞)revolving[r??v?lv??]adj.循環(huán)的historic[h??st?r?k]adj.歷史的proprietary[pr??pra??tri]adj.專有的protected[pr??tekt?d]vt.保護(hù)(protect的過(guò)去分詞)underprizing[??nd?rpra?z??]adj.低價(jià)出售的atanygivenpoint在任何已知點(diǎn)adjusted[??d??st?d]adj.調(diào)整過(guò)的execute[?eks?kju?t]vt.執(zhí)行periodic[?p??ri??d?k]adj.周期性的tailored[?te?l?d]vt.調(diào)整使適應(yīng)(tailor的過(guò)去分詞)cashflow現(xiàn)金流reallocate[?ri???l?ke?t]vt.重新分配shortfalls[????tf??lz]n.不足(shortfall的復(fù)數(shù))track[tr?k]vt.追蹤WordsandPhraseswithintheliWordsandPhrasesaccomplish[??k?mpl??]vt.完成supervision[?sju?p??v??n]n.監(jiān)督regardlessof不管……functioning[?f??k??n??]vi.運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)(function的動(dòng)名詞)reliable[r??la??bl]adj.可靠的playsavitalrole起著至關(guān)重要的作用indicated[??nd?ke?t?d]adj.表明的costaccounting成本核算fieldcosts現(xiàn)場(chǎng)費(fèi)用isolated[?a?s?le?t?d]adj.隔離的;孤立的;分離的distilled[d?s?t?ld]vt.蒸餾(distill的過(guò)去分詞)targetedfor針對(duì)management-by-exception例外管理;偏差管理devices[d??va?siz]n.設(shè)備(device的復(fù)數(shù))costoverruns成本超支detection[d??tek?n]n.檢測(cè)WordsandPhrasesaccomplish[?WordsandPhrasesingredient[?n?gri?di?nt]n.成分elaboration[??l?b??re??n]n.詳述routines[ru??ti?nz]n.日常工作(routine的復(fù)數(shù))time-average時(shí)間平均intermittently[??nt??m?t?ntl?]adj.間歇性的occasional[??ke???nl]adj.偶爾的spotchecks抽查excessive[?k?ses?v]adj.過(guò)多的projection[pr??d?ek?n]n.投影remedy[?rem?d?]vt.補(bǔ)救intervals[??nt?vlz]n.間隔uncomplicated[?n?k?mpl?ke?t?d]adj.不復(fù)雜的extension[?k?sten?n]n.延伸gauge[ge?d?]vt.測(cè)量cumulative[?kju?mjul?t?v]adj.累積的analogousto類似于WordsandPhrasesingredient[?WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalue貨幣價(jià)值division[d??v???n]n.分開(kāi)normalize[?n??m?la?z]vt.歸一化convertedinto轉(zhuǎn)換成indices[??nd?si?z]n.指數(shù)(index的復(fù)數(shù))benchmark[?bent?m'?k]n.基準(zhǔn)interim[??nt?r?m]adj.臨時(shí)的addingup總計(jì)baseline[?be?sla?n]n.基準(zhǔn)curve[k??v]n.曲線accrued[??krud]adj.應(yīng)計(jì)的slippage[?sl?p?d?]n.滑移to-datevariances迄今為止的差異subtracting[s?btr?kt??]vt.減去(subtract的動(dòng)名詞)WordsandPhrasescurrencyvalu在這種情況下,術(shù)語(yǔ)表不涉及先前在書中討論過(guò)的基于時(shí)間的模型,而是指在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中用作計(jì)費(fèi)基礎(chǔ)的成本清單。Thetermscheduleinthiscasedoesnotrefertothetime-basedmodelsthathavebeendiscussedpreviouslyinthebookbut,rather,toalistingofcoststobeusedasabasisforbillingthroughouttheproject.SentencesIllustration在這種情況下,術(shù)語(yǔ)表不涉及先前在書中討論過(guò)的基于時(shí)間的模型,ReviewQuestionsandProblemsIfthecostoverrunsintheprojectprocess,whowillberesponsibleforandhowtotaketheremedialmeasures?ReviewQuestionsandProblemsI04閱讀材料Readingmaterial

04閱讀材料ReadingmaterialReadingmaterialComputerestimatinghasbecomeverypopularinrecentyearsprimarilybecauseoftheadventofthemicrocomputer.Earlyeffortsofcomputerestimatingdatebacktotheearly1970sbutwerecumbersometousebecausetheywereonamainframeandwerecard-driven.Nolessthan15U.S.companiesnowofferestimatingsoftwareforamicrocomputer.Becausethecomputerestimatingindustryisnew,therearenorealstandardsfor