英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯

英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯xxx公司英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設(shè)計，管理制度高二人教新課標選修6unit1Art課文翻譯Reading1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessions,aswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinthewallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchanges.Naturally,thesechangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.Theimpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.Modernart(20thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecall"modernart".ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Theystylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture?

西方繪畫藝術(shù)簡史藝術(shù)是受著人民生活習(xí)俗和信仰的影響的。西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格經(jīng)歷了多次變革。由于西方的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格多種多樣,在短短的一篇課文里不可能進行全面的描述。因此,本文只談及從公元6世紀以來最主要的幾種藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。中世紀(公元5世紀到15世紀)在中世紀,畫家的主要任務(wù)是把宗教的主題表現(xiàn)出來。一個傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)家無意于如實地展現(xiàn)自然和人物。那個時期的典型的繪畫充滿了宗教的(象)特征,體現(xiàn)出了對土帝的愛戴與敬重。但是,很顯然到了13世紀時,觀念發(fā)生變化,像喬托這樣的畫家開始以一種比較現(xiàn)實的風(fēng)格來畫宗教場景。文藝復(fù)興時期(15世紀到16世紀)在文藝復(fù)興時期,新的思想和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的思想和價值觀。人們開始較少關(guān)注宗教主題而采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度。同時畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的古典藝術(shù)理念上。他們力爭如實地畫出人物和自然。富人們想擁有自己的藝術(shù)品并用來裝飾自己的高級宮殿和豪宅,他們出價聘請著名藝術(shù)家來為自己畫像,畫自己的房屋和其他財物,以及他們的活動和成就。在此期間,最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)之一就是如何用透視法來畫出事物。這一手法是1428年由馬薩喬第一次使用的。當人們第一次看到他的畫時,還以為是透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實的場景,并對此深信不疑。如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。巧合的是這一時期油畫顏料也得到了發(fā)展,它使得繪畫的色彩看上去更豐富、更深沉。沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法,我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的杰作。印象派時期(19世紀后期到20世紀初期)19世紀后期,歐洲發(fā)生了巨大的變化,從以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的社會變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會。許多人從農(nóng)村遷入到新城市。有著許多新發(fā)明,還有許多社會變革。這些變革也自然而然地促成了新的繪畫風(fēng)格。在那些突破傳統(tǒng)畫法的畫家中有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家。印象派畫家是第一批室外寫景的畫家。他們急切地想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈現(xiàn)出來。然而由于自然光的變化很快,印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫,因此,他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家們的畫那樣細致了。起初,許多人都不喜歡這種畫法,甚至還怒不可遏。他們說這些畫家作畫時漫不經(jīng)心、粗枝大葉,而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑。現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)(20世紀至今)在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期,它們是存在著爭議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現(xiàn)在我們所說的"現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)"的始祖了。這是因為印象派鼓勵畫家用一種嶄新的視角看待他們的環(huán)境。如今,現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)風(fēng)格有好幾十種,然而如果沒有印象派,那么這許多不同的風(fēng)格就不可能存在。一方面,有些現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)是抽象的,也就是說,畫家并不打算把我們眼睛看到的東西如實地畫出來,而是集中展現(xiàn)物體的某些品質(zhì)特性,用色彩、線條和形狀把它們呈現(xiàn)出來。而另一方面,有些現(xiàn)代派的藝術(shù)作品卻是那么寫實,看上去就像是照片。這些風(fēng)格如此不同。誰能預(yù)言將來會有什么樣的繪畫藝術(shù)風(fēng)格?Reading2THEBESTOFMANHATTAN'SARTGALLERIESTheFrickCollection(5thAvenueandE.70thStreet)ManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollection.YoucanalsoexploreFrick'sbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthavisit.GuggenheimMuseum(5thAvenueandThismuseumowns5,000superbmodernpaintings,sculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesametime.Theexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillappealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-Impressionistpaintings.TheGuggenheimMuseumMetropolitanMuseumofArt(5thAvenueandThereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyofitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsoftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfricancountriesandSouthAmerica.Themuseumdisplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofart.Itintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiantemple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18thcenturyFrenchhouseandmanyotherspecialexhibitions.MuseumofModernItisamazingthatsomanygreatworksofartfromthelate19thcenturytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonet,VanGogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:theadmissionpriceisnotcheapandthemuseumisoftenverycrowded.WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,nearTheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcollectionofcontemporaryAmericanpaintingandsculpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycontemporaryvideoartists.曼哈頓藝術(shù)畫廊