英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯

英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯xxx公司英語選修六Unit1課文翻譯文件編號：文件日期：修訂次數：第1.0次更改批準審核制定方案設計，管理制度高二人教新課標選修6unit1Art課文翻譯Reading1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessions,aswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinthewallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.Impressionism(late19thtoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchanges.Naturally,thesechangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.Theimpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.Modernart(20thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecall"modernart".ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Theystylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture?

西方繪畫藝術簡史藝術是受著人民生活習俗和信仰的影響的。西方的藝術風格經歷了多次變革。由于西方的藝術風格多種多樣,在短短的一篇課文里不可能進行全面的描述。因此,本文只談及從公元6世紀以來最主要的幾種藝術風格。中世紀(公元5世紀到15世紀)在中世紀,畫家的主要任務是把宗教的主題表現出來。一個傳統(tǒng)的藝術家無意于如實地展現自然和人物。那個時期的典型的繪畫充滿了宗教的(象)特征,體現出了對土帝的愛戴與敬重。但是,很顯然到了13世紀時,觀念發(fā)生變化,像喬托這樣的畫家開始以一種比較現實的風格來畫宗教場景。文藝復興時期(15世紀到16世紀)在文藝復興時期,新的思想和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的思想和價值觀。人們開始較少關注宗教主題而采取一種更人性化的生活態(tài)度。同時畫家們回到了羅馬、希臘的古典藝術理念上。他們力爭如實地畫出人物和自然。富人們想擁有自己的藝術品并用來裝飾自己的高級宮殿和豪宅,他們出價聘請著名藝術家來為自己畫像,畫自己的房屋和其他財物,以及他們的活動和成就。在此期間,最重要的發(fā)現之一就是如何用透視法來畫出事物。這一手法是1428年由馬薩喬第一次使用的。當人們第一次看到他的畫時,還以為是透過墻上的小洞來觀看真實的場景,并對此深信不疑。如果沒有發(fā)現透視法,人們就不可能畫出如此逼真的畫。巧合的是這一時期油畫顏料也得到了發(fā)展,它使得繪畫的色彩看上去更豐富、更深沉。沒有新的顏料和新的(繪畫)手法,我們就不能看到很多使這一時代著名的杰作。印象派時期(19世紀后期到20世紀初期)19世紀后期,歐洲發(fā)生了巨大的變化,從以農業(yè)為主的社會變成了以工業(yè)為主的社會。許多人從農村遷入到新城市。有著許多新發(fā)明,還有許多社會變革。這些變革也自然而然地促成了新的繪畫風格。在那些突破傳統(tǒng)畫法的畫家中有生活和工作在法國巴黎的印象派畫家。印象派畫家是第一批室外寫景的畫家。他們急切地想把一天中不同時間投射到物體上的光線和陰影呈現出來。然而由于自然光的變化很快,印象派畫家們必須很快地作畫,因此,他們的畫就不像以前那些畫家們的畫那樣細致了。起初,許多人都不喜歡這種畫法,甚至還怒不可遏。他們說這些畫家作畫時漫不經心、粗枝大葉,而他們的作品更是荒謬可笑?，F代藝術(20世紀至今)在印象派作品的創(chuàng)建初期,它們是存在著爭議的,但是如今己被人們接受而成為現在我們所說的"現代藝術"的始祖了。這是因為印象派鼓勵畫家用一種嶄新的視角看待他們的環(huán)境。如今,現代藝術風格有好幾十種,然而如果沒有印象派,那么這許多不同的風格就不可能存在。一方面,有些現代藝術是抽象的,也就是說,畫家并不打算把我們眼睛看到的東西如實地畫出來,而是集中展現物體的某些品質特性,用色彩、線條和形狀把它們呈現出來。而另一方面,有些現代派的藝術作品卻是那么寫實,看上去就像是照片。這些風格如此不同。誰能預言將來會有什么樣的繪畫藝術風格?Reading2THEBESTOFMANHATTAN'SARTGALLERIESTheFrickCollection(5thAvenueandE.70thStreet)ManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollection.YoucanalsoexploreFrick'sbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthavisit.GuggenheimMuseum(5thAvenueandThismuseumowns5,000superbmodernpaintings,sculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesametime.Theexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillappealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-Impressionistpaintings.TheGuggenheimMuseumMetropolitanMuseumofArt(5thAvenueandThereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyofitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsoftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfricancountriesandSouthAmerica.Themuseumdisplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofart.Itintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiantemple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18thcenturyFrenchhouseandmanyotherspecialexhibitions.MuseumofModernItisamazingthatsomanygreatworksofartfromthelate19thcenturytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsasMonet,VanGogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:theadmissionpriceisnotcheapandthemuseumisoftenverycrowded.WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,nearTheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcollectionofcontemporaryAmericanpaintingandsculpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallthetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycontemporaryvideoartists.曼哈頓藝術畫廊