美國文學(xué)史考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

1美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)（ colonialism)第一部分 殖民主義時期的文學(xué)一、時期綜述1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁： a、narratives日記b、journals游記2、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1）theirvoyagetothenewlandAdaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops3)AboutdealingwithIndiansGuidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices2)WishtorestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.3lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.。4、典型的清教徒：JohnCotton&RogerWilliam他們的不同：JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.5、William 的宗教觀點：Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGo6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人： AnneBradstreet7、在殖民時期最好的清教徒詩人： thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.學(xué)習(xí)指南：1、CouldyougiveadescriptionofAmericanPuritans? 關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪LiketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtothe"purity"ofthefirstcenturychurch·asestablishedbyJesusChristhimself.Tothemreligionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.TheymadeittheirchiefbusinesstoseethatmanlivedandthoughtandactedinawaywhichtendedtothegloryofGod.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod,allthatJohnCalvin,thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGenevahadpreachedwasthiskindofItreligiousbeliefthattheybroughtwiththemintothewildness.TheretheymeaanttoprovethatwereGod'schosenpeopleenjoyinghisblessingsonthisearthasinHeaven.2，，Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.3、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.4．TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 2（reasoningandrevolution))一、美國的性質(zhì)：ThewarforIndependenceendedintheformationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic-theUnitedStatesofAmerica. 聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國 --美利堅合眾國。二、代表作家 ：1、BenjaminFranklin 本杰明 ·富蘭克林 1706-17901）"PoorRichard'sAlmanac" 窮人查理德的年鑒 annualcollectionofproverbs 流行諺語Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputationFoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.3）establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.4.firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.5)AsarepresentativeoftheColonies,hetriedinvaintocounseltheBritishtowardpoliciesthatwouldletAmericagrowandflourishinassociationwithEngland.HeconductedthedifficultynegotiationswithFrancethatbroughtfinancialandmilitarysupportforAmericainthewar.6）Asanauthorhehadpowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sarcastic.7）TheWaytoWealth 致富之道 TheAutobiography2、ThomasPaine 托馬斯·佩因1737-1809"GreatCommonofMankind" 最平凡的人1）famouspamphlet"CommonSense" 著名的政治小冊子《常識》 itboldlyadvocateda"DeclarationforIndependence",andbroughttheseparatistagitationtoacrisis. 擁護(hù)獨立宣言，是分裂活動發(fā)展成最后危機。2）"AmericanCrisis" 《美國危機》， signed"CommonSense"(p31, 第一段）TheCaseoftheOfficersofExcise 稅務(wù)員問題； CommonSense 常識；AmericanCrisis 美國危機；RightsofMan 人的權(quán)利： DownfallofDespotism 專制體制的崩潰；TheAgeofReason 理性時代3、ThomasJefferson 托馬斯·杰弗遜1）draftedtheDeclarationofIndependence. 起草了獨立宣言2）與清教徒不同，主張追求幸福。AllMenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthePursuitofhappiness. 人人生而平等， 他們都從“造物主 ”那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利， 其中包括生命權(quán)、 自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。4、PhilipFreneau 菲利普·費瑞諾 poetandpoliticaljournalist 詩人和政治方面的新聞記者1）perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.2)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry" 美國詩歌之父TheRisingGloryofAmerica 蒸蒸日上的美洲； TheBritishPrisonShip 英國囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans 紀(jì)念美國勇士 同類詩中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金銀花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殯葬地學(xué)習(xí)指南：1.TheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasthenextgreatsujecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.2、Freneauwasneoclassicalbytrainingandtasteyeromanticinessentialspirit.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 3（Romanticisms)一、文學(xué)特征：1、Environment:1)shapedbytheirNewWorldenvironment 美洲大陸新環(huán)境2）arrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditonsofEurope 歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學(xué)特點：pluralistic多元化 manifestationsvaried 表現(xiàn)形式多樣 Individualistic 個人主義 conflicting 矛盾3、Romanticism 的特點：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.4、Transcendentalism 超驗主義1,asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceof"oversoul",anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.4itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind. “Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou ’becomellspirituallywholeagain. ”5）代表人物： Emerson 愛默生 ，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood 。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocenceof”nature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”5、Literaryforms 文學(xué)形式：Novels,shortstories,andpoemsreplacedsermonsandmanifestosasAmerica ’sprincipalliteraryforms.6、Imaginativeliterature 想象類文學(xué)7、thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatillustratedmorallaw. 戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8,ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.逃離社會，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。9、NationalismstimulatedagreaterliteraryinterestinAmerica ’slanguage.In1828NoahWebsterpublished “AnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10,Atmidcenturyaculturalreawakeningbroughta “floweringofNewEngland. ”LedbyHawthorne,Emerson,andThoreau.NewEngland→Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗主義二、代表作家：1、WashingtonIrving華盛頓.歐文thefirstgreatbelletrist第一個純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個主要contribution①thefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism. 美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家②“SketchBook”《見聞札記》,thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.③IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhichPoesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了這種體裁。④“LegendsoftheConquestofSpain ”《西班牙征服記》AHistoryofNewYork 紐約的歷史 美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；TheSketchBook 見聞札記 TheLegendofSleepyHollow 睡谷的傳說 使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家；BracebridgeHall布雷斯布里奇田莊；TalksofTravellers旅客談；TheAlhambra阿爾罕伯拉2、JamesFenimoreCooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀①contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories →theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁， 邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。 ②“LeatherstockingTales ”《皮襪子故事集》 ，包括“TheDeerslayer”《殺鹿者》、“TheLastoftheMohicans ”《最后的莫希干人》 、“ThePathfinder ”《探路人》“、 ThePioneers”《拓荒者》、“ ThePrairie”《大草原》,regardas “thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic. ”被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。③thecentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo. 小說的中心人物，納蒂 .班波JudgeTemple:manremainsavagewithoutlawandorderTheSpy間諜 ThePilot領(lǐng)航者 TheLittlepageManuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿3、WilliamCullenBryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet詩人①asIrvinghadshownthatAmericanprosehadconeofage,soBryantdemonstratedtoEuropeanreadersthatAmericanpoetrywasreadytodemandseriousattention. 當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時代的到來時，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實了美國的詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。②HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。③“ToaWaterfowl ”《致水鳥》 themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage. 用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩。4、EdgarAllanPoe 埃德加.阿倫.坡①showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic. 編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評論家。Graham’sMagazine格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）③“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《鄂謝府崩潰記》、“TheRaven”《烏鴉》thetitlepoemofacollection,“TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque ”《述異集》 firstcollectionofshortstories. 第一部短篇小說集。④oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents. 擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。5、RalphWaldoEmersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生①beresponsibleforbringingTranscendentalismtoNewEngland, 是把超驗主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。②Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism 個人主義,independenceofmind 思想獨立,andself-reliance 自強.③作品：“Nature”《論自然》、“Essays”《隨筆錄》、“TheAmericanScholar”《美國學(xué)者》,ourintellectualDeclarationofIndependence.我們知識分子的獨立宣言。hismostimportantworksare“RepresentativeMen”《代表》and“EnglishTraits”《英國人》、“Poems”《詩集》⑤摘自《論自然》：Standingonthebareground,-myheadbathedbytheblitheair,andupliftedintoinfinitespace,-allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。6、HenryDavidThoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson ’stheories愛默生最忠實的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實踐。②“InWalden”《沃爾登》成名作?！癈ivilDisobedience”《平民反抗》essay隨筆。非暴力不合作③教義：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor ’sorhisparents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的?！?、NathanielHawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑①background:oneofhisancestorswasJudgeHawthorne,whoharmaperson. 曾經(jīng)有個做法官的祖輩害人。②“TheHouseoftheSevenGables ”七尖角閣房， 是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個房屋名稱。③herevealsthedepthofhisconcernwiththedarksideofPuritanism,theharshnessandthepersecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。④“MossesfromanOldManse ”《古廈青苔》 、“TheMarbleFaun ”《玉石神像》 ⑤特點⑴uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature. 獨特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories. 短篇小說里，通過活生生、 極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol. 杰出之處在于他能把一個故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述， 他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時人們的道德參考。⑥（課堂筆記提及的） “TheScarletLetter ”《紅字》⑴女主角honest,calmlyfacefault 誠實，坦然的面對罪過。⑵弗洛伊德人格理論： Id本我→欲望，只要快樂 →Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego自我→分辨對錯，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實 →Hester女主角Superego超我→→Dim女主角的情人，牧師⑶女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。 Egogrowthandredeembyherownofprocess⑦“TheScarletLetter ”analysis 分析：itnotapraiseofaHestersinning,butahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.YoungHesterbordersonbeinglicentious.Herdriveissexual.Shedoesherbesttokeepherholdonthemagicchainhumanity.HerlifeeventuallyacquiresarealsignificancewhenshereestablishesameaningfulrelationshipwithherfellowmenSymbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthegradualimperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adulterybut”thenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellow villagersch ’angesitto “AbleLater”.inthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying “AngelThere”.isreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof “originalsin,Dimmesdale, ”ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone ’sworsttotheoutsideworld.★8、HermanMelville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾①“MobyDick ”《白鯨》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism. 本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。 ③主人公： Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書中說： towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個宏大的主題。⑤故事人物： CaptainAhab. 船長阿哈比； Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格， wasafriendlyperson ；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比艦長和各種危險之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor “searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.He ”hadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.9、HenryWadsworthLongfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費羅 poet詩人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology “ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope ”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern. 《歐洲詩人及詩》 不能把這部作品估計過高。 他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料， 在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。 從古代的， 中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌， 他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet ’scornerofWestminsterAbbey. 朗費羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩人之角， 他也是美國惟一獲此殊榮的詩人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime. 他的詩歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhighmindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當(dāng)時社會、宗教和各種政治斗爭的影響。⑤特點：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetotheU.S.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidelytranslated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動作用，也把美國民間文化傳播到國外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)4（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization機器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工業(yè)化4）Federalgovernment(race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法）標(biāo)志著馬克·吐溫的《鍍金時代》開始5）Railwaysystem工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征：1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開始關(guān)注Midclass3）現(xiàn)實主義（realism）-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時期綜述：1、鍍金時代TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.無節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時代。2、AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開始接近尾聲。3、現(xiàn)實主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：世紀(jì)末theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed. 反對在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。4、Realism：（現(xiàn)實主義）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.主義有濃厚的美國本土特色， 是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點

現(xiàn)實美國風(fēng)5、Naturalism：自然主義anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，產(chǎn)生于theendofthecentury十九世紀(jì)末，因為Perceptionofsocietysdisorders 對社會無序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity. 設(shè)法盡力客觀真實地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious “truthswere”illusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath. 強調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由， 宗教上的真理是虛幻的， 現(xiàn)實生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 決定論，宿命的，代表作家 ：StephenCrane 史蒂芬.克萊恩, FrankNorris 弗朗克.諾里斯, JackLondon 杰克.倫敦, TheodoreDreiser 西奧多.德萊塞.6、Darwinism: 達(dá)爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution. 對自然主義影響極大，強調(diào)人的動物性，意味著人的命運受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來決定的。7、WilliamDeanHowells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯，①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀(jì)美國現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實。③中央視角： anobjectivepointofview二、代表作家：1、WaltWhitman 沃爾特 .惠特曼①★freeverse(自由詩體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme. 無固定節(jié)奏， 無有規(guī)律的韻腳②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩Poem’s特點：mostofthepoemsin “LeavesofGr6ass ”areaboutmanandnature.③關(guān)注點：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual④詩人職責(zé)：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth. 表達(dá)真理的前提下，引導(dǎo)社會發(fā)展。2、EmilyDickinson 愛米麗.狄金森①作品： “IdiedforBeauty ”我為美而死（詩歌） Beauty/Truth/Goodnessareultimate( 終極)thesame“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath ”我不能等候死神 Theme：死亡是實現(xiàn)永恒Immortality 的途徑②特點：herpoetryinuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Herpoemshavenotitles,hencearealwaysquotedbytheirfirstlines.3、HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗雅特.比徹.斯托小說家onlyonefemaleprosewriter(散文作家)in19thcentury代表作：“ UncleTom’sCabin”湯姆叔叔的小屋 關(guān)注農(nóng)奴制度Payattentiontoserf'ssystem4、MarkTwain馬克.吐溫①美國現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)的代表作 “AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn ”哈克貝里.費恩歷險記(馬最有名的作品 )②特點：localcolorist 地方特色:auniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism,itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.③contribution 貢獻(xiàn)： colloquialspeechacceptedasliterarymedium 口語化被文學(xué)界接④代表作：“ TheGildedAge”70-90年代，鍍金時代，貧富分化，財富積累。 “TheAdventuresofTomSawyer ”用詞簡單、幽默、使用當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言編寫 “LifeontheMississippi ”★6、HenryJames 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist小說家； Literaturetheoretician 文學(xué)理論家，從小受歐洲教育①心理現(xiàn)實主義的開創(chuàng)者 ：thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Theliterarycareerofhimisgenerallydividedintothreeperiods,inthefirstperiods,Jamestookgreatinterestininternationaltheme;exemplifythematureandformidablestyleofathirdliteraryperiod,whichcriticshavecometopraiseas“TheMajorPhase”.②特點：(1)deeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience. 深刻探討人物人性心理，用深厚、復(fù)雜的寫作方式對復(fù)雜的個人經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行揣摩(2)1stpersonand3rdpersonnarration ，第一和第三人稱的敘述 (3)omniscient 全視角是不真實的 ;③家庭背景： father:philosopher 哲學(xué)家,富有； brother:psychologist,philosopher 心理學(xué)家,哲學(xué)家；④創(chuàng)作原則： TheartofFiction 小說的藝術(shù) ;artvs.life,bringsthemeaningoflife; ⑤貢獻(xiàn)contribution：inhiscriticalcommentaries,hemademajorcontributionstotheartoffictionitself,helpingtotransformthenovelfromitsalliancewithjournalismandromanticstory-tellingintoanartfromofpenetratinganalysisofindividualsconfrontingsociety,chroniclesofthepsychologicalperceptionsthatJameshimselfdefinedasthehighestfromofexperience. 詹姆斯把小說從新聞形式和浪漫故事轉(zhuǎn)變成為了對個人在社會大環(huán)境中面對種種沖突， 進(jìn)行深刻剖析的文學(xué)形式； 對人們心理感受進(jìn)行反映的一種文學(xué)形式， 他定義這位感受的最高形式。⑥代表作：“TheAmerican”、“DaisyMiller”、“inthePortraitofaLady ”(早期最好的作品)Lastfull-lengthnovel== “TheWingsoftheDove ”、“TheAmbassadors ”、“TheGoldenBowl”⑦Thenameoftheheroine“inthePortraitofaLady”isIsabelAcher.ThenovelisrepresentativeofthebestofJames’maturework.Theplotconcernsthecourtship,marriage,anddevelopmentofthecharacterofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericangirlwhohasbeenleftpennilessbythedeathofherfather.TheintricatenovelofpsychologicalandmoralinterrelationshipsisinonesenseanothertreatmentoftheJamesianthemeoftheAmericaninconflictwithEuropeancultureandinanothersensethemostpersonalofhisnovels,anintimatepictureofawoman’ssoulpresentedwithmasterlypsychologicalfinesse.美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí) 5（the20thcentury ）一、Background:①WorldWarI 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)， Americahavegreatprofit.②Jumpintechnology(automobile/radio) 科技方面的跳躍 （汽車③oldmoralcodebreaks 舊道德體系破碎1、Imagism 意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.2、LostGeneration ：迷惘的一代，Writersofthefirstpostwareraself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerea “LostGeneration,”devoidoffaithandalienatedfromacivilization.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof “expatriates or”exiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.3、Modernism 現(xiàn)代主義： islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallythinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19 centuryandthetheoryofpsychoanalysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.4、現(xiàn)代主義的標(biāo)志： T.S.Eliot’s“TheWasteLand”,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.5、典型的迷惘一代 ：F.ScottFitzgerald,“TheGreatGatsby”《了不起的蓋茨比》novel“TheSunAlsoRises”《太陽照樣升起》ErnestHemingway“AFarwelltoArms ”《告別了，武器》WilliamFaulkner “TheSoundandtheFury ”《喧囂與騷動》6、Playwrights戲劇、劇作家：EugeneO’Neill“TheEmperorJones”《瓊斯國王》、“AnnaChristie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“TheHairyApe”《毛猿》7、TheJazzAge(享樂時代)：whenNewOrleansmusiciansmoved “uptheriver ”toChicago,andthetheatreofNewYork ’sHarlempulsedwiththemusicthathadbecomeasymbolofthetimes.FitzgeraldportraystheJazzAgeasagenerationof “thebeautifulanddamned ”,drowningintheirpleasures.二、代表作家：1、EzraPound 埃茲拉.龐德詩人①Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.龐德和愛略特都是運用意象主義作為文學(xué)表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。②majorworkofpoetryisthelongpoemcalled “TheCantos”2、RobertFrost 羅伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主義詩人 poet①詩歌特點和內(nèi)容：(1)rejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,choosinginstead “theold-fashionedwaytobenew.”HeemployedtheplainspeechofruralNewEnglandersandpreferredtheshort,traditionalformsoflyricandnarrative.(2)Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.(3)Hisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties,andhispoetry,forallitsapparentsimplicity,oftenprobesmysteriesofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniversewheremenstandalone,unaidedandperplexed.②hebecomeanationalbard 美國民族詩人的翹首 ,winfourPulitzerPrizes 獲得了四次普利茲獎.③“TheRoadNotTaken ”、“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening ”向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑3、WallaceStevens 華萊士.斯蒂文斯 詩人①Hisworkisprimarilymotivatedbythebeliefthat “ideasoforder, ”thatis,trueideas,correspondwithaninnateorderinnatureanduniverse,andthatitisthehighprivilegeofindividualsandmankindtodiscoverthiscorrespondence. 作品動機起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然與宇宙天然一致的次序，是人類與個體發(fā)現(xiàn)這種一致性的特權(quán)。②代表作：“TheManwiththeBlueGuitar ”《帶藍(lán)吉他的人》 ；“NecessaryAngel ”《必要的天使》 ，collectionofhisoccasionallecturesonpoetry 詩歌的評論 .“AnecdoteoftheJar ”《壇子的軼事》jar–manmade –art,wildness –nature,jarbringorder/meaningtothenature, 藝術(shù)到自然的秩序， integrated 統(tǒng)一體③特點：(1)headoptedavarietyofexperimentalstyles,createdpoeticsurfacesofFrenchifiedelegance,exoticimagery,oddsounds,curiousanalogies,andinscrutabletitles. 嘗試過多種實驗性的寫作。(2)heconfrontedthecontemporaryabandonmentoftraditionalvaluesandsoughttocometotermswiththeconfusionsofhistime.Theproblemoftheinterrelationbetweentheidealandtherealbecameaconstantthemeinhislaterpoetry. 理想和現(xiàn)(3)aseriesofoppositionsbetweeninnerandouterworlds –betweensubjectandobject,perceiverandperceived,fictionandfact, “imaginationandreality ”(想象與現(xiàn)實)4、ThomasStearnsEliot托馬斯.斯特恩斯.愛略特現(xiàn)代主義代言人①多重身份：poet詩人,critic評論家,playwright劇作家②代表作：“TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock”poems，holdsitsplaceinthedevelopmentofEliot’spoetryasawhole.“TraditionandtheIndividualTalent”essay,隨筆《傳統(tǒng)和個人天才》,theearlieststatementofhisae