國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)第三版課后答案

國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)第三版課后答案xcf整理Unit5QualityofCommodityKey:I.GivetheChineseequivalentsforthefollowingEnglishterms:1本身所具有的特性2光澤、造型、結(jié)構(gòu)3耐用性4可銷售性5社會(huì)屆67適用性8衛(wèi)生9規(guī)格10水產(chǎn)品11跨國公司12保證生活質(zhì)量Twocolumnsaregivenforyoutodecidewhichmethodisbestsuitedforacertaincommodity.Pleasematchthem.A,2C,3D,4E,5B,6G,7F,8H多項(xiàng)選擇題1.AE2.ABE3.ABC4.CDE5.AC6.ABD7.BCE8.ACDE9.BD10.AC11.BC12.AC13.BCDE14.CD15.AB16.CDE17.ABCDEIV.MonomialChoiceA2.D3.A4.D5.A6.A7.B8.B9.D10.AV.案例分析[Answer]:我方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)賠償。作為出口公司理應(yīng)知道所售貨物的英文名稱。如來證貨名與實(shí)際不符，我方一是應(yīng)要求對(duì)方改證，二是應(yīng)自己更改貨物的英文名稱。如只考慮單證相符而置貨物上的名稱不顧，勢(shì)必給對(duì)方在辦理進(jìn)口報(bào)關(guān)時(shí)造成嚴(yán)重后果。[Answer]:1）這個(gè)問題要視合同如何約定，如果合同約定了檢驗(yàn)期間，則由丁甲方?jīng)]有在約定的檢驗(yàn)期間內(nèi)驗(yàn)貨導(dǎo)致其喪失了質(zhì)量異議權(quán)。如果合同沒有約定檢驗(yàn)期間，則在甲方收貨后兩年內(nèi)都有權(quán)要求退貨，依據(jù)是合同法第157、158條。所以，乙方已履行部分可以要求退貨。2）未履行部分可以解除。因乙方行為已導(dǎo)致合同目的無法實(shí)現(xiàn)，甲方經(jīng)催告后可解除合同，理由是合同法第94條。3）定金應(yīng)雙倍返還給甲方。4）定金和違約金只能擇其一，給甲方造成損失的，乙方仍應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償，包括差旅費(fèi)500元,已收取的貨款應(yīng)當(dāng)退還給甲方。3[Answer]:Theexporterdidn'tfulfillhisobligation.Thoughtheexportermadeshipmentontime,inordertodelivertheapplesingoodquality,hearrangedthegoodswithhigherquality,butthequalityisnotsimilartothelevelonthecontract.Sothesellerbreachesthecontract.Ifthebuyerlodgesaclaim,thesellerwillsuffertheloss.Inordertoavoidtheproblem,thesellershouldaskforthebuyer'sopinionfirstly.[Answer]:買方的索賠要求是合理的，此案中，雖然合同對(duì)商品的品質(zhì)提出了要求，但賣方在成交前寄送樣品的行為本身即表明該批貨物既憑說明買賣(salebydescription),又憑樣品買賣(salebysample)。因此,買方在對(duì)商品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)后發(fā)現(xiàn)與樣品不符提出索賠的要求是合情合理的。賣方的失誤在于使用兩種方式約束商品品質(zhì)對(duì)其不利。[Answer]:我方這樣做是不合適的。因?yàn)槿珉p方事先無品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度的規(guī)定，賣方在交貨時(shí)，對(duì)于貨物的質(zhì)量(包括規(guī)格、花色搭配、型號(hào)等)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守合同的規(guī)定。否則，由此而產(chǎn)生的一切后果將由賣方承擔(dān)。就本案而言，我方在發(fā)現(xiàn)pyw^B型電冰箱數(shù)量短缺，應(yīng)先征得買方的同意才能發(fā)貨，而不能擅自以其他型號(hào)的電冰箱來代替。因此，我方的做法是不合適的。[Answer]:按合同規(guī)定的品質(zhì)條件提交貨物是賣方的基本義務(wù)之一，本案買賣雙方憑樣品買賣，賣方的交貨應(yīng)與樣品完全一致，賣方應(yīng)承擔(dān)交貨品質(zhì)不符的責(zé)任。但〈〈公約》第86條第一款規(guī)定：“如果買方已收到貨物，但打算行使合同或本公約的任何權(quán)利，把貨物退回，他必須按情況采取合理措施，以保全貨物，他有權(quán)保有這些貨物，直至賣方把他所付的合理費(fèi)用償還給他為止。”即買方在決定退貨后，應(yīng)采取合理措施妥善保管貨物。而本案中的買方卻未這樣做，導(dǎo)致貨物變質(zhì)。我方可就貨物的損失及進(jìn)口國海關(guān)向我方收取的費(fèi)用與買方進(jìn)行交涉，盡可能挽回?fù)p失。Unit6QuantityofGoodsKey:Heregiveninthefollowingareshortformsforsomeunitsofmeasureandweight.Pleasegivethecompleteformofeach:1）噸2）盎斯3）磅4）品脫5）碼6）加侖7）令8）公斤9）克10）平方米Pleasereadthestatementscarefully,andthengiveyourchoiceTrueorFalse.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zTFwherethegoodsaretobeunloadedmustbedecidedandconfirmedbythebuyeratleast48hoursbeforetheshiparrivesatthefirstoptionalport.TTTFaletterofindemnityisissuedbytheshippertotheshippingcompanyinexchangeforaclean-on-boardshippedbilloflading.Faccordingtoarticle23oftheUCPNO.500,”IFACreditcallsforabillofladingcoveringaporttoportshipment,bankswill,unlessotherwisestipulatedinCredit,acceptadocument,howevernamed,whichcontainsnoindicationthatitTOC\o"1-5"\h\zissubjecttoacharterparty”TFdispatchmoneyisanamountpaidbytheship-ownertotheshipperfortheshipper'squickerloadingandunloadingofthegoods.TPleasegivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish:Grossweightisthesumoftotalweightofthecommodityitselfandthetare（thepackageweight）.That'stosayitreferstothenetweightplusthetareweightofthegoods.Netweightistheactualweightofcommoditywithouttheadditionofthetare.Ininternationaltradeifthegoodsaresoldbyweight,thenetweightisoftenused.Actualtare:Theactualweightofpackagesofthewholecommodities.Averagetare:Inthisway,theweightofpackagesiscalculatedonthebasisoftheaveragetareofapartofthepackages.Customarytare:Theweightofstandardizedpackagehasagenerallyrecognizerweightwhichcanbeusedtorepresenttheweightofsuchpackages.Computedtare:Theweightofpackageiscalculatedaccordingtothetarepreviouslyagreeduponbythesellerandthebuyerinsteadofactualweighing.簡答題答：數(shù)量條款規(guī)定了買賣雙方交貨數(shù)量及與之有關(guān)的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，他涉及成交數(shù)量的確定、計(jì)量單位和計(jì)量方法的規(guī)定及數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度等內(nèi)容。為訂好數(shù)量條款，應(yīng)依據(jù)政策的規(guī)定和經(jīng)營意圖，根據(jù)需要和可能，按外商資信情況和市場行情變化，正確掌握進(jìn)出口商品的成交數(shù)量，以利于合同的履行。答：(1)大宗農(nóng)、副產(chǎn)品、礦產(chǎn)品及一部分工業(yè)制成品慣于采用按重量計(jì)算，一些貴重商品也慣于采用重量單位。按數(shù)量計(jì)算適用于大多數(shù)工業(yè)制成品，尤其是日用消費(fèi)品、輕工業(yè)品、機(jī)械產(chǎn)品及一部分土特產(chǎn)品。按長度計(jì)算多用于金屆繩索、布匹，綢緞等商品買賣。面積單位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。體積單位僅用于木材、天然氣及化學(xué)氣體的買賣。容積單位中的蒲式耳是美國用來計(jì)量各種谷物的，公升和加侖多用于液體商品。有些國家對(duì)某些商品有自己習(xí)慣的或法定的計(jì)量單位。例如棉花許多國家以"包"為單位，糖以"袋"為單位。答：(1)毛重。是商品本身加包裝重量。凈重。是商品本身實(shí)際重量，不包括皮重。計(jì)算皮重時(shí)有按實(shí)際皮重、平均皮重、習(xí)慣皮重、約定皮重計(jì)算等四種做法。公量。有些商品因較強(qiáng)的吸濕性導(dǎo)致重量不穩(wěn)定，對(duì)此類商品可用科學(xué)的方法除去其所含實(shí)際水分，然后再加上國際公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。即公量=十量+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)含水量。理論重量。對(duì)按固定規(guī)格形狀和尺寸所生產(chǎn)和買賣的商品可從其件數(shù)推算總重量，此總重量即為理論重量。一般只作為計(jì)算實(shí)際重量的參考。法定重量和實(shí)物凈重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接觸商品的包裝物料的重量，而除去這部分重量所表示出來的純商品重量即為實(shí)物凈重。此方法大多用于海關(guān)征稅。答：數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度是指賣方可按買賣雙方約定的某一具體數(shù)量多交或少交若十的幅度。他的規(guī)定方法有：合同中明確具體的規(guī)定數(shù)量的機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。它既可只簡單規(guī)定機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，也可在此基礎(chǔ)上約定由誰選擇及作價(jià)原則。合同中為明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，但將數(shù)量定為約數(shù)。《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》規(guī)定約數(shù)的增減幅度不超過10%。合同中未明確規(guī)定數(shù)量機(jī)動(dòng)幅度。此時(shí)賣方交貨數(shù)量原則上應(yīng)與合同完全一致，但《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》500號(hào)出版物規(guī)定貨物數(shù)量允許有5%的伸縮。答：(1)目前對(duì)在機(jī)動(dòng)幅度范圍內(nèi)超出或低于合同數(shù)量的多裝或少裝部分，一般按合同價(jià)格計(jì)價(jià)結(jié)算。為防止有權(quán)選擇溢短裝的當(dāng)事人利用行市變化有意多裝或少裝而獲取額外好處，有的合同規(guī)定多裝或少裝部分不按合同價(jià)格計(jì)算，而代之以按裝船日的行市或目的地的市場價(jià)格計(jì)算。若雙方未能就裝船日或到貨日或是市場價(jià)格取得協(xié)議，則可交由仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)解決。

有的合同還規(guī)定多交或少交貨物中一部分按合同價(jià)格計(jì)算，其余部分按裝船時(shí)或到貨時(shí)的市價(jià)計(jì)算。IV.Casestudy1[Answer]:AccordingtoArticle11ofCISG:"Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedin,orevidencedby,writingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.”ThoughChinaandtheUSarebothmembercountriesoftheCISG,ChinadeclaredthatitworitbeboundbyArticle11anditsrelatedarticles.Thatistosay,anykindofcontractsinChinamustbeevidencingbywriting.Inthiscase,thoughbothcompaniesagreedorallyastothemaintermsofthesalescontract,thereisnowritingevidencingthecontract.Thiscontract,accordingtoChineselaw,isnoteffective.2[Answer]:AccordingtoItem2ofArticle21ofCISG:"Ifaletterorotherwritingcontainingalateacceptanceshowsthatithasbeensentinsuchcircumstancesthatifitstransmissionhadbeennormalitwouldhavereachedtheofferorinduetime,thelateacceptanceiseffectiveasanacceptanceunless,withoutdelay,theofferororallyinformstheoffereethatheconsidershisofferashavinglapsedordispatchesanoticetothateffect.Inthiscase,inordertoavoidunnecessaryloss,theChinesecompanyshouldtelephoneordispatchimmediatelyanoticeinformingthattheacceptanceisineffectiveasitislate.[Answer]:Ininternationaltrade,themoreorlessclausehasamplemeaning,itmeansnotonlythetotalquantityshouldbesubjecttothestipulation,butalsothequantityineachtype.Inthiscase,thoughthetotalquantityhasnotsurpassedthe5%,butthequantityineachtypeisfarawayfromthestipulationinthecontract.Soweconsiderthatthesellerhasbreachedthequantityclause.andtheimporterrefusethegoodsowingtoquantityproblemsisreasonable.[Answer]:對(duì)方的要求是合理的。賣方交貨的數(shù)量應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照信用證的規(guī)定執(zhí)行，且應(yīng)按商品的凈重交貨。本案我方用雙線新麻袋包裝貨物，每袋50公斤，但貨物扣除皮重后不足500噸，說明我方短量交貨，買方有權(quán)要求我方退回因短量而多收的貨款，因此，對(duì)方的要求是合理的。[Answer]:賣方避免對(duì)交易貨物的品質(zhì)承擔(dān)雙重?fù)?dān)保義務(wù)(既憑規(guī)格又憑樣品)；雖賣方電文中告訴對(duì)方貨物與樣品相似，而不是完全相符，但買方有權(quán)保留所賠的權(quán)利；買出具品質(zhì)比樣品低7%勺證明，雖不符合實(shí)情，賣方拿不出留存樣品，故要賠償600英鎊。Unit7PackingandMarkingofGoodsKeyForthefalsestatements,pleasestateTrueorFalse(T)2.(F)3.(F)4.(F)5.(F)6.(F)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)PutthefollowingintoEnglish:2.giftpacking4.portable2.giftpacking4.portablepacking6.transparentpacking8.suspensiblepacking3.prettifycommoditiessocialcustomscreativedesignSupposeyouareanexporterandyourbusinessplaceisinChina,pleasemakethejudgmentifthefollowingstatementsarecorrectornotandgiveyourreasons.1.(F)2.(F)3.⑴4.(F)5.⑴6.⑴7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)10.⑴IV.PleasegivethedefinitiontothefollowingsinEnglish:TransportPacking:Transportpackingisalsocalledouterpackingorbigpacking.Itisusedtopreventthepackedgoodsfromanydamage,easytostore,pilferage-proof,convenienttoloadandunloadanddischarge.Container:Thecontainerisakindoftoolusedfortransportationwhichcanbethoughtofasaparticularshippingpackingofthecargo,usuallyprovidedbytheshipcompanytogoaround.Salespacking:Salespacking(alsocalledinnerpacking,smallpackingorimmediatepacking)isnotonlyadoptedasaformofprotectiontoreducetherisksofgoodsbeingdamagedintransitandpreventpilferage,butmainlywiththepurposeofpromotingsales.Itisnowuniversallyrecognizedasadecisiveaidinsellinghouseholdconsuminggoods.Neutralpacking:TheNeutralpackingmeansthatthereisneitheranameoftheorigin,noranameandaddressofthefactory/manufacturer,noratrademark,abrand,orevenanywordsonthe(outerorinner)packingofthecommodityandthecommodityitself.Thepurposeofusingneutralpackingbyexportersistobreakdownthetariffandnon-tariffbarriersofsomecountriesorregions,ormeetthespecialdemandofthetransaction(suchasentrepot).Itmayalsohelpthemanufacturersinexportingcountriestoincreasethecompetitivenessoftheirproducts,expandtheexportsandmarketprofitablyintheimportingcountries.Packingmark:Packingmarkorrecognitionmarkreferstodifferentdiagrams,wordsandfigureswhicharewritten,printed,orbrushedontheoutsideoftheshippingpackinginorderthatitiseasyandconvenientforgoods'loading,unloading,store,inspectionanddischarge.Shippingmark:Shippingmarksaremarksofsimpledesigns,someletters,numbersandsimplewordsonpackages,oftenstenciled,thatserveasidentificationoftheconsignmenttowhichtheybelong.Itisoneofthemostimportantelementswhichareagreedonbytheexporterandtheimporterinasalescontract.簡答題1.答：包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：是實(shí)現(xiàn)商品價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的重要手段，是商品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的橋梁。出口商品需經(jīng)過長距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸，有時(shí)需多次裝卸、搬運(yùn)和存儲(chǔ)，包裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整，方便貨物裝卸、搬運(yùn)、儲(chǔ)存。商品生產(chǎn)過程，包裝是最后一道工序；在流通領(lǐng)域中，包裝具有保護(hù)商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價(jià)的重要作用，并可作為對(duì)外競爭的重要手段。約定包裝條件的意義在于：不僅起到保護(hù)和美化商品作用，且包裝本身還是貨物說明的組成部分。按一些國家法律解釋，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至拒收貨物。答：(1)必須適應(yīng)商品特性。必須適應(yīng)各種不同運(yùn)輸方式的要求。必須考慮有關(guān)國家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費(fèi)用，便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行操作以免使貨物遭受損失。答：(1)按包裝方式，可分為單件運(yùn)輸包裝和集合運(yùn)輸包裝，后者乂分為集裝包和集裝袋。按包裝造型，可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。按包裝材料，可分為紙制，金屆、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包裝等。按包裝質(zhì)地，可分為軟性，半硬性和硬性包裝。按包裝程度，可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。答：(1)便于陳列展銷，以吸引顧客和供消費(fèi)者選購。便于識(shí)別商品，以便消費(fèi)者了解，看貨成交。便于攜帶和使用，為消費(fèi)者提供方便。要有藝術(shù)吸引力，以便吸引顧客、提高售價(jià)、擴(kuò)大銷路。答：(1)包裝的裝潢畫面要美觀大方，富有藝術(shù)吸引力，突出特點(diǎn)，圖案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國家民族習(xí)慣和愛好，便于擴(kuò)大出口。包裝上的文字說明應(yīng)同裝潢畫面緊密配合，互相襯托，以達(dá)到宣傳和促銷目的，使用文字應(yīng)簡明扼要，并能讓顧客看懂，必要時(shí)可中、外文并用。包裝上標(biāo)簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國家的標(biāo)簽管理?xiàng)l例，尤其是食品、藥品、服裝。銷售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問題。答：(1)有效提高結(jié)算效率和準(zhǔn)確性，也方便了顧客。有利于提高國際間貿(mào)易信息傳遞的準(zhǔn)確性，使交易雙方及時(shí)了解對(duì)方商品有關(guān)資料和本國冏品在對(duì)方的銷售情況。條形碼的使用是有效促使名優(yōu)商品打入許多國家超級(jí)市場的前提條件。答：定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有：世界許多國家超級(jí)市場、大白貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營出售商品上標(biāo)有本商店使用的商標(biāo)或品牌，以擴(kuò)大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價(jià)。出口廠商為利用買方經(jīng)營能力及商業(yè)信譽(yù)和品牌聲譽(yù)，以提高商品售價(jià)和擴(kuò)大銷路，也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。我國出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有：在商品或包裝上，打印上外商所指定的商標(biāo)或品牌，而不標(biāo)明生產(chǎn)國別和出口廠商名稱。在冏品或包裝上，表明我國的冏標(biāo)或品牌，同時(shí)加注國外冏號(hào)名稱或表小其冏號(hào)的標(biāo)記。在商品或包裝上，采用買方指定商標(biāo)或品牌，同時(shí)注明"中國制造"字樣。答：制定原因?yàn)椋哼\(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容較多。有時(shí)要加進(jìn)一些不必要項(xiàng)目。各國和各種運(yùn)輸方式之間對(duì)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的要求差異較大，不能適應(yīng)國際貨物流動(dòng)量的增加和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的開展，不利于電子計(jì)算機(jī)在運(yùn)輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面的應(yīng)用。作用有：減少了運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容，節(jié)省出口成本、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。提高計(jì)算機(jī)操作和審單效率，加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。消除因運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容過多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難，保證交貨的順利進(jìn)行。答：對(duì)包裝要求應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體，做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用”按慣常方式包裝”等含糊包裝術(shù)語。另外，除非買賣雙方對(duì)具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見或在長期業(yè)務(wù)往來中就問題取得一致認(rèn)識(shí)，包裝條款一定要明確具體。應(yīng)訂明包裝費(fèi)用由何方負(fù)擔(dān)。按慣例，包裝費(fèi)用一般在貨價(jià)之內(nèi)，包裝條款中無須另行訂明。若買方堅(jiān)持要求對(duì)原本不需包裝的商品實(shí)施特殊包裝，導(dǎo)致包裝費(fèi)用超出正常，增加產(chǎn)品成本，或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時(shí)，則需訂明包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)。若賣方同意接受買方提供包裝，包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄送包裝方法，包裝送達(dá)日期，送交包裝延遲責(zé)任及運(yùn)送包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)等內(nèi)容。進(jìn)口合同中對(duì)包裝技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的商品通常在單價(jià)后注明”包括包裝費(fèi)用",以免發(fā)生糾紛。（3）明確由何方提供運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志。按慣例，運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志可由買方提供，也可由賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方?jīng)Q定時(shí)可不訂入合同，或只訂明"賣方標(biāo)志"，由賣方設(shè)計(jì)后通知買方。買方提供時(shí)應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買方提供時(shí)間，如超過時(shí)間賣方可提出其他補(bǔ)救方法。（4）明確包裝不良應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。保險(xiǎn)公司一般不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良造成的損失。在包裝條款中，應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問題作適當(dāng)規(guī)定，以防止進(jìn)口貨物因包裝不良受到損失，對(duì)儀器、機(jī)器設(shè)備進(jìn)口時(shí)使用的包裝條款，更應(yīng)就索賠問題作出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。VI.案例題1、答：（1）外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個(gè)方面來看。（2）一股來講，保險(xiǎn)公司不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進(jìn)口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善造成的損失的索賠問題做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。若買方已做出規(guī)定，包裝不良造成損失由賣方負(fù)責(zé)，那么外商的做法是合理的。若買方未作具體規(guī)定，則外商做法不盡合理，應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決，或提交仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)解決。2、答：（1）按國際貿(mào)易習(xí)慣，口麥頭由買方提供時(shí)在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買方提供時(shí)間。如超過時(shí)間，賣方可提出其他補(bǔ)救辦法，如自行規(guī)定唆頭。（2）該公司在此情況下應(yīng)致電買方詢問延誤原因，請(qǐng)其快速電告所設(shè)計(jì)唆頭，否則將由該公司自行規(guī)定。3、答：（1）我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完全合理的。（2）在國際貨物買賣中，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知，雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符，但他的行為違反了合同中的包裝條款，已構(gòu)成違約，我方可以提出拒收或索賠。4、答：有些國家的法律，把買賣分為兩類，一種叫憑樣品買賣，一種叫憑說明買賣。后者所包括的范圍很廣，不僅涉及商品品質(zhì)方面的問題，也包括數(shù)量，甚至包括合同中有關(guān)裝運(yùn)期、包裝和貨物花式搭配方面的陳述。按照英國買賣法的規(guī)定，凡合同中一切有關(guān)貨物“說明”的事項(xiàng)都是合同的要件，如有違反，買方有權(quán)拒收貨物，并可以提出索賠。本案例中，英國法認(rèn)為，包裝是屆于“說明”的組成部分，屑于要件，賣方違背合同要件，買方有理由拒收全部貨物，也可以接受合乎規(guī)定部分，拒收不合規(guī)定部分，并提出損害賠償。5、答：海關(guān)處置正確。這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)定牌中性包裝問題，在國際貿(mào)易中對(duì)于中性包裝，尤其是定牌中性包裝，在按照買方的要求注明有關(guān)商標(biāo)、牌號(hào)外，還應(yīng)注明以后因此而產(chǎn)生的侵權(quán)行為或知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)糾紛，由買方承擔(dān)一切責(zé)任和費(fèi)用。6、答：有些國家的法律，把買賣分為兩類，一種叫憑樣品買賣，一種叫憑說明買賣。后者所包括的范圍很廣，不僅涉及商品品質(zhì)方面的問題，也包括數(shù)量，甚至包括合同中有關(guān)裝運(yùn)期、包裝和貨物花式搭配方面的陳述。按照英國買賣法的規(guī)定，凡合同中一切有關(guān)貨物“說明”的事項(xiàng)都是合同的要件，如有違反，買方有權(quán)拒收貨物，并可以提出索賠。本案例中，英國法認(rèn)為，包裝是屆于“說明”的組成部分，屆于要件，賣方違背合同要件，買方有理由拒收全部貨物，也可以接受合乎規(guī)定部分，拒收不合規(guī)定部分，并提出損害賠償。UnitEightPriceofGoodsKeyI、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、C2、B3、D4、A5、B6、A7、C8、D9、A10、B11、B12、D13、CII、多項(xiàng)選擇題I、ABCE2、ABC3、BCD4、ABCDE5、BCE6、ABC7、ABCDE8、ABCE9、AC10、ABCEABCDEIII、名詞解釋1、出口總成本：是外貿(mào)企業(yè)為出口商品支付的國內(nèi)總成本。它的構(gòu)成因素有進(jìn)貨成本和國內(nèi)費(fèi)用。如是需繳納出口稅的商品，還應(yīng)包括出口稅。2、出口換匯成本：指某商品出口凈收入一個(gè)單位的外匯所需要的人民幣成本。是衡量外貿(mào)企業(yè)和進(jìn)出口交易盈虧的重要指標(biāo)。3、固定價(jià)格：指交易雙方協(xié)商一致的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)合同價(jià)格予以明確、具體的規(guī)定。4、后定價(jià)格：指在合同中不明確規(guī)定價(jià)格，具體價(jià)格留待以后確定。5、暫定價(jià)格：在合同中先訂立一個(gè)初步價(jià)格，作為開立信用證和初步付款依據(jù)，待雙方確定最后價(jià)格后再進(jìn)行最后活算，多退少補(bǔ)。6、待定價(jià)格：交易雙方就其他條件達(dá)成一致，合同已成立，但規(guī)定“價(jià)格待定”或合同中沒有明示或默示規(guī)定貨物價(jià)格的情況。7、價(jià)格調(diào)整條款：在訂約時(shí)只規(guī)定初步價(jià)格，同時(shí)規(guī)定，如原材料價(jià)格和工資等發(fā)生變化，按原材料價(jià)格和工資等的變動(dòng)來計(jì)算合同最終價(jià)格。8、傭金：指代理人或經(jīng)紀(jì)人為委托人服務(wù)而收取的報(bào)酬。9、明傭：交易雙方在洽談時(shí)將傭金明確表示出并寫入價(jià)格條款中。10、折扣：是賣方給予買方一定的價(jià)格減讓，一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除。11、出口成本價(jià)格：是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的單位成本價(jià)格。12、出口外匯凈收入：是出口外匯總收入扣除勞務(wù)費(fèi)用等非貿(mào)易外匯后的外匯收入。13、出口盈虧額：是指出口銷售的人民幣凈收入與出口總成本的差額。IV、簡答題1、答：(1)要考慮商品的質(zhì)量和檔次，貫徹以質(zhì)論價(jià)的原則。要考慮運(yùn)輸距離，核算運(yùn)輸成本，做好比價(jià)工作，以體現(xiàn)地區(qū)差價(jià)。要考慮交貨地點(diǎn)和交貨條件，把買賣雙方的責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在價(jià)格中體現(xiàn)出來。要考慮季節(jié)性需求的變化，掌握好季節(jié)性差價(jià)，爭取有利價(jià)格。要考慮成交數(shù)量，成交量大時(shí)可給予適當(dāng)優(yōu)惠。要考慮支付條件是否有利和匯率變動(dòng)的趨勢(shì)，把利息負(fù)擔(dān)和匯率變動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也計(jì)入貨價(jià)要考慮國際市場價(jià)格走勢(shì)，注意搜集國際市場信息，對(duì)其價(jià)格及供求狀況進(jìn)行分析和預(yù)測(cè)。要考慮交貨期遠(yuǎn)近、市場銷售習(xí)慣及消費(fèi)者愛好與否等因素。2、答：固定價(jià)格明確、具體、肯定，便于核算和執(zhí)行，是國際市場上常見做法。它的不足之處在于：合同缺乏穩(wěn)定性。行市劇變時(shí)，不守信用的商人會(huì)尋找各種借撕毀合同，使我方遭受不應(yīng)有的損失。價(jià)格不穩(wěn)定時(shí)，國外商人會(huì)觀望不前，怕承擔(dān)價(jià)格波動(dòng)帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為使交易順利達(dá)成，提高履約率，減少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們采用固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)。必須對(duì)影響商品供求的各種因素細(xì)致研究，并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)價(jià)格走勢(shì)作出判斷，以此作為決定合同價(jià)格依據(jù)。通過各種途徑了解客戶資信情況，慎重選擇訂約對(duì)象。3、答：非固定價(jià)格是一種變通做法，它的有利之處在于：有助于暫時(shí)解決價(jià)格方面的分歧，雙方可先就其他條款達(dá)成協(xié)議，早日簽約，待日后再確定成交價(jià)格。解除客戶對(duì)價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顧慮，使之敢于簽訂交貨期長的合同。有利于鞏固和擴(kuò)大出口市場，有利于生產(chǎn)、收購和出口計(jì)劃完成。雖不能完全排除交易雙方的價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但有利于出口方不失時(shí)機(jī)地做成生意，也有利于進(jìn)口方保證一定的轉(zhuǎn)售利潤。非固定價(jià)格的缺點(diǎn)在于：因先訂約后作價(jià)，就不可避免的帶來較大的不穩(wěn)定性。特別是待定價(jià)格，萬一雙方作價(jià)時(shí)不能取得一致意見，合同就無法執(zhí)行。如作價(jià)條款規(guī)定不當(dāng)，合同還有失去法律效力的危險(xiǎn)。4、答：在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中，如果交易雙方對(duì)傭金雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議，卻約定不在合同中表示出來，約定的傭金由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付，則稱為“暗傭”。國外中問商或買主，為賺取“雙頭傭”，或?yàn)檫_(dá)到逃匯或逃稅的目的，往往提出使用“暗傭”?！鞍悼邸笔侵府?dāng)事人出于各種考慮，對(duì)折扣雖已達(dá)成協(xié)議，卻不在合同價(jià)格條款中表示出來，折扣的金額由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付。5、答：傭金的支付要根據(jù)中間商提供服務(wù)的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容而定。支付方法有兩種：(1)交易達(dá)成時(shí)就向中間商支付傭金。(2)賣方收到全部貨款后，再另行支付傭金。第一種情況下，雖交易已達(dá)成，但萬一合同無法履行，委托人仍要向中間商支付傭金。第二種情況對(duì)委托人比較有利。為避免誤解、除要明確規(guī)定委托人與中問商之間權(quán)利與義務(wù)之外，委托人最好事先與傭金商達(dá)成書面協(xié)議，明確規(guī)定出支付傭金的方法。通常傭金可在合同履行后逐筆支付，也可按月、季、半年，甚至一年匯總支付。折扣的支付一般可在買方支付貨款時(shí)預(yù)先扣除，或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的方法。6、答：(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合同帶來的不穩(wěn)定因素，消除雙方在價(jià)格方面的矛盾。謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。它可使出口方安全收匯，保證合同順利履行。時(shí)間的確定可分為裝船前作價(jià)、裝船時(shí)作價(jià)、裝船后作價(jià)三種。充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中，商品具體價(jià)格可以不在合同中規(guī)定，只規(guī)定作價(jià)辦法或原則，合同即為有效成立。因此在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能將作價(jià)方法訂得明確具體。7、答：我國進(jìn)出口商品的作價(jià)原則是，在貫徹平等互利的原則下，根據(jù)國際價(jià)格水平，結(jié)合國別(地區(qū))政策，按我方的經(jīng)營意圖確定適當(dāng)?shù)膬r(jià)格。8、答：出口成本價(jià)格是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的單位成本價(jià)格。它與出口成交價(jià)格的主要區(qū)別在于出口成本價(jià)格并不涉及有關(guān)國外的任何費(fèi)用；而出口成交價(jià)格則可能包括單位商品的國外費(fèi)用，如國外運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、傭金等。9、答：(1)明確規(guī)定作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為減少非固定價(jià)格條款給合同帶來的不穩(wěn)定因素，消除雙方在作價(jià)方面的矛盾，明確訂立作價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個(gè)重要的必不可少的前提。謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。在采用非固定價(jià)格時(shí)，作價(jià)時(shí)間的規(guī)定非常重要，為了使出口方安全收匯，保證合同順利履行，應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價(jià)時(shí)間。充分考慮采用非固定價(jià)格對(duì)合同成立的影響。10、答：(1)合理地確定商品的單價(jià)，防止偏高或偏低。根據(jù)船源、貨源等實(shí)際情況，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)馁Q(mào)易術(shù)語。爭取選擇有利的計(jì)價(jià)貨幣，必要時(shí)可加訂保值條款。靈活運(yùn)用各種不同的作價(jià)辦法，避免承擔(dān)價(jià)格變動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。參照國際貿(mào)易的習(xí)慣做法，注意傭金和折扣的合理運(yùn)用。如交貨品質(zhì)、交貨數(shù)量有機(jī)動(dòng)幅度或包裝費(fèi)用另行計(jì)價(jià)時(shí)，應(yīng)一并訂立機(jī)動(dòng)部分作價(jià)和包裝費(fèi)計(jì)價(jià)的基本辦法。單價(jià)中的計(jì)量單位、計(jì)價(jià)貨幣和港口名稱，必須書寫活楚，以利于合同的履行。V、計(jì)算題1、解：出口總成本=4000X(1+15%)=4600(人民幣元)出口外匯凈收入=1000-(80+10+1000X3%)=880(美元)出口換匯成本=4600+880@5.227(人民幣元/美元)2、解：CIFC明紐約價(jià)=(500+60)+(1—1.1X0.8%)@614.04(美元)CIFC3%=614.04-(1-3%)=633.03(美元)3、解：fob中國岸價(jià)=1000X(1—1.1X0.85%)—75=915.65(美元)4、解：CFRC4價(jià)=1000+(1-4%)1041.7(美元)5、解：出口方單位商品凈收入=1000X(1—2%)=980(美元)6、解：按題意可知P0=100萬，A=20%,B=50%,C=30%,IVk110,M0=100,W112,W8100則最終價(jià)格P=100X(20%+50%X110/100+30%X112/100)=108.6(萬美元)Trueorfalse(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(T)5.(F)6.(T)7.(T)8.(F)9.(T)10.(F)UnitNineDeliveryofGoodsKeyI.TrueorfalseTOC\o"1-5"\h\zTFwherethegoodsaretobeunloadedmustbedecidedandconfirmedbythebuyeratleast48hoursbeforetheshiparrivesatthefirstoptionalport.TTTFaletterofindemnityisissuedbytheshippertotheshippingcompanyinexchangeforaclean-on-boardshippedbilloflading.Faccordingtoarticle23oftheUCPNO.500,”IFACreditcallsforabillofladingcoveringaporttoportshipment,bankswill,unlessotherwisestipulatedinCredit,acceptadocument,howevernamed,whichcontainsnoindicationthatTOC\o"1-5"\h\zitissubjecttoacharterparty”TFdispatchmoneyisanamountpaidbytheship-ownertotheshipperfortheshipper'squickerloadingandunloadingofthegoods.TAnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish(Omitted)Answerthefollowingquestionsbrieflyaccordingtowhatyouhavelearntinthisunit.1.Itisalsocalledtramp.Ashippingbycharteringisafreight-carryingvesselwhichhasnoregularrouteorfixedscheduleofsailing.Itisfirstinonetradeandtheninanother,alwaysseekingthoseportswherethereisademandatthemomentforshippingspace.Theshippercharterstheshipfromtheship-ownerandusesittocarrythegoods.Itfallsinto3kinds:voyagecharter,timecharteranddemisecharter.Thetimeofdeliveryreferstothetimelimitduringwhichthesellershalldeliverthegoodstothebuyerattheagreedplacebytheagreedmethods.Therearethefollowingwaystostipulatethetimeofdeliveryinthecontract.Instipulatethetimeofdeliverywehavetopayattentiontothefollowings:Theshipmentdateshouldbemadeinsuchamannerthatitfacilitatesthesellerandenablesthesellertoeffectshipmentontimeandperformtherelevantobligationsstipulatedinthecontract.Forinstance,thesellershouldbegivenaperiodofreasonabletimeforarrangingthesupplyofthecontractedgoods.Differentshipmentperiodshouldbefixed,basedontheavailabilityofshippingspace,forcontractedgoodsofdifferentnature.Anunreasonableshorttimeforshipmentshallcausenolittleinconveniencetotheseller.Accordingtotherelevantstipulationsof(UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits):Expressionssuchas“prompt”；"immediately”，“assoonaspossible”andthelikeshouldnotbeused.Iftheyareusedbankswilldisregardthem.Unlessotherwisestipulatedinthecredit,theexpression"shipment”usedinstipulatinganearliestand/oralatestshipmentdatewillbeunderstoodtoincludetheexpressions“l(fā)oadingonboard”,“dispatch”,"acceptedforcarriage”,“flightdate”,“dateofpostreceipt”,"dateofpickup"andinthecaseofacreditcallingfororallowingamulti-modaltransportdocumenttheexpressiontakingincharge”.Iftheexpression“onorabout”andsimilarexpressionsareused,bankswillinterpretthemasastipulationthatshipmentistobemadeduringtheperiodfromthefivedaysbeforetofivedaysafterthespecifieddate,bothenddaysincluded.Thewords“to”,“until”,“till”,“from”andwordsofsimilarexpressionsappliedtoanydateorperiodinthecreditreferringtoshipmentwillbeunderstoodtoincludethedatementioned.Theword“after”willbeunderstoodtoexcludethedatementioned.Theterm“firsthalf”,“secondhalf”ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe15th,andthe16thtothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.Theterms"beginning”,“middle”,or“end”ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe10th,the11thtothe20th',andthe21sttothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.TheBillofLadinghasthreeimportantfunctions.a.Itisareceiptforgoodssignedbytheshippingcompanyandgiventotheshippers;b.Itisalsoevidenceofacontractofcarriagebetweentheshippingcompanyandshippers.Inaddition,c.itisadocumentoftitlebecausethelegalowneroftheBillofLadingistheownerofthegoods.ForthisreasontheBillofLadingcanbeusedtotransferthegoods-fromoneownertoanother.“Whentheexporterscompleteit,theycanwritethebuyer'snameinthespace,"consignee”.Thismeanstheconsigneeisthelegalownerofthegoods,asnamedonBillofLading.Otherwisetheexporterscanwrite“toother”intheconsigneespace.Underneath“toorder”theywritethenameandaddressoftheagent.Thentheagentintheimportingcountrycanendorsethebilltothebuyer.Inthiswaytheimporterscantransfertheconsignmenttotheircustomers.ThismeansthattherehastobeaseparateBillofLadingforeachconsigneeandseveralconsignmentscannotbeconsolidatedontoonebill.ThereareseveraltypesofBillsofLadingwhicharecategorizedindifferentways..OnboardB/LandreceivedforshipmentB/LAccordingtowhetherthegoodsareloadedornot,thebillsofladingcanbeclassifiedintoonboard(orshipped)B/Landreceived(orreceivedforshipment)B/L.AshippedonboardB/Lisevidencethatthegoodshavebeenloadedonboardacertainsteamer.Itcommenceswiththewording“Shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition",Accordingtogeneralforeigntradepractices,onlytheshippedonboardB/LisacceptedbybanksforpaymentunderaL/C..CleanbillanduncleanbillAccordingtowhethertherearenotesontheB/L,itfallsinto2kinds:cleanB/LanduncleanB/L.AcleanB/Lshowsthatthegoodshavebeenshippedonboardavesselinapparentgoodorderandcondition,andthereisnomodificationoftheshipowner.Thisbillofladingiscalled“clean”or“unclaused”.Itconfirmsthatthegoodshavenotsufferedapparentoroutsidedamageandtheredoesnotseemtobeanydefectinthepacking.Byissuingcleanbilloflading,theshipowneradmitshisfullliabilityofthecargodescribedintheBillunderthelawandhiscontract.Thistypeismuchfavoredbybanksforfinancialsettlementpurpose.UncleanB/Lisgenerallymarked"insufficientlypacked”,“coversoldandstained”,“wetbyrain”,“???packedindamagedcondition”,“unclean”,“foul”,etc.Therearemanyrecurringtypesofsuchclausesincludinginadequatepackaging,unprotectedmachinery,wetorstainedcartons,damagedcrates,etc.ThistypeofB/Lisusuallyunacceptabletoabank.ButnotallB/L(s)whicharenotedareuncleanB/L..AstraightB/L,AnorderB/LandAblankB/LAccordingtowhethertheB/Listransferable,itisdividedinto3kinds:straightB/L,orderB/LandblankB/L.AstraightB/Lismadeoutsothatonlythenamedconsigneeatthedestinationisentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoodsunderthebill.Theconsigneeisdesignatedbytheshipper.Thecarrierhastohandoverthecargotothenamedconsignee,nottoanythirdpartyinpossessionofthebill.ThiskindofB/Lisnottransferable.Theshippercannotpassthebilltoathirdpartybyendorsement.Sothebillisofveryrestrictedapplication.Whenthegoodsareshippedonanon-commercialbasis,suchassamplesorexhibits,materialsinaidofothercountries,orwhenthegoodsareextremelyvaluable,astraightB/Lisgenerallyissued.AnorderB/Lindicatesthatthebillismadeouttotheorderofortoorderof?anypersonnamedinsuchabill,whichmaybetransferred/negotiatedafterendorsement.SoitissometimescalledtransferableB/L.Itisbecauseofthisthatnowadays,itiscommonlyusedininternationalpractice.AblankB/LisalsocalledopenB/LorbearerB/L.Itreferstothebillinwhichthenameofadefiniteconsigneeisnotmentioned.TheareainB/Lcallingforthenameoftheconsigneeisleftblank,withneitherthenameoftheconsigneenorthephraseologyof“toorder”filledin.ThiskindofB/Lcanbetransferred/negotiablewithoutendorsement.Thereusuallyappearintheboxofconsigneewordslike“tobearer”andholderoftheB/LcantakedeliveryofthegoodsagainstthesurrenderofB/L,i.e.,ownershipofthegoodspasseswhenthebillishandedovertoanyone..DirectB/L,AtransshipmentB/L,AthroughB/LAccordingtothemodesoftransport,itcanbedividedinto3kinds.AdirectB/Lisreferredtotheconsignmentcarriedtotheportofdestinationdirectlywithouttransshipment.AtranshipmentB/Lisissuedbyshippingcompanieswhenthereisnodirectservicebetweentheportofloadingandportofdestination,andtheshipownerarrangestotranshipthecargoatanintermediateportathisexpense.ThiskindofBillusuallybearssuchaclause"Transhipmenttobemade”AthroughB/Lisissuedwhentheentirevoyageinvolvesmorethanonecarrier,wheretheoceanshipmentformsonlypartofthecompletejourneyand,subsequentthereto,thegoodshavetobecarriedbyotherlandorseacarriers.Thefirstcarrierissuesthebillandcollectsthefreightfortheentirevoyage,andarrangestransshipmentandforwardingofthegoodsattheintermediateport.TheshipperprefersthiskindofB/Lbecauseofthetroublehavingbeensavedtodealwithothercarriersbyhimself..AlongformB/L,AshortformB/LAccordingtothecontentsoftheB/L,itcanbedividedinto2forms:LongFormB/LandShortFormB/LAlongformB/LreferstotheB/Lonthebackofwhichallthedetailedtermsandconditionsabouttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierandtheconsignorarelistedasanintegralpartofthebill.Itismorefrequentlyused.AshortformB/LisadocumentwhichomitsthetermsandconditionsonthebackofB/L..AfreightprepaidB/L,AfreighttobecollectedB/LAccordingtothetimeforpaymentoffreight,itcanbedividedinto2types.AfreightprepaidB/LmeansthatallthefreightispaidbytheconsignorwhenB/Lisissuedbythecarrieronwhich“freightprepaid”isindicated.AfreighttobecollectedB/LreferstotheB/Lonwhich“freightpayableatdestination”isindicated..AlinerB/L,AcharterpartyB/LAccordingtothetypesofthecarryingvessels,itcanbeclassifiedintoalinerB/LandacharterpartyB/L..OthertypesofB/LBesidestheabove-mentionedtypesofB/Ltherearesomeothertypessuchas:containerB/L;onDeckB/L;staleB/L;groupageB/L;houseB/L;antedatedB/LandadvancedB/L.5.答：這是規(guī)定分運(yùn)時(shí)一定要按照比例裝運(yùn)。這多用于同一商品具有多種規(guī)格的情況下。例如，我出口桃仁1500箱，其中頭路900箱，二路600箱，合同規(guī)定每次裝運(yùn)要按4、6搭配。而且來證又作了如上規(guī)定。如我分三次裝運(yùn)，則每次應(yīng)為300箱頭路，200箱二路，始才合規(guī)定。Thismeanswhenthegoodsaredeliveredpartially,thesub-deliveredshipmentmustbeonpro-ratabasis.Itisusedwhenthereareseveralspecificationsforonecommodity.Forexample,weexport1500boxesofPeachKernels,ofwhichthefirstlot900boxes,second600boxes.Thecontractstipulatesthateachshipmentshouldbedeliveredontheproportionof4to6.InthecomingL/C,thereisalsothisstipulation.Ifwewanttodeliverthegoodsinthreelots,thefirstlotshouldbe300cases,second200.6Thereisnodifferenceintranslation,bothcanbetranslatedas"分兩批裝運(yùn)".Butinpracticalwork,theunderstandingisdifferent,soindealingwiththesesentencesweshouldusedifferentways.Asto"twolots”,theconsignercanloadthegoodsinthesamecontractonthesameshipwiththesamevoyage,butheshouldmaketwosetsofdocuments.Asto"twoshipments",thegoodsshouldbeloadedontwodifferentshipsorthesameshipwithdifferentvoyages.PSA=PortofSingaporeAuthority,whichisanarticleinSingaporeAuthorityPort.Thisarticlerequiresshipstobedockedatthepierduetolowerprices,butSingapore'sberthisingreattension,oftentheshipshavetofloat,sothisarticleshouldnotbeaccepted.ItshouldbeconsideredwiththeL/C.IftransshipmentisallowedintheL/C,itcanbeunderstoodas"TransshipmentatHongkong';iftransshipmentisnotallowedintheL/C,itshouldbeunderstoodas“NotransshipmentatHongkong,butonlypass-byatHongkong.”ThistermcanbeoftenseenintheL/CfromGermany.ItcanbeacceptedbyChina.Usually,accordingtotheterm,thethroughbillofladingisissuedbyChinaortheChinaMerchants,anditshouldmakeitclearthatinHongkongthegoodsshouldbetransshippedtotheshipsofMaerskshippingcompany.10.P&IClubmeansProtectionandInelemnityClub.ThisprovisionrequiresthemembersoftheAssociationtousethecargoshipsoftheAssociationandthecertificationshouldbeissuedbytheAssociationaswell.OurChinesecompaniesdonotacceptthisprovision.ItmeansthatthegoodsarerequestedtobeloadedonthecargoshipsregisteredinBritishLioydsRegisterofShippingandthecertificateshouldbeissuedbythisLioydsRegisterofShipping.Generallyspeaking,itcannotbeacceptedbyusbecausethereisnoagentofLioydsRegisterofShippinginoutcountry.InHongkong,thereisasuchagency,whichcanissuethecertificatesrequiredbytheterms.ThisisarequesttoFCLcontainershipment,onlythemantissaisallowedforLCLshipments.Whenthegoodsareshipped,itshouldbeindicatedclearlythatwhichgoodsareFCLcontainershipment,andwhichgoodsareLCLcontainershipment.Casestudy〔.[Answer]:Thelosstothestationarypertainedtoparticularaverage,whilethelosstotheteawasapartialone??-TheinsurancecompanywillhavecompensatedforthelossesifthegoodshadbeeninsuredagainstFPA.[Answer]:Themostimportantlessonwecanlearnisthat,itisessentialfortheexportertopresentdocumentsinaccordancewiththestipulationsoftherelevantLC.Inthiscase,findingtheshippingmarksillegibleontheLC,theexportsalesmanintheABCCompany,insteadofaskingthebuyerforclarification,decidedtheshippingmarkshimself.ThisconstituteddiscrepancybetweenthedocumentsandtheLC.Article14oftheUCP500clearlyindicates,“WhentheIssuingBankauthorizesanotherbanktopay,incuradeferredpaymentundertaking,acceptdraft(s),ornegotiateagainstdocumentswhichappearontheirfacetobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCreditItisclearthatthedocumentspresentedmustbeinconformitywiththestipulationsintheL/C.[Answer]:TheChinesecompanyisnotright.Thebankswillrefusetopay.Because:AccordingtothestipulationsofArt.C,the31stparagraphofUCP600:"Apresentationconsistingofmorethanonecourierreceipt,postreceiptorcertificateofpostingwillnotberegardedasapartialshipmentifthecourierreceipts,postreceiptsorcertificatesofpostingappeartohavebeenstampedorsignedbythesamecourierorpostalserviceatthesameplaceanddateandforthesamedestination."Inthiscase,nopartialshipmentsareallowed.TheChinesecompanyloaded3000casesofJujubeonboardtheship"festive"onMay10thwiththeoceanbillofladingofMay10,andonMay15,another2000casesofJujubeonS/S"flyingGeese"withtheMay15thoceanbillofladingrespectively.EventhoughthetwoshipmentsweretransshippedinSingaporebyS/S"Wind"toSanFrancisco,theshippingdocumentspresentedtotheBanksweretwosetsofdocumentswithdifferentnamesofshipsanddifferentshippingdates.Thisobviouslyshowsthattherewerepartialshipments,whichwasnotinconformitywithtermsoftheContractandL/C.Thebanks,ofcourse,wouldrefusetopaybecauseofthediscrepanciesinL/Candshippingdocuments.[Answer]:(1)Thereasonsforthesuccessfulsettlementforthegoodsare:e