語(yǔ)言學(xué),第十二章課件

PartTwo

Chapter12Theories&schoolsofmodernlinguistics

4.AmericanStructuralism5.Transformational-GenerativeGrammar6.CaseGrammarandGenerativeSemantics4.AmericanStructuralism4.1Earlyperiod:BoasandSapir4.2Bloomfield’stheory4.3Post-BloomfieldianLinguistics(omitted)AmericanStructuralismAmericanStructuralismisabranchofsynchroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.Itdevelopedinaverydifferentstyle,fromthatofEurope,undertheleadershipoftheanthropologistF.Boas(1858-1942),whosetraditionhasactuallyinfluencedthewholeofthe20th-centuryAmericanlinguistics.AmericanStructuralism

Boasheldthattherewasnoidealtypeorformoflanguages,forhumanlanguageswereendlesslydiverse.Boaswasstronglyopposedtotheviewthatlanguageisthesoulofarace,andheprovedthatthestructureandformofalanguagehasnothingtodowiththeevolutionofaraceandthedevelopmentofaculture.Thus,therewereonlydifferencesinlanguagestructure,whilethereisnodifferencebetweenlanguagesintermsofbeingmoreorlessreasonableoradvanced.BoasHeundertookthedescriptionofAmericanIndianlanguagesafterBoas’smethod.Sapir-WorfHypothesisUniversalfeaturesoflanguageWithoutlanguage,thoughtisimpossible,andthereisnoculture.Sapir

Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)AnanthropologicalviewpointThenatureoflanguageanditsdevelopmentFocusontypologyElementsofspeech,thesoundsoflanguage,forminlanguage,grammaticalprocess,grammaticalconcepts,typesoflinguisticstructure,andhistoricalchangesSapir

AmericanStructuralism2.Bloomfield’stheory TheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsisL.Bloomfield(1887-1949).HeissuchalandmarkfigureinthehistoryofAmericanlinguisticsthattheperiodbetween1933and1950isknownasBloomfieldianEra,inwhichAmericandescriptivelinguisticsformallycameintobeingandreacheditsprimedevelopment.2)BehaviourismS……...srR外部刺激：Hunger語(yǔ)言外部實(shí)際反應(yīng)：getheranapple語(yǔ)言的代替性反應(yīng)：Iwantanapple

語(yǔ)言的代替性刺激：Ok,I’llgetitforyou.SR………..srMentalprocessesofthespeakerMentalprocessesofthehearerObservableparts:utterancesLearningalanguageinvolvesconstantpracticeandrepetitioninrealsituationsratherthanmerelyteachinglanguagelearnersgrammaticaltheories.1)HarrisMethodsinStructuralLinguisticsmarkingthematurityofAmericandescriptivelinguistics.2)HockettACourseinModernLinguisticsawell-knowntextbookintheAmericandescriptivetradition3)K.Piketheirtechniqueoflinguisticanalysis–TAGMEMICS.4)SydneyM.Lambcognitivestratificationtheory5.Transformational-GenerativeGrammarNOAMCHOMSKY(1928-),instituteprofessoratMIT.Linguist,philosopher,andpoliticalactivist.1)Earlytheories(1957)InnatenesshypothesisLanguageacquisitionmechanismCompetenceandperformanceTransformations:generatinganinfinitesetofsentencesfromafinitesetofelementsDeepstructureandsurfacestructurePhrasestructurerulesTransformationsPhrasestructurerulesSNPVPVPVNPNPDetNVact,beat,catch,dive,…Nman,boy,book,flower,...短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則ThefivestagesofdevelopmentofTGGrammar:1)Theclassicaltheory(1957)2)Thestandardtheory(1965)3)Extendedstandardtheory4)GB/PPtheory(1981)5)TheMinimalistProgram2)TGGrammar6.Revisionists?Rebels?1.CaseGrammarCaseGrammarisanapproachthatstressestherelationshipofelementsinasentence.ItisatypeofgenerativegrammardevelopedbyC.J.Fillmoreinthelate1960s.Inthisgrammar,theverbisthemostimportantpartofthesentence,andhasanumberofcase-makingrelationshipswithvariousnounphrases.GenerativeSem