語言學(xué)試題11套

第一部份選擇題LDirections：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)lxAsmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor'correct'linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe.prescriptivesociolinguisticdescriptivepsycholinguistic2、Ofallthespeechorgans,theis/arethemostflexible.Axmouthlipstonguevocalcords3、Themorpheme'vision"inthecommonword"television'isa(n).AxboundmorphemeB、boundformCxinflectionalmorphemeD、freemorphemeAintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.AxcoordinatorparticleprepositionDxsubordmator"CanIborrowyourbike?""Youhaveabike.issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwithC、B、isinconsistentwithC、entailsDspresupposes6xThebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalledAxsemanticspragmaticssociolinguisticspsycholinguisticsGrammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichareorgeneralization.Axelaborationsimplificationexternalborrowinginternalborrowingreferstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.AxLinguafrancaCreolePidginStandardlanguagePsychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationthreeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,threenamely,.Broca'sarea.Wernicke1sareaandtheangulargyrusB、Broca"sarea.Wernicke1sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca'sarea,Wernicke1sBroca'sarea.Wernicke1sareaandtheangulargyrusB、Broca"sarea.Wernicke1sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca'sarea,Wernicke1sareaandneuronsD、Broca'sarea,Wernicke*sareaandExner'sareaAccordingtoKrashen,referstothegradualandsubconciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.Axlearningcompetenceperformanceacquisition第二部份非選擇題II?Directions：Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)11、Chomskydefines"competence"astheidealuser,skoftherulesofhislanguage.12、Thefoursounds/p/,/b/F/m./and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,,theyareallb.Misabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcoirmand.Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalledcsynonyms.Theillocutionarypointofristocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordc.18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+is-*he's),BlackEnglishcandtheformof"be".Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,iisaproductofL2training,mothertongueintereference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcorcmunicativestrategiesofthelearner.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion.(2%X10=20%)021、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.022、VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.()23、Thecompoundword'bookstore"istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.024xSyntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only.()25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.()26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.()27%TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesaremainlyspokentodayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.()28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesamemspeechsituationsknownasdomains.()29%AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers'perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.()30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.Directions：Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%X10=30%)dualitydiachroniclinguisticsbroadtranscriptionmorphologicalrulesphrasestructurerulerelationaloppositescomponentialanalysiscontexteuphemismbrainlateralizationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X2=20%)Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesmEnglishforillustration.Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.英語語言學(xué)試題（1）參考答案一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（本大題共10小題，每題2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A10、D二、填空題（木大題共10小題，每題1分，共10分）knowledgebilabialmorphologysentencecompleterepresentativescoinagedeletecriticalinterlanguage三、判定改錯(cuò)題（本大題共10小題,每題2分，共20分）21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、FVoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.23、FThemeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompound'redcoat*.24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,"girl"iscalled“l(fā)assie"inScottishdialect,and“l(fā)iquor,iscalled“whishey"mIrishdialect.26、T27、T28、FTheyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,.onelanguagemaybeusedmsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementis'AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-fthorfhypothesis,languagedeterminesspeakers'perceptionsandpatternstheirwayoflife”30、T四、名詞說明題（木大題共10小題,每題3分，共30分）Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humanlanguageconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,therearealimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaninglesswhileatthehigherlevelthereareanunlimitednumberofcombinationsofthesesounds.Itisalsoknownasdoublearticulation.32、Linguisticsthatstudieslanguageoveraperiodoftime,alsoknownashistoricallinguistics,studyoftheChineselanguagesincetheendoftheQingdynastyuptothepresent.33、Awaytotranscribespeechsounds.Thebasicprincipleistouseonelettertoindicateonesound.Itisgenerallyusedindictionariesandlanguageteachingtextbooks.34、Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword,canbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.35、arewriterulethatallowsforthepossiblecombinationsofwordstoformphrasesandsentences36、Relationalopposites,akindofantonyms,refertopairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.Forexample,“husband"and"wife","father"and"son”etc.37、Component!alanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Forexample,theword"man"isanalyzedascomprisingof+HUMAN,+ADULT,*ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Contextisregardedasconstitutedbyallkindsofknowledgeassumedtobesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,Forexample,theknowledgeofthelanguageusedandtheknowledgeoftheworld,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.39、Aeuphemismisamild,indirectorlessoffensivewordorexpressionthatreplacesataboowordorservestoavoidmoredirectwordingthatmightbeharsh,unpleasantlydirect,oroffensive,.passawayfordie.Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsmaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexample,therighthemisphereprocessesstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.五、論述題(木大題共2小題，每題10分，共20分)41、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesmvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.Vowelsoundchange：Englishhasundergonethesystematicandregularchangeinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphemes,.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish,/fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)-*/faiv/(ModernEnglish)Soundloss：Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglishthevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglish,so"night“waspronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itspronunciationis/nait/.Soundaddition：Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.Forexample,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/3/wasaddedtotheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,Soundmovement:Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesisinvolvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsofEnglish,forexample,thewordaskispronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd("bird")isanOldEnglishword.Whenmetathesisoccurredtothisword,themovementof/r/soundtotherightofthevowelsoundresultedinitsModernEnglishcounterpart'bird”.評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：總分值為10分，總論及四小點(diǎn)各占2分。42、Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.TherateandultimatesuccessinSLAareaffectednotonlybylearners*experiencewithoptimalinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.ThelearnerfactorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludeage,motivation,acculturation,andpersonality:AgeTheoptimumageforSLAdoesnotalwaysaccordwiththemaximof"theyoungerthebetter.ButithasbeendemonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveL2learnersthanyoungchildren.TheearlyteenagersaregoodL2learnersbecausetheirflexibilityofthelanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostandtheircognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingoflinguisticfeaturesofanewlanguage.MotivationAdultsaremotivatedtolearnasecondlanguagebecauseofacommunicativeneed.Ifthelearnershaveastronginstrumentalneedtolearnasecondlanguageorhaveastronginterest

inthewayoflifeofnativespeakersofthelanguagetheyarelearning,theyaremostlikelytosucceed.AcculturationThemorealearneraspirestoacculturatetothecommunityofthetargetlanguage,thefurtherheorshewillprogressalongthedevelopmentalcontinuum.PersonalityThegenerallyoutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.英語語言學(xué)試題(2)一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(在每題的四個(gè)備選答案中，選出一個(gè)正確答案，并將正確答案的序號填在題干的括號內(nèi)。每題2分，共20分)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zpairofwords“l(fā)end”andborrow"are.()oppositesoppositesdiscoveryofIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilybeganwiththeworkoftheBritishscholar.()GrimmRaskBoppWilliamJoneslinguistregardsthechangesinlanguageandlanguageuseas_.()tobefearedfastandfluentspeechwithgoodintonationandpronunciationbutthecontentoftheirspeechrangesfrommildlyinappropriatetocompletenonsense,oftenasunintelligible.(),saphasiclinguisticdeprivationsaphasicdamageontheangulargyrussaphasicSouthernlearnersofEnglishmChinatendtosay“night"aslightM.Thisshows:.()cannotpronounce/n/interferencebecausethereisnotthesound/n/intheirmothertongueteachersdonothaveagoodteachingmethoddonotliketopronouncenasalsoundswordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled_word.()functionofthesentence“Aniceday,isn'tit?"ismostrecognizabledifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglisharein_andvocabulary.(polysemoussynonymousabnormalmultiplepolysemoussynonymousabnormalmultiplewiththewayinwhichalanguagevariesthroughgeographicalspace.()geographysemanticcomponentsoftheword“gentleman"canbeexpressedas_.()+animate,male,+human,-adult^animate,male,+human,+adult^animate,male,+human,-adult^animate,male,+human,+adult二、填空題(每空1分，共10分)sentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwtoformacompletestatement,qorconxnand.sociolinguisticstudies,speakersaretreatedasmembersofsg.isbasedon;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.manypeople,alinguististhesameasa,onewhocanspeakseverallanguagesfluently.soundscanbeeithervorv_,whileallvowelsoundsarev.三、判定說明題(判定以下各小題，正確的在題后括號內(nèi)寫“T”，錯(cuò)的寫“F”，并說明理由.每題2分,共20分)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.()andreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.()isthecourseoflanguage.()partofasentencewhichcompriesecomprisesaninfiniteverboraverbphraseisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.()linguisticsequalstothestudyofsynchronicstudy.(TOC\o"1-5"\h\ztermdialect,asatechnicalterminlinguistics,carriesvaluejudgementandnotsimplyreferstoadistinctformoflanguage.()istranslatedas形態(tài)學(xué)。()word°photographicallyismadeupof4morphemes.()smallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageisallomorph.()isthemampartoflinguistics.()四、名詞說明(每題s分，共so分)linguisticsfeaturesandstemstructuretheoryandconceptualistviewofqualityandmannerspeechanalysis五、論述題(每題10分，共20分)eachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(l)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.(2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent.(3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident,sappointment.themeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples,re-un*anti-super""wise-itis-ize-age英語語言學(xué)試題(2)參考答案一、小項(xiàng)選擇題(每題2分，共20分)二、填空題(每空1分.共10分)questiongroupsmeaningvoicedvoiced三、判定說明題(每題2分，共20分)(Senseandreference---)(scientificstudyoflanguage)(finiteverb***)(diachronic)(novaluejudgement)(morpheme)(oneoftheparts)四、名詞說明(每題3分，共30分)studyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.baseformofaword;theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.sentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.wordsofalanguagearelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor;alinguisticformislinkedthroughconceptstowhatitrefersto.notsaywhatyoubelievetobefalseorwithoutadequateevident;Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity,parativeproceduretoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweenlanguagesforteachingpurposes.五、論述題(每題10分，共20分)36.(1)thehuntersareshooting;thehuntersareshot;(2)youngmenandyoungwomen;youngmenand(notyoung)women(3)thepresidentappointsothers;thepresidentisappointed.：again,un-：not,reverse,?unhappy,unlockanti-：against,anti-drug,anti-imperialismsuper-greaterthanusual,,superpower,superman"wise:inthemannerof,.clockwise,moneywise"itis:infection.?bronchitis,arthritis"ize：makeinto,.realize,modernize"age：process.,mileage,linkage第一部份選擇題一、單項(xiàng)選擇題(本大題共10小題，每題2分，共20分)在每題列出的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是符合題目要求的，請將正確選項(xiàng)前的字母填在題后的括號內(nèi).famousquotationfromShakespeare*splay"RonieoandJulietM'Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet*wellillustrates.()conventionalnatureoflanguagecreativenatureoflanguageuniversalityoflanguagebigdifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanimalcommunicationthefollowingsoundcombinations,onlyispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.()sentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshowninaformula'S~NPVP”?()diagramistheonCaseassignmentthatstatesthataCaseassignorandaCaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.(ConditionParameterConditionanalysisisawaytoanalyzemeaning.ParametertoSearle,parativewayinwhichpeopleaddresseachotherdependsontheirage,sex,socialgroup,andpersonalrelationship.TheEnglishsystemofaddressformsfrequentlyusedincludesfirstname,lastname,title+lastname,.andkmterm.+firstname+titlealonename^lastname+titleandthoughtmaybeviewedastwoindependentcirclesoverlappinginsomeparts.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas"subvocalspeech,“andspeechas”()thoughtthoughtthoughtofthefollowingbeststatesthebehavioristviewofchildlanguageacquisition??()acquisitionisaprocessofhabitformationacquisitionisthespecies-specificpropertyofhumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguageareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse第二部份非選擇題二、填空題（本大題共10小題，每題1分，共10分。）thecourseoftime,thestudyoflanguagehascometoestablishcloselinkswithotherbranchesofsstudies,suchassociologyandpsychology.[1]anddark[]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/l/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincdistribution.risoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning.csentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintheother.thedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofcantonyms.themeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanuisconcreteandcontext-dependent.rulesmaymovephonemesfromoneplaceinthestringtoanother.Forexample,ModernEnglishverbaskwasOldEnglishaskian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknownasm.manysocietiesoftheworld,wefindalargenumberofpeoplewhospeakmorethanonelanguage.Asacharacteristicofsocieties,binevitablyresultsfromthecomingintocontactofpeoplewithdifferentculturesanddifferentlanguages.brain*sneurologicalspecializationforlanguageiscalledlinguisticI,whichisspecifictohumanbeings.ordertoacquireasecondlanguage,learnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknowaslanguagex.三、判定說明題(本大題共10小題，每題2分，共20分。)判定以下各題正誤，正者在括號內(nèi)寫“T”，誤者在括號內(nèi)寫“父，并說明理由。()thehistoryofanylanguagethewritingsystemalwayscameintobeingbeforethespokenform.()English,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i：/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.()compoundisthecombinationofonlytwowords.()24.uThestudentMinthesentence"Thestudentlikedthelinguisticlecture.”,and“ThelinguisticlectureMinthesentence"Thelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent.Mbelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.()formshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationswhilelinguisticformswiththesamereferencealwayshavethesamesense.()importantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition,unlikeentailment,isnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatistosay,ifasentenceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstilltrue.()divisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisnonconventionalandnotarbitrary.()reflectssexisminsociety.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudesaswellasattitudesaboutsocialtaboosorracism.)achildisdeprivedoflinguisticenvironment,heorsheisunlikelytolearnalanguagesuccessfullylateron.()childrenlearntodistinguishbetweenthesoundsoftheirlanguageandthesoundsthatarenotpartofthelanguage,theycanacquireanysoundsintheirnativelanguageoncetheirparentsteachthem.四、名詞說明題(本大題共10小題，每題3分，共30分。)transmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)mediumoflanguagemorphemesactdialect五、論述題(本大題共2小題，每題10分，共20分?)dowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.theprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction.英語語言學(xué)試題（8）參考答案一、單項(xiàng)選擇題（本大題共10小題，每題2分，共20分）二、填空題（本大題共10小題，每題1分，共10分）三、判定改錯(cuò)題（本大題共10小題，每題2分，共20分）Thecontraryistrue.Thewritingsystemisalwaysalaterinvention.Somecompoundscontainmorethantwowords.Itisfalsebecauselinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense.Acaseinpointisthetwoexpressions"morningstar'and"eveningstar."Theyrefertothesamestarbutdifferinsense.ThedivisionofEnglishintoOldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglishisconventionalandsomewhatarbitrary.Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundmalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquirethe“moredifficult“sounds.四、名詞說明題（本大題共10小題，每題3分，共30分）ofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,hastobetaughtandlearnt.limitedrangeofsoundsthatareusedinhumanlanguageconxnunication,speechsounds.isaphoneticfeatureofsomeiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords,morphemesaremorphemesthatareusedtoindicatethegrammatrcalrelationsandcategories,suchas-ed?"（e）s,"estinEnglish.iswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandtheexample,ifwesay,“Thedogisbarking,?wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerintheactualdogtheword"dog"referstointhisparticularsituationisthereferenceoftheword"dog”.actreferstotheactofutteringwords,phrases,andistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Forexample,bysaying"Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen",tolanguageistheoriginalformofalanguagefamilythathasceasedtoprotoformcanbereconstructedbyidentifyingandcomparingsimilarlinguisticformswithsimilarmeaningsacrossrelatedlanguages.ethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguage,oftencuttingacrossregionaldifferences.Itisspokenmainlybyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolation,suchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.arelanguagevarietiesappropriateforuseinparticularspeechsituations,incontrasttolanguagevarietiesthatareassociatedwiththesocialorregionalgroupingoftheircustomaryusers.Forthisreason,registersarealsoknownassituationaldialects.referstoaprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.五、論述題（本大題共2小題，每題10分，共20分）additiontorevealingalinearorder,aconstituentstructuretreehasahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,andconsequentlyisbelievedtomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements.Forexample,thephrase"theoldmenandwomenmayhavetwointerpretations,adjective"old"maymodifythenoun"men",orthefollowingtwonouns"menandwomen”.Linearorderanalysiscannottellthisdifference,soitis,theconstituentortreediagramsanalysiscanmakethisdifference,wesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureanalysis.NPNPNPNPNPNPTheoldmenandthewomentheoldmenandtheoldwomentheperspectiveofpsycholinguisticanalysis,languageuseintermsofperception,comprehensionandproductionfollowsacertainpatternwhichinvolvesthecoordinationofvariouslanguagecenters.Whenwespeak,wordsaredrawnfromWernicke,sareaandtransferredtoBroca*sarea,whichdeterminesthedetailsoftheirformandappropriateinstructionsarethensenttothemotorareawhichcontrolsthevocaltracttophysicallyarticulatethewords.Whenwehearsomethingandtrytocomprehendit,thestimulusfromtheauditorycortexistransmittedtoWernicke1sarea,whereitistheninterpreted.Whenweperceiveavisualimage,amessageissenttotheangulargyrus,whereitisconvertedintoavisualpattern.Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets,(2%X10=20%)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof.aparticularlanguagetheEnglishlanguagehumanlanguagesingeneralthesystemofaparticularlanguageTheconsonant[f]inEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingthefollowingphoneticfeatures：.voiceless,bilabial,stopvoiceless,labiodental,fricativevoiced,bilabial,stopD.voiced,labiodental,fricativeTherearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix"ed"intheword'learned"isknownasa(n).derivationalmorphemefreemorphemeinflectionalmorphemefreeformInthephrasestructurerule"S—NPVP*,thearrowcanbereadas.A.isequaltoB.consistsofC.hasD.generates"Iboughtsomeroses""Iboughtsomeflowers".A.entailsB.presupposesisinconsistentwithissynonymouswithY’sutteranceinthefollowingconversationexchangeviolatesthemaximof.X：Whowasthatyouwerewithlastnight?Y：Didyouknowthatyouwerewearingoddsocks?A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.mannerChangesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakersofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,,wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterancesInaspeechcommunitypeoplehavesomethingincommonalanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguageandrulesforusingit.A.sociallyB.linguisticallyC.culturallyD.pragmaticallyWhichofthemajormentalfunctionslistedbelowisnotunderthecontrolofthelefthemisphereinmostpeople?.languageandspeechvisualandspatialskillsreadingandwritingD.analyticreasoningIngeneral,thestagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild*ssecondyear.A.babblingB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multiwordDirections：Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven,(1%X10=10%)Asthefirststepoftheirscientificinvestigationoflanguage,linguistshavetoobserveandcollectlinguisticfbeforetheycandoanythingelse.Phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsrules.Anindependentunitofmeaningthatcanbeusedfreelybyitselfiscalledafmorpheme.Acsentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchasana,but,or?Thestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalledInmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCprincipleproposedbyJ.Grice.Inadditiontosocialchanges,oneofthemostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechangeseemstobethecontinualprocessofculturaltacrossgenerations.Languageitselfisnotsexist,butitsusemayreflectthesattitudeconnotedinthelanguagethatissexist.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtas"sspeech,"andspeechas"overtthought."Insuchacase,speakingandthinkingtakeplacesimultaneously.IisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.DI.Directions：Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse>youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion,(2%X10=20%)()Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe"bestauthors*forlanguageusage.()InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels,thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.()Wecanalwaystellbythewordsacompoundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethemeaningofacompoundisalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts24.()Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperites.()Theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,.betweenlanguageandthought.()Oftheviewsconcerningthestudyofsemantics,thecontextualview,whichplacesthestudyofmeaninginthecontextinwhichlanguageisused,isoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.()Infirstlanguageacquisitionchildrenysgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammarofadultlanguage.()Thesentences'Hecrazy"and"Hebesickallthetime"arebothacceptableinBlackEnglishvernacularbecausecopuladeletionandhabitualbearetwofamousfeaturesofBlackEnglish.()Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizingexperiencesofthesameobjectiveworldaccordingtotheirrespectivedifferentlinguisticcodingsystem.30.()Instructionandcorrectionarekeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.30.(IV.Directions：Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration.(3%X10=30%)synchroniclinguisticsdisplacementaminimalpairderivationalaffixessyntaxlanguagetransferhyponymysentencemeaninglinguafrancacerebralcortexV.Answerthefollovingquestions,(10%X2=20%)ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffecta1earner,sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.英語語