GRE閱讀考試中最為常見的4種邏輯思維概覽

GRE閱讀考試中最為常見的4種邏輯思維概覽GRE閱讀考試中最為常見的4種邏輯思維概覽,我們來看看吧，下面就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。GRE閱讀考試中最為常見的4種邏輯思維概覽GRE考試是測(cè)試考生是否具有研究生思維的考試，有很多中國考生把單詞反復(fù)背了五六遍，新GRE閱讀中的文章也能讀懂大概意思，但仍舊一做題就錯(cuò)，一對(duì)答案恍然大悟，但再做題還錯(cuò)，你遇到過這種情況嗎?你知道問題究竟出在哪里嗎?GRE是北美研究生入學(xué)考試，中美考生的思維是存在差異的，面對(duì)同一個(gè)問題，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的思考方式，今天就和各位考生一起分享一下，在GRE閱讀中幾種大家需要注意的美式常見邏輯思維。文中未提到的不要選這是中國考生最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤，也是新GRE閱讀中最重要的一個(gè)思想。中國考生容易意淫過度，即總會(huì)主觀地根據(jù)自己儲(chǔ)存的現(xiàn)有知識(shí)，把一些文中并沒有明說的東西給填補(bǔ)上，然后得出一個(gè)看似有理，實(shí)則荒謬的答案。所以各位考生在下筆選答案之前，一定要先問自己這個(gè)答案在原文中究竟有沒有提到，三思而后行方能無誤?！叭》恰彼枷脒@個(gè)思想簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用。相信大家對(duì)英語語法中的虛擬語氣一定不陌生，雖然大多數(shù)人學(xué)會(huì)的可能僅僅是虛擬語氣中的一些規(guī)則，即只明其表，不明其理。在GRE閱讀中，虛擬語氣就有一種很有用的含義，那就是——見到虛擬語氣就要想到“取非”。比如作者如果寫到：“如果我能夠把韋氏字典都背完，那我GRE閱讀肯定沒有問題了?！边@句話其實(shí)想要表達(dá)的問題就是“我的新GRE閱讀有問題”。在做GRE閱讀時(shí)，運(yùn)用這種取非的思想就不用將原文先翻譯成繞口的中文，再拼命的思索其中的含義;而是可以迅速的把握作者的態(tài)度，以及作者想要表達(dá)的真實(shí)意思，從而可以有效地為考試爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間。關(guān)于邏輯命題的問題GRE閱讀中的邏輯題，就是哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)成立，會(huì)support/weaken原文的觀點(diǎn)。一個(gè)命題主要由三部分構(gòu)成：條件、結(jié)論以及條件到結(jié)論的推理過程。如果同學(xué)們看到一個(gè)中文問題，說“下列哪項(xiàng)可以支持原文觀點(diǎn)?”相信同學(xué)們的第一反應(yīng)就是找原文的結(jié)論，再看哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)支持結(jié)論。這種思維未免太過狹隘，因?yàn)榇蠹倚枰⑵疬@樣一種思維：支持條件、結(jié)論和推理過程都是對(duì)原文觀點(diǎn)的支持。所以考生在做完一個(gè)邏輯題以后，不要滿足于答案，要多想想到底是支持或削弱了條件，結(jié)論還是推理過程。當(dāng)把這種思維變成自己思維一部分的時(shí)候，自然可以應(yīng)對(duì)自如。類比的思維類比的思維在GRE閱讀中絕對(duì)不少見，也就是常說的類比題。主要是“下述哪一選項(xiàng)所述現(xiàn)象和原文第N行的說法比較相像?”或者“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)為原文的觀點(diǎn)提供了一個(gè)很好的例子?”此類題的思路是：切記不可先看選項(xiàng)，一定要“先抽象，再選項(xiàng)”，即首先對(duì)原文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納和抽象，抽象的時(shí)候要注意，有態(tài)度的要把態(tài)度留下，把具體的名詞都丟掉，最后形成的框架就是“對(duì)象+正評(píng)價(jià)/負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)/無評(píng)價(jià)+某事”。以上就是為大家整理的GRE閱讀考試中常見的4種邏輯思維方式總結(jié)啦，希望大家可以結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際情況，進(jìn)行具體的分析，早日取得理想的成績(jī)!GRE考試閱讀理解模擬題及答案解析P1Manytheorieshavebeenformulatedtoexplaintheroleofgrazerssuchaszooplanktonincontrollingtheamountofplanktonicalgae(phytoplankton)inlakes.Thefirsttheoriesofsuchgrazercontrolweremerelybasedonobservationsofnegativecorrelationsbetweenalgalandzooplanktonnumbers.Alownumberofalgalcellsinthepresenceofahighnumberofgrazerssuggested,butdidnotprove,thatthegrazershadremovedmostofthealgae.Theconverseobservation,oftheabsenceofgrazersinareasofhighphytoplanktonconcentration,ledHardytoproposehisprincipleofanimalexclusion,whichhypothesizedthatphytoplanktonproducedarepellentthatexcludedgrazersfromregionsofhighphytoplanktonconcentration.Thiswasthefirstsuggestionofalgaldefensesagainstgrazing.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.Increasingly,asintheindividualstudiesofLund,Round,andReynolds,researchersbegantostresstheimportanceofenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperature,light,andwatermovementsincontrollingalgalnumbers.Theseenvironmentalfactorswereamenabletofieldmonitoringandtosimulationinthelaboratory.Grazingwasbelievedtohavesomeeffectonalgalnumbers,especiallyafterphytoplanktongrowthratesdeclinedattheendofbloomperiods,butgrazingwasconsideredaminorcomponentofmodelsthatpredictedalgalpopulationdynamics.Thepotentialmagnitudeofgrazingpressureonfreshwaterphytoplanktonhasonlyrecentlybeendeterminedempirically.StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.Thehighestimatesofgrazingpressurepostulatedbytheseresearcherswerenotfullyaccepted,however,untilthegrazingratesofzooplanktonweredetermineddirectlyinthefield,bymeansofnewexperimentaltechniques.Usingaspeciallypreparedfeedingchamber,Haneywasabletorecordzooplanktongrazingratesinnaturalfieldconditions.Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.Cladoceranshadhighergrazingratesthancopepods,usuallyaccountingfor80percentofthecommunitygrazingrate.Theseratesvariedseasonally,reachingthelowestpointinthewinterandearlyspring.Haney‘sthoroughresearchprovidesconvincingfieldevidencethatgrazerscanexertsignificantpressureonphytoplanktonpopulation.(461words)ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthefirsttheoriesofgrazercontrolmentionedinthefirstparagraphwouldhavebeenmoreconvincingifresearchershadbeenabletoobservehighphytoplanktonnumbersundernaturallakeconditionsdiscovernegativecorrelationsbetweenalgaeandzooplanktonfromtheirfieldresearchunderstandthecentralimportanceofenvironmentalfactorsincontrollingthegrowthratesofphytoplanktonmakeverifiablecorrelationsofcauseandeffectbetweenzooplanktonandphytoplanktonnumbersinventlaboratorytechniquesthatwouldhaveallowedthemtobypasstheirfieldresearchconcerninggrazercontrolWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcallintoquestionHardy‘sprincipleofanimalexclusion?Zooplanktonarenottheonlyorganismsthatareaffectedbyphytoplanktonrepellents.Zooplanktonexclusionisunrelatedtophytoplanktonpopulationdensity.Zooplanktonpopulationdensityishigherduringsomepartsoftheyearthanduringothers.Netphytoplanktonaremorelikelytoexcludezooplanktonthanarenannoplankton.Phytoplanktonnumberscanbestronglyaffectedbyenvironmentalfactors.Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapplyTheauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepressureofgrazersonphytoplanktonnumbers?□AGrazingpressurecanvaryaccordingtotheindividualtypeofzooplankton.□BGrazingpressurecanbelowerinnutrie-nptoorlakesthaninboglakes.□CGrazingtendstoexertaboutthesamepressureasdoestemperature.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichmanyoftheearlyresearchersongrazercontrolcouldhaveimprovedtheirdatawouldhavebeentoemphasizetheeffectsoftemperature,ratherthanoflight,onphytoplanktondisregardnannoplanktonintheiranalysisofphytoplanktoncollectphytoplanktonofallsizesbeforeanalyzingtheextentofphytoplanktonconcentrationrecognizethatphytoplanktonotherthannetphytoplanktoncouldbecollectedinanetunderstandthecrucialsignificanceofnetphytoplanktoninthedietofzooplanktonAccordingtothepassage,HargraveandGeendidwhichofthefollowingintheirexperiments?Theycomparedthegrazingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratorywiththenaturalgrazingratesofthesespecies.Thehypothesizedaboutthepopulationdensityofgrazersinnaturalhabitatsbyusingdataconcerningthepopulationdensityofgrazersinthelaboratory.Theyestimatedthecommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktoninthelaboratorybyusingdataconcerningthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplankton.Theyestimatedthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktonbyusingdataconcerningtheknownpopulationdensityofphytoplankton.Theyestimatedthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktonbyusinglaboratorydataconcerningthegrazingratesofindividualzooplanktonspecies.P2ThebeliefthatartoriginatesinintuitiveratherthanrationalfacultieswasworkedouthistoricallyandphilosophicallyinthesomewhatwearisomevolumesofBenedettoCroce,whoisusuallyconsideredtheoriginatorofanewaesthetic.Crocewas,infact,expressingaveryoldidea.LongbeforetheRomanticsstressedintuitionandself-expression,thefrenzyofinspirationwasregardedasfundamentaltoart,butphilosophershadalwaysassumeditmustbecontrolledbylawandbytheintellectualpowerofputtingthingsintoharmoniousorder.Thisgeneralphilosophicconceptofartwassupportedbytechnicalnecessities.ItwasnecessarytomastercertainlawsandtouseintellectinordertobuildGothiccathedrals,orsetupthestainedglasswindowsofChartres.Whenthisbracingelementofcraftsmanshipceasedtodominateartists‘outlook,newtechnicalelementshadtobeadoptedtomaintaintheintellectualelementinart.Suchwerelinearperspectiveandanatomy.(156words)Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyhaveoccurrediflinearperspectiveandanatomyhadnotcometoinfluenceartisticendeavor?ThecraftsmanshipthatshapedGothicarchitecturewouldhavecontinuedtodominateartists‘outlooks.Someothertechnicalelementswouldhavebeenadoptedtodisciplineartisticinspiration.Intellectualcontroloverartisticinspirationwouldnothaveinfluencedpaintingasitdidarchitecture.Theroleofintuitiveinspirationwouldnothaveremainedfundamentaltotheoriesofartisticcreation.TheassumptionsofaestheticphilosophersbeforeCrocewouldhavebeeninvalidated.Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatindicatesatraditionalassumptionofaestheticphilosophers.Theauthormentionslinearperspectiveandanatomyinthelastsentenceinordertodowhichofthefollowing?ExpandhisargumenttoincludepaintingaswellasarchitectureIndicatehisdisagreementwithCroce‘stheoryoftheoriginsofartSupporthispointthatrationalorderofsomekindhasoftenseemedtodisciplineartisticinspirationExplaintherationalelementsinGothicpaintingthatcorrespondedtocraftsmanshipinGothicarchitectureShowtheincreasingsophisticationofartistsaftertheGothicperiodP3Nahuatl,likeGreekandGerman,isalanguagethatallowstheformationofextensivecompounds.Bythecombinationofradicalsorsemanticelements,singlecompoundwordscanexpresscomplexconceptualrelations,oftenofanabstractuniversalcharacter.Thetlamatinime(—thosewhoknowII)wereabletousethisrichstockofabstracttermstoexpressthenuancesoftheirthought.Theyalsoavailedthemselvesofotherformsofexpressionwithmetaphoricalmeaning,someprobablyoriginal,somederivedfromTolteccoinages.OftheseformsthemostcharacteristicinNahuatlisthejuxtapositionoftwowordsthat,becausetheyaresynonyms,associatedterms,orevencontraries,complementeachothertoevokeonesingleidea.Usedasmetaphor,thejuxtaposedtermsconnotespecificoressentialtraitsofthebeingtheyreferto,introducingamodeofpoetryasanalmosthabitualformofexpression.(140words)Accordingtothepassage,someabstractuniversalideascanbeexpressedinNahuatlbytakingawayfromawordanyreferencetoparticularinstancesremovingawordfromitsassociationswithotherwordsgivingawordanewandoppositemeaningputtingvariousmeaningfulelementstogetherinonewordturningeachwordofaphraseintoapoeticmetaphorForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapplyItcanbeinferredsolelyfromtheinformationinthepassageEXCEPTthat□Aallabstractuniversalideasareideasofcomplexrelations□Bsomerecordorevidenceofthethoughtofthetlamatinimeexists□CmetaphorsarealwaysusedinNahuatltoexpressabstractconceptualrelationshipsP1（這是一篇長文章，各種不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞形狀很接近，容易混淆，線索又多，確實(shí)難。然而，如果認(rèn)真地做這種長文章，一個(gè)詞一句話地認(rèn)真翻譯文章理解選項(xiàng)，就是在累積自己對(duì)GRE閱讀的心理優(yōu)勢(shì)，做的越多越不怕閱讀.就算花一天也要完成——我就是這么勸pian自己的。）1Manytheorieshavebeenformulatedtoexplaintheroleofgrazerssuchaszooplanktonincontrollingtheamountofplanktonicalgae（phytoplankton）inlakes.很多學(xué)說都詳細(xì)地闡述了湖泊里植食動(dòng)物的角色，比如浮游動(dòng)物，會(huì)控制浮游藻類（浮游植物）的規(guī)模。（zooplankton浮游動(dòng)物;planktonic浮游的;algae藻類，單數(shù)形式alga;phytoplankton浮游植物;graze牛羊等吃草、放牧;grazer查了幾本詞典都沒有詳細(xì)解釋它，只說它有“放牧者、牧羊人（澳洲）的意思，但根據(jù)語境，顯然應(yīng)該翻譯成“吃植物的動(dòng)物”而不是“放牧的人”。本句ChenMeng老師譯得比較順，借鑒了ta的譯法。）2Thefirsttheoriesofsuchgrazercontrolweremerelybasedonobservationsofnegativecorrelationsbetweenalgalandzooplanktonnumbers.早期的植食者控制論只是基于藻類和浮游動(dòng)物的數(shù)量呈負(fù)相關(guān)的觀察結(jié)果。（negativecorrelations負(fù)相關(guān)：一個(gè)變量的增加時(shí)，總伴隨著另一個(gè)變量的減少;反之亦然。一起變多或變少叫正相關(guān)。）3Alownumberofalgalcellsinthepresenceofahighnumberofgrazerssuggested,butdidnotprove,thatthegrazershadremovedmostofthealgae.藻細(xì)胞含量少，植食者較多意味著植食者處理掉了大多數(shù)藻類，但也不絕對(duì)。Theconverseobservation,oftheabsenceofgrazersinareasofhighphytoplanktonconcentration,ledHardytoproposehisprincipleofanimalexclusion,whichhypothesizedthatphytoplanktonproducedarepellentthatexcludedgrazersfromregionsofhighphytoplanktonconcentration.一個(gè)相反的觀察結(jié)果是大量浮游植物聚集的區(qū)域浮游動(dòng)物幾乎消失，這啟發(fā)H提出了他的動(dòng)物排除原理，他假設(shè)浮游植物大量聚集時(shí)可以產(chǎn)生一種浮游動(dòng)物驅(qū)逐劑。5Thiswasthefirstsuggestionofalgaldefensesagainstgrazing.這是第一次有人提出藻類抵抗被吃的假設(shè)。6Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgaeofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytoplankton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphytoplankton(nannoplankton)thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedon,ledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentresearch.許多早期的研究只考慮到浮游植物采網(wǎng)能夠采集的藻類，這種實(shí)驗(yàn)流程忽略了體型更小的浮游植物（微型浮游生物），而我們現(xiàn)在知道它們是浮游動(dòng)物最愛吃的食物，在后續(xù)研究中，這種忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。7Increasingly,asintheindividualstudiesofLund,Round,andReynolds,researchersbegantostresstheimportanceofenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperature,light,andwatermovementsincontrollingalgalnumbers.在L，RO和RE的研究中，研究者們更多地開始強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境因素對(duì)藻類數(shù)量的控制，比如溫度，光線，水流。8Theseenvironmentalfactorswereamenabletofieldmonitoringandtosimulationinthelaboratory.這些環(huán)境因素更便于現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)和實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬。9Grazingwasbelievedtohavesomeeffectonalgalnumbers,especiallyafterphytoplanktongrowthratesdeclinedattheendofbloomperiods,butgrazingwasconsideredaminorcomponentofmodelsthatpredictedalgalpopulationdynamics.研究者相信浮游動(dòng)物的攝食行為對(duì)藻類數(shù)量有影響，特別是浮游植物爆發(fā)期尾聲增長率下降后，不過這種攝食行為只被看作預(yù)測(cè)藻類數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)模型中的一個(gè)小因素。10Thepotentialmagnitudeofgrazingpressureonfreshwaterphytoplanktonhasonlyrecentlybeendeterminedempirically.攝食壓力對(duì)淡水浮游植物的潛在重要性最近才通過實(shí)驗(yàn)被認(rèn)定。11StudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers.H和G主持的研究，先測(cè)量實(shí)驗(yàn)室中單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種群進(jìn)食速率，再用已知的浮游動(dòng)物種群密度計(jì)算出野外總體浮游動(dòng)物攝食速率，通過這種方式估算出自然條件下浮游動(dòng)物總體的攝食速率。Thehighestimatesofgrazingpressurepostulatedbytheseresearcherswerenotfullyaccepted,however,untilthegrazingratesofzooplanktonweredetermineddirectlyinthefield,bymeansofnewexperimentaltechniques.然而，直到借助新的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)，野生環(huán)境中浮游動(dòng)物的攝食率最終被測(cè)定以前，這些研究者（H和G）那種高度基于估算的攝食率都沒有獲得完全的認(rèn)同。13Usingaspeciallypreparedfeedingchamber,Haneywasabletorecordzooplanktongrazingratesinnaturalfieldconditions.通過一個(gè)特別設(shè)計(jì)的喂食器，HN得以記錄自然環(huán)境下浮游動(dòng)物的攝食率。（chamber一般可以指某個(gè)內(nèi)部封閉空間，臥室、會(huì)客室，議事廳、立法院（比喻義），金庫，槍膛，心室。為了不顯得可笑，feedingchamber被模糊地譯成了“喂食器”，你懂就好啦。）14Intheperiodsofpeakzooplanktonabundance,thatis,inthelatespringandinthesummer,Haneyrecordedmaximumdailycommunitygrazingrates,fornutrient-poorlakesandboglakes,respectively,of6.6percentand114percentofdailyphytoplanktonproduction.浮游動(dòng)物的繁殖高峰期，也就是春末和夏季，HN分別記錄了浮游動(dòng)物每日總體攝食率的最大值，營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)較貧乏的湖域?yàn)?6.6%，沼澤湖域?yàn)?14%。15Cladoceranshadhighergrazingratesthancopepods,usuallyaccountingfor80percentofthecommunitygrazingrate.枝角目動(dòng)物（水蚤類）相比橈足類動(dòng)物有著較高的攝食率，通常占總攝食率的80%。16Theseratesvariedseasonally,reachingthelowestpointinthewinterandearlyspring.這些速率隨季節(jié)變化，冬季和初春最低。17Haney‘sthoroughresearchprovidesconvincingfieldevidencethatgrazerscanexertsignificantpressureonphytoplanktonpopulation.(461words)HN的全面研究，為浮游動(dòng)物的攝食行為可以對(duì)浮游植物數(shù)量造成重要影響提供了可信的田野證據(jù)。Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthefirsttheoriesofgrazercontrolmentionedinthefirstparagraphwouldhavebeenmoreconvincingifresearchershadbeenabletoobservehighphytoplanktonnumbersundernaturallakeconditionsdiscovernegativecorrelationsbetweenalgaeandzooplanktonnumbersfromtheirfieldresearchunderstandthecentralimportanceofenvironmentalfactorsincontrollingthegrowthratesofphytoplanktonmakeverifiablecorrelationsofcauseandeffectbetweenzooplanktonandphytoplanktonnumbersinventlaboratorytechniquesthatwouldhaveallowedthemtobypasstheirfieldresearchconcerninggrazercontrol選D見句2“Thefirsttheoriesofsuchgrazercontrolweremerelybasedonobservationsofnegativecorrelationsbetweenalgalandzooplanktonnumbers.”最初的研究只關(guān)注了二者的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，沒有搞清楚具體的原因和影響，僅有觀測(cè)結(jié)果是構(gòu)不成因果關(guān)系的，也許兩者是伴隨出現(xiàn)。比如說，我們觀察到：某水果市場(chǎng)上蘋果多的時(shí)候，橘子就少;橘子多時(shí)蘋果少。二者也構(gòu)成一種負(fù)相關(guān)，但可能背后的原因是，某個(gè)學(xué)校在這個(gè)市場(chǎng)上給學(xué)生采購午餐水果，每天只買蘋果或橘子，如果假定老板清晨購進(jìn)等量的兩種水果，觀察結(jié)果當(dāng)然呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。如果我們僅根據(jù)觀測(cè)結(jié)果認(rèn)為“橘子和蘋果互相抑制對(duì)方的存在”——就顯得很荒謬了。而最初的理論之所以簡(jiǎn)陋(notconvincing)也正因?yàn)槿绱?，所以選D。Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldcallintoquestionHardy‘sprincipleofanimalexclusion?Zooplanktonarenottheonlyorganismsthatareaffectedbyphytoplanktonrepellents.Zooplanktonexclusionisunrelatedtophytoplanktonpopulationdensity.Zooplanktonpopulationdensityishigherduringsomepartsoftheyearthanduringothers.Netphytoplanktonaremorelikelytoexcludezooplanktonthanarenannoplankton.Phytoplanktonnumberscanbestronglyaffectedbyenvironmentalfactors.選B見句4，5。H觀察到浮游植物多的區(qū)域，浮游動(dòng)物幾乎不存在，于是他猜測(cè)植物能分泌一種驅(qū)逐劑對(duì)付動(dòng)物。題目讓我們選一項(xiàng)如果成真的預(yù)設(shè)，可以用來質(zhì)疑H的這種猜測(cè)。B“浮游動(dòng)物被驅(qū)逐與浮游植物的密度無關(guān)”。如果B成立，那么意味著在實(shí)際觀測(cè)中，只要有藻類，浮游動(dòng)物就很少，但這顯然與觀測(cè)結(jié)果不符。Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapplyTheauthorwouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthepressureofgrazersonphytoplanktonnumbers?□AGrazingpressurecanvaryaccordingtotheindividualtypeofzooplankton.□BGrazingpressurecanbelowerinnutrie-nptoorlakesthaninboglakes.□CGrazingtendstoexertaboutthesamepressureasdoestemperature.選ABA句15。B句14。Cgrazing和temperature確實(shí)都跟controllingtheamountofphytoplankton有關(guān)，但是不是samepressur，e文段中沒有提及。Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatonewayinwhichmanyoftheearlyresearchersongrazercontrolcouldhaveimprovedtheirdatawouldhavebeentoemphasizetheeffectsoftemperature,ratherthanoflight,onphytoplanktondisregardnannoplanktonintheiranalysisofphytoplanktonnumberscollectphytoplanktonofallsizesbeforeanalyzingtheextentofphytoplanktonconcentrationrecognizethatphytoplanktonotherthannetphytoplanktoncouldbecollectedinanetunderstandthecrucialsignificanceofnetphytoplanktoninthedietofzooplankton選C見句6。Accordingtothepassage,HargraveandGeendidwhichofthefollowingintheirexperiments?Theycomparedthegrazingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratorywiththenaturalgrazingratesofthesespecies.Thehypothesizedaboutthepopulationdensityofgrazersinnaturalhabitatsbyusingdataconcerningthepopulationdensityofgrazersinthelaboratory.Theyestimatedthecommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktoninthelaboratorybyusingdataconcerningthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplankton.Theyestimatedthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktonbyusingdataconcerningtheknownpopulationdensityofphytoplankton.Theyestimatedthenaturalcommunitygrazingratesofzooplanktonbyusinglaboratorydataconcerningthegrazingratesofindividualzooplanktonspecies.選E根據(jù)句11的主干可以選出E項(xiàng)?！癝tudiesbyHargraveandGeenestimatednaturalcommunitygrazingratesbymeasuringfeedingratesofindividualzooplanktonspeciesinthelaboratoryandthencomputingcommunitygrazingratesforfieldconditionsusingtheknownpopulationdensityofgrazers. ”P21ThebeliefthatartoriginatesinintuitiveratherthanrationalfacultieswasworkedouthistoricallyandphilosophicallyinthesomewhatwearisomevolumesofBenedettoCroce,whoisusuallyconsideredtheoriginatorofanewaesthetic.BC通常被認(rèn)為創(chuàng)立了一種新的美學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在那些讀起來頗有些乏味的著作中，他歷史性地且哲學(xué)性地闡述了這樣一種觀念，藝術(shù)源于直覺而非理性能力。2Crocewas,infact,expressingaveryoldidea.實(shí)際上，C這種觀點(diǎn)古已有之。3LongbeforetheRomanticsstressedintuitionandself-expression,thefrenzyofinspirationwasregardedasfundamentaltoart,butphilosophershadalwaysassumeditmustbecontrolledbylawandbytheintellectualpowerofputtingthingsintoharmoniousorder.早在浪漫主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)直覺和個(gè)人表達(dá)很久以前，對(duì)靈感的狂熱就被認(rèn)為是藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造的重要基礎(chǔ)，但先哲總是認(rèn)為靈感要受控于規(guī)律，受控于使萬物和諧的理性力量。Thisgeneralphilosophicconceptofartwassupportedbytechnicalnecessities.技術(shù)之必要可以支持這種普遍的美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)。5ItwasnecessarytomastercertainlawsandtouseintellectinordertobuildGothiccathedrals,orsetupthestainedglasswindowsofChartres.掌握某種規(guī)律、運(yùn)用才智，對(duì)于建造一座哥特式教堂，或安裝C教堂特有的彩色玻璃是必要的。沙特爾大教堂[ChartresCathedral]法國沙特爾的圣母大教堂，為重要的哥特式建筑最具影響力的典范之一。該教堂的主體部分建于1194?1220年。它是在一座12世紀(jì)教堂的基礎(chǔ)上重新修建的，只保留了教堂地下室、塔樓的底座以及西面的正墻。取消傳統(tǒng)廊道的設(shè)計(jì)以及一種獨(dú)特的拱扶垛的使用，為教堂側(cè)廊留下了較大的空間。引人注目的彩色玻璃和一個(gè)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期風(fēng)格的唱詩班裝飾性圍屏給該教堂增添了許多美感。（大英袖珍百科）6Whenthisbracingelementofcraftsmanshipceasedtodominateartists‘outlook,newtechnicalelementshadtobeadoptedtomaintaintheintellectualelementinart.當(dāng)這種支撐性的技巧元素不能繼續(xù)影響藝術(shù)家，就需要新的技術(shù)元素來維持藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中的理性成分。7Suchwerelinearperspectiveandanatomy.(156words)于是就出現(xiàn)了透視法和解剖學(xué)(被應(yīng)用于藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中)。Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyhaveoccurrediflinearperspectiveandanatomyhadnotcometoinfluenceartisticendeavor?ThecraftsmanshipthatshapedGothicarchitecturewouldhavecontinuedtodominateartists‘outlooks.Someothertechnicalelementswouldhavebeenadoptedtodisciplineartisticinspiration.Intellectualcontroloverartisticinspirationwouldnothaveinfluencedpaintingasitdidarchitecture.Theroleofintuitiveinspirationwouldnothaveremainedfundamentaltotheoriesofartisticcreation.TheassumptionsofaestheticphilosophersbeforeCrocewouldhavebeeninvalidated.選B根據(jù)句6，需要有新的技術(shù)元素來引導(dǎo)藝術(shù)家的靈感，所以如果沒有透視法和解剖學(xué)，應(yīng)該還會(huì)有someothertechnicalelements，所以選B。Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatindicatesatraditionalassumptionofaestheticphilosophers.句3?！癓ongbeforetheRomanticsstressedintuitionandself-expression,thefrenzyofinspirationwasregardedasfundamentaltoart,butphilosophershadalwaysassumeditmustbecontrolledbylawandbytheintellectualpowerofputtingthingsintoharmoniousorder.”Theauthormentionslinearperspectiveandanatomyinthelastsentenceinordertodowhichofthefollowing?ExpandhisargumenttoincludepaintingaswellasarchitectureIndicatehisdisagreementwithCroce‘stheoryoftheoriginsofartSupporthispointthatrationalorderofsomekindhasoftenseemedtodisciplineartisticinspirationExplaintherationalelementsinGothicpaintingthatcorrespondedtocraftsmanshipinGothicarchitectureShowtheincreasingsophisticationofartistsaftertheGothicperiod選