英文實驗報告的格式和寫法

英文實驗報告的格式和寫法【轉(zhuǎn)】2010-10-0406:03一份最標準的實驗報告的格式：AbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionConclusionReference分別來分享下近來學到的。。Abstract摘要摘要，就是整篇文章摘出來的要。強烈建議整篇文章寫完后再寫摘要。把文章每個部分選一些句子出來就可以拼湊成一個 abstract 了。一個abstract 的模板：一兩句話說明這個實驗的主要理論依據(jù)，或者實驗需要證明的假說。一兩句話說一下這個理論或者假說的相關的研究。兩三句話描述一下實驗兩三句話概括一下實驗結果一句話說一個結論，解釋一下這個實驗的意義或結果的重要性轉(zhuǎn)一個別人的example:Doesachild’sfocuscorrelatewithbarometricpressure?ifso,doesitcorrelatepositivelyornegatively?Tucker(1999)hypothesizedanegativecorrelation,butthisassertionhasneverbeentested.OurteamusedtheMISHACPTtomeasurethefocusofagroupof150third-gradestudents.wedividedthestudentsintothreegroupsof50students.onegrouptooktheMISHACPTwhenbarometricpressurewaslow,anothergrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewasneutral,andthefinalgrouptookitwhenbarometricpressurewashigh.theresultsfoundthatchildrenfocusedsignificantlybetterwhenbarometricpressurewaslowthanwhenbarometricpressurewasneutralorhigh.theresultssuggestthatwhendiagnosingADHD,practitionersshouldgivetheCPTwhenbarometricpressureisneutral.IntroductionIntroduction以實驗目的為開頭，解釋一下這個實驗需要證明的東西。具體實驗目的視全篇實驗報告長度而定，幾段到幾頁都有的。實驗目的寫完后介紹實驗基本理論。介紹一下前人或者文獻里的相近相關的實驗，寫一下他們的成果以及不到位的地方。（well,如果是學校安排的每年都要做的實驗就寫寫類似相關實驗的優(yōu)劣吧），這部分注意寫reference。然后介紹一下實驗過程。如果實驗用了一些非常見的儀器，也可以在這個部分做一個簡要介紹。再轉(zhuǎn)一篇我認為寫得很好的IntroductionexampleIntroductionInthislab,weexplorethetheoryofoptimalforagingandthetheoryofcentralplaceforagingusingbeaversasthemodelanimal.Foragingreferstothemammalianbehaviorassociatedwithsearchingforfood.Theoptimalforagingtheoryassumesthatanimalsfeedinawaythatmaximizestheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime(Pykeetal.1977).Ananimalmayeithermaximizeitsdailyenergyintake(energymaximizer)orminimizethetimespentfeeding(timeminimizer)inordertomeetminimumrequirements.Herbivorescommonlybehaveasenergymaximizers(Belovsky1986)andaccomplishthismaximizingbehaviorbychoosingfoodthatisofhighqualityandhaslow-searchandlow-handlingtime(Pykeetal.1977).Thecentralplacetheoryisusedtodescribeanimalsthatcollectfoodandstoreitinafixedlocationintheirhomerange,thecentralplace(Jenkins1980).Thefactorsassociatedwiththeoptimalforagingtheoryalsoapplytothecentralplacetheory.Thecentralplacetheorypredictsthatretrievalcostsincreaselinearlywithdistanceoftheresourcefromthecentralplace(RockwoodandHubbell1987).Centralplacefeedersareveryselectivewhenchoosingfoodthatisfarfromthecentralplacesincetheyhavetospendtimeandenergyhaulingitbacktothestoragesite(Schoener1979).Themainobjectiveofthislabwastodeterminebeaver(Castorcanadensis)foodselectionbasedontreespecies,size,anddistance.Sincebeaversareenergymaximizers(Jenkins1980,Belovsky1984)andcentralplacefeeders(McGinleyandWhitam1985),theymakeanexcellenttestanimalfortheoptimalforagingtheory.Beaverseatseveralkindsofherbaceousplantsaswellastheleaves,twigs,andbarkofmostspeciesofwoodyplantsthatgrownearwater(JenkinsandBusher1979).Byexaminingthetreesthatarechewedornot-chewedinthebeavers’homerange,anaccurateassessmentoffoodpreferencesamongtreespeciesmaybegained(Jenkins1975).Thepurposeofthislabwastolearnabouttheoptimalforagingtheory.Wewantedtoknowifbeaversputtheoptimalforagingtheoryintoactionwhenselectingfood.Wehypothesizedthatthebeaversinthisstudywillchoosetreesthataresmallincircumferenceandclosesttothewater.Sincetheenergyyieldoftreespeciesmayvarysignificantly,wealsohypothesizedthatbeaverswillshowapreferenceforsomespeciesoftreesoverothersregardlessofcircumferencesizeordistancefromthecentralarea.Theoptimalforagingtheoryandcentralplacetheoryleadustopredictthatbeavers,likemostherbivores,willmaximizetheirnetrateofenergyintakeperunittime.Inordertomaximizeenergy,beaverswillchoosetreesthatareclosesttotheircentralplace(thewater)andrequiretheleastretrievalcost.Sincebeaversaretryingtomaximizeenergy,wehypothesizedthattheywilltendtoselectsomespeciesoftreesoverothersonthebasisofnutritionalvalue.Methods這部分通常包括 Material 和Procedure 兩個部分。Material ：詳細的寫出實驗用到的材料，設備，器材。像下面這樣是不夠詳盡的：ChromatographyLightbulbsComputer比較一下下面的：LC-10AVPPlusHigh-performanceliquidchromatography24incandescent60Wlightbulbsarrangedina6*4rectangularmatrix(SeeFigure2)DellPrecisionT7500(XeonX55502.66GHz,6GBRAM,64bitWindows7Professional)另外，如果實驗對象中有人的話，介紹人數(shù)，群體背景。用Subjects來稱呼。比如SubjectsWetested150third-gradestudentschosenatrandomfromapoolof346applicantsfromeightLondonpublicandprivateelementaryschools.thestudentsrepresentedafairlywiderangeofeconomicbackgrounds.allagreedtoparticipateinourstudyinexchangefora25poundsgiftcertificatefromalocaltoystore.Procedure詳細寫出每一步步驟。不要虛構理想化實驗，不要夸大某個過程如實敘述即可。如果步驟比較多就用數(shù)字標出每一步。example:Thetestperformedonthepotentiometerwasaccomplishedbywindingastringaroundthepotentiometershaft,attachingamasstothestring,andlettingthemassfall.Thechangeinresistanceofthepotentiometerwithtimeindicatedtheaccelerationofthemass.InthisexperimentitwasassumedthattheconstantCoulombfrictiontorquewastheonlyfrictionaffectingthepotentiometer.Ifthisassumptionweretrue,thefrictionforcefromthetorquewouldbeFf=T/r(whereTisthetorqueandristheradiusofthepotentiometer’sshaft).Likewise,thegravityforcewouldbeFg=mg(wheremisthemasstiedtothestringandgisthegravitationalacceleration).AforcebalancethengivesT=mr(g-a),whereaistheaccelerationofthemass.IftheassumptionholdsthattheonlyfrictionaffectingthepotentiometerwasconstantCoulombfriction,theneachmasswouldundergoaconstantacceleration.Thepotentiometermeasuredvoltageversustimeforthemassesastheydropped,butthemeasurementofinteresttouswaspositionversustime.Forthatreason,a‘calibration’wasperformedbeforewemeasuredanydata.Inthecalibration,thepotentiometer’sinitialvoltagewasmeasured.Thenthestringwaspulledasetdistance(2inches),andthevoltagewasrecorded.Thisprocessofpullingthestringasetdistanceandrecordingthevoltagecontinuedanothertwotimes(seeAppendixAfortheresults).Todeterminetherelationshipbetweenvoltageandposition,thedifferencesinthevoltageswereaveragedanddividedbythelength.Theresultingrelationshipwas0.9661volts/inch.Fivedifferentmasseswereusedtotesttheassumptionofconstantacceleration.Foreachmass,thestringwasrolledupontheshaft,theoscilloscopewastriggered,andtheshaftwasreleased.Aseachmassdropped,theoscilloscopecollectedthepotentiometer’svoltageversusthetime.Afterobtainingplotsforeachmass,weusedthevoltage-positionrelationship,mentionedabove,toconvertthedatafromtheformvoltageversustimetotheformpositionversustimesquared.Theresidualsofthedatadeterminedwhethertheassumptionofconstantaccelerationwasvalid.Results實驗的數(shù)據(jù)，公式，圖表，計算過程，用一種對讀者最友好的形式展示出來。實驗的原始數(shù)據(jù)通常都是放在附錄的，這里都是放處理過的數(shù)據(jù)。如果有大量的計算，至少要列出其中一個 samplecalculation.Results部分的開頭最好重復一下實驗目的。如果結果很多，最好分成不同的 sectionexample:ResultsOverall,beaversshowedapreferenceforcertainspeciesoftrees,andtheirpreferencewasbasedondistancefromthecentralplace.Measurementstakenatthestudysiteshowthatbeaversavoidedoaksandmusclewood(Fig.1)andshowasignificantfoodpreference(x2=447.26,d.f.=9,P<.05).Noavoidanceorparticularpreferencewasobservedfortheothertreespecies.Themeandistanceof8.42mawayfromthewaterfornot-chewedtreeswassignificantlygreaterthanthemeandistanceof6.13mforchewedtrees(t=3.49,d.f.=268,P<.05)(Fig.2).Thetreespeciesthatwereavoidedwerenotsignificantlyfartherfromthewater(t=.4277,d.f.=268,P>.05)thanselectedtrees.Fortheselectedtreespecies,nosignificantdifferenceincircumferencewasfoundbetweentreesthatwerenotchewed(mean=16.03cm)andchewed(mean=12.80cm)(t=1.52,d.f.=268,P>.05)(Fig.3).Discussions對于results中描述的實驗數(shù)據(jù)，在這個部分中進一步詮釋，解釋每個結果的含義，為后面conclusion做準備。discussions 的開頭把實驗的理論或者假說重復一遍，然后說明其中一個觀點1Theexperiment ’sresultsprove(recommend)thetheory(hypothesis).2Theexperiment ’sresultsdisprovethetheory(hypothesis).3Theexperiment ’sresultswereinconclusive.然后幾個方面說明這個觀點Whatresultsconfirmtheopinionistherereasonabledoubtforyouropinion?anypossibleflawsintheexperimentaldesignorholesintheresults?howdoyourresultscomparewithsimilarexperiments,whymightyourresultsdiffer.Example:Ourteamattemptedtodeterminewhetherbarometricpressureinfluenceschildren’sabilitytofocus.inparticular,wetestedTucker’s(1999)hypothesis,whichstatesthatchildren’sfocuscorrelatesnegativelywithbarometricpressure.TheresultshowpartialsupportforTucker’shypothesis.Inparticular,childrenfocussignificantlybetterwhenthebarometricpressureislowthantheydowhenthebarometricpressureisneutralorhigh.however,childrenfocusedonlyslightlyworseduringhighpressurethannormalpressure.theunusuallyhighstandarddeviationonthehigh-pressureday(Thursday)suggeststhathighbarometricpressuremightaffectsomechildrengreatlyandothersverylittle.theresultssuggestthat,whendiagnosingADHD,practitionersshouldgivetheCPTwhenbar