筆譯課總匯 超全!課件

翻譯理論與實(shí)踐KevinShenIntroductionArrangements:TranslationTheoriesTranslationTechniquesTranslationPractice(InClass:CATTI&NAETI)Homework:translating1passagein2weeksIntroductionTheprospectoftranslationindustryHistoryTheoriginoftranslation:InEurope:theliberatedGreekslaveLiviusAndronicusrenderedOdysseyintoLatinverseinabout240B.C.InChinatherecordoftranslationdatesbacktoZhouDynasty(1066B.C.--256B.C.)東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯.---------《禮記王制》KeyWordsinTranslationsourcelanguagetargetlanguageequivalentDefinitionTheDefinitionofTranslationTranslationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagetextbymeansofanequivalenttarget-languagetext.——TheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguageTranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-language,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.——EugeneA.NidaTranslationmaybedefinedasfollow:thereplacementoftexuralmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttexuralmaterialinanotherlanguage.——CatfordTranslationisthetransfermationofatextoriginallyinonelanguageintoanotherequivalenttextinadifferentlanguageretaining,asfaraspossible,thecontentofthemessageandtheformalfeaturesandfunctionalrolesoftheoriginaltext.——RogerBellCriterialFaithfulnessExpressivenessElegance功能目的論與應(yīng)用翻譯功能目的論SkoposTheory/ScoposTheorySanara'snaturallyderivedformulationbringouttheshineandsmoothnessinyourhair,leavingitmanageableandhealthy.Youwon'tactuallyseehowkindSanaraistotheenvironment,soitdoesntpollutewaterorsoil.Andnaturally,thepackagingisrecyclable.莎拉娜是由天然配方精制而成，能使頭發(fā)健康，光澤柔順，易于梳理。莎拉娜系列都是具有生物降解特性，包裝可回收利用，對(duì)水土、環(huán)境不會(huì)造成污染。莎拉娜，呵護(hù)您的秀發(fā)，愛護(hù)您的健康。天然配方，令秀發(fā)光澤柔順。情有獨(dú)鐘，莎拉娜。生物降解，不上水土，愛護(hù)自然，數(shù)她第一。TranslationPracticeTherearelotsofvolcanoesandanexoticanimalkingdomtoexplore,yetfewpeopleoutsidetheregionknowofthem.TheviewintothecrateroftheMasayaVolcanoinNicaraguaisabreathtakingexperience,enlivenedbytheaccompanyingstrongsmellofsulphurandtheloudscreamingofparrots.Yetthecarparkontheedgeofthecraterisnearlyempty.Thisisaboonfordaringtravelerswhocanenjoyallthebeautywithouthavingtoshareitwithhordesofothersvisitors.Translation那里有太多的火山和珍禽異獸有待探尋，可是它們卻鮮為外人所知。當(dāng)你往尼加拉瓜的瑪莎雅火山口望進(jìn)去的時(shí)候，你會(huì)倒吸一口冷氣，但是當(dāng)你聞到那股濃烈的硫磺味，聽到鸚鵡尖厲的叫聲時(shí)，你又會(huì)回過神來，驚嘆它的壯美。然而火山口附近的停車場(chǎng)卻幾乎空無(wú)一人。這是給勇敢者的一種獎(jiǎng)賞，他們可以盡情獨(dú)享這一切，而不必同比肩接踵的其它游客分享美景。

第二章理解原文語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)分析Thereactionarystrengththusdeveloped,however,carriedwithinittheseedsofitsowndisintegration.反動(dòng)力量就這樣發(fā)展起來，然而在其內(nèi)部就有四分五裂的因素。？？Itis3yearssinceIsmoked.It'ssolongsinceitrainedthattheriver-bedisdry.ItisalongtimesinceIhadaholiday.Hethoughtthatdirectlyinternalconfidenceinthegovernmentdeclined,herfinancialstructurewouldbeindanger.directlytheteachercameineveryoneisquiet.二、主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)GreatlorrieswithadoubledeckcargoofcarsforexportlumberpastMagdalenandtheUniversityChurch.原譯：大型卡車拖著裝載著出口木材的雙層貨架掛車駛過馬德琳和大學(xué)教堂。Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintotostrictesteconomics,amongwhichtheratespaidtolabourfigureprominently.原譯：在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則下，上萬(wàn)的雇主不得不實(shí)行一些最嚴(yán)厲的節(jié)約措施，其中主要的錢付給了工人。三、代詞的實(shí)際含義“WhenIleavethehouse,Iwatchout”,theoldladysaid,“Iwontwalkpastacarthatisdouble-parked,andIwontwalkonthesideofthestreetwhereithappened.”Partyofficialshavepromisedtoliftsomeofthemorerecentlyintroducedmeasures,seenasexcessivebythejournalists,inexchangeforapromisefromeditorialstafftoreturntoworkandproducethisweek’sissue,accordingtomessagesonaninternalchatgroupseenbytheFinancialTimes.四、修飾關(guān)系Someofourmostskilledpeopledon’tgetthesalariesofmaidsintheUS.Thechildrenlivewithinthethree-milelimitandthecouncilhassaidinthepastthatitwillnotundertaketoprovidefreetransporttotheschool.原譯：學(xué)生們都住在方圓三英里的范圍內(nèi)，理事會(huì)聲稱，要在過去他們不會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)讓學(xué)生無(wú)償乘車上學(xué)的事務(wù)。(Thereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandheartdiseaseandlungcancer.)Butthisdoesn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouingoodcompany.在一個(gè)好的公司？Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetitionlikethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuriesisalsogreat.舒適和奢侈？NYCitySeekstoExpandLower-CostUnits

TheCityCouncilyesterdayapprovedthefirstmajoroverhaulofthemostpopulartaxbreakforapartmentbuildingdevelopers,adoptingaplanintendedtoinducethemtobuildtensofthousandsofapartmentsforpeopleotherthanthewealthy.Thechanges,whichMayorMichaelR.Bloombergsupportedandwhichwouldgointoeffect4in2008,significantlyincreasetheareasofthecityinwhichdeveloperswhowantthetaxbreakmustmakeoneoutofeveryfiveapartmentstheybuildaffordabletolower-incomepeople.Theboundariesofthoseareaswouldbereconsideredeverytwoyearsinlightoftrendsinthehousingmarket.Inaddition,andforthefirsttimeinthe35-yearhistoryoftheprogram,thoselower-pricedapartmentswouldhavetobeincludedineachbuildingandcouldnotbebuiltelsewhereinthecity.Therewouldbeacaponthesizeofthetaxbreakgivenformarket-rateapartments,tolimitthedegreetowhichtheprogrammightbesaidtosubsidizegentrification.選擇詞義Baldheadovertheblind.Cuteoldcodger.(Ulysses)遮棚上露出個(gè)禿頭，那是個(gè)精明而有怪癖的老頭子。（譯林版《尤利西斯》）禿子比瞎子強(qiáng)。精明的老家伙。（人民文學(xué)版《尤利西斯》）Themastertoldmetolightafireinthemany-week-desertedparlour,andtosetaneasy-chairinthesunshinebythewindow;andthenhebroughtherdown,andshesatalongwhileenjoyingthegenialheat,and,asweexpected,revivedbytheobjectsroundher,which,thoughfamiliar,werefreefromthedrearyassociations,investingherhatedsick-chamber.Byevening,sheseemedgreatlyexhausted;yetnoargumentscouldpersuadehertoreturntothatapartment,andIhadtoarrangetheparloursofaforherbed,tillanotherroomcouldbeprepared.(Wutheringheights)花城版《呼嘯山莊》病房譯林版《呼嘯山莊》病床選擇詞義詞意基本對(duì)等，直譯為主1.Lastterm,ImetmyWaterlooinmyEnglishexam.上學(xué)期，我的英語(yǔ)考試成績(jī)一塌糊涂。上學(xué)期，我在英語(yǔ)考試中遭遇了滑鐵盧。2.Fearfulthathisplansmightyetfail,hedeterminedtoaddmorefueltothefireofDan’sundoing.Addmorefueltothefire,pouroilontheflame3.Theywerearmed

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teeth,readyforanyemergency.2.詞義不對(duì)等。意譯或者直譯加解釋Theforceofhabitinmillionsandtensofmillionsisamostformidableforce.幾百萬(wàn)人和千百萬(wàn)的習(xí)慣勢(shì)力是最可怕的勢(shì)力。千百萬(wàn)人的。。。。ThemissileswerealreadyinCuba,andallwewouldbedoingwithablockadewouldbe“closingthedoorafterthehorsehadleftthebarn.”亡羊補(bǔ)牢？等馬離開了谷倉(cāng)再關(guān)上門？于事無(wú)補(bǔ)。Inordertogetgreatamountofwaterpower,weneedlargepressureandcurrent.要得到巨大的水力，我們需要大的壓力和電流。TheEU’scommonagriculturalpolicyisadinosaurwhichisadding13.5poundsaweektothefoodbilloftheaverageBritishfamily.歐盟的共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策是只恐龍，一詞多義的情況下如何選擇詞義1.根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法作用選擇詞義Essentialimportshadstretchedthenationalcredittothebreakingpoint.必需品進(jìn)口？必要的進(jìn)口已使國(guó)家的信貸達(dá)到了極限。Chinesebrandsunderthewingsofforeigncompaniesusuallyhavetheadvantageofplumpermarketingbudgetsandbetteraccesstomanagementexpertise.2.結(jié)合上下文、背景、語(yǔ)境選擇詞義Whenyouthinkoftheinnumerablebirdsthatoneseesflyingabout,nottomentiontheequallynumeroussmallanimalslikefieldmiceandvoleswhichyoudonotsee,itisveryrarelythatonecomesacrossadeadbody,except,ofcourse,ontheroads.Turnofftheswitchwhenanythinggoeswrongwiththemachine.Heusuallywalkswhenhemightride.Whyusemetalwhenyoucanuseplastic?Istayedtheretillnoon,whenIwenthome.（Somegirlsstartedtodancewitheachotherimmediately;othersjuststoodaround,talkingandlooking.）Theyoungmanlookedatthegroupofgirls,andattemptedtochoosesomeone.Butbecausetheywereallsonewtohim,hedidn’tknowwheretostart.Sohetookthenearest.那年輕人打量著這群姑娘，打算邀請(qǐng)一位。但是，這些姑娘他一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)，不知道邀請(qǐng)哪位，所以他邀請(qǐng)了離他最近的一位。Thedelegateofacertaincountrychallengedtheotherdevelopedcountriestomatchhiscountry’scontribution.某國(guó)代表向其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家挑戰(zhàn)，作出了數(shù)額相當(dāng)?shù)木杩?。攀比，叫板Twomenstoodatthedoorofthehotelswherewelived,challengingeveryChinesewhoentered.I

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thatinterpretation我質(zhì)疑那種解釋。Theyappearedincourtnottoraisedefences,butto

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thecourtjurisdiction他們來法院不是應(yīng)訴,而是抗辯。exercisesImprovingyourstudyhabitswillimproveyourgrades.Thosefindingsagreewithpreviousstudiesthathavesuggested;butnotyetconfirmed,thatahigh-fatdietmaycontributetotheillness.MacroeconomicPoliciescan

introduce

aseverebiasagainstagriculture.

OneofthecompaniesthatdevelopedtheMini-Testconcept,RBL,hasplentyofexamplesofproductswhichachievesidenticalorveryclosemarketsharesaftertheywereproducedtothosepredictedforthembytheMini-Test.改進(jìn)你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣能夠提高你的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)。這些研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)與之前的研究得出的觀點(diǎn)一致，即高脂肪飲食會(huì)引起疾病，但這一點(diǎn)尚未得到確認(rèn)。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策能夠引起嚴(yán)重輕視農(nóng)業(yè)的傾向。開展微型測(cè)試的公司之一，RBL，有許多產(chǎn)品樣板，這些樣板出廠后達(dá)到的市場(chǎng)占有量同微型測(cè)試預(yù)測(cè)的產(chǎn)品占有量相近。主要翻譯方法之增譯與省譯英漢翻譯中的增詞法和減詞法1.語(yǔ)法增減詞：英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)有冠詞沒有冠詞多用代詞用，但不如英語(yǔ)頻繁介詞豐富介詞少，用動(dòng)詞代替或者省略多用關(guān)聯(lián)詞少用關(guān)聯(lián)詞動(dòng)詞詞形可變動(dòng)詞詞形不變沒有語(yǔ)氣助詞用助詞表示各種語(yǔ)氣EN-CH:省略原文中的冠詞、某些代詞、介詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞，增加語(yǔ)氣助詞。CH-EN：省略語(yǔ)氣助詞，適當(dāng)增加一些冠詞、代詞、介詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞。TranslationTechniques1.Sincetheindustrialrevolutionbegan,thephysicalsciencehasingeneralbeenintheforefrontofthescientificmovement.自從工業(yè)革命開始以來，物理學(xué)總的來說一直處于科學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)的前列。2.Thenthewholecourseofmylifemighthavebeendifferent.如果真是那樣的話，我的生命路程也許會(huì)是另一番景象。3.我喜愛湖。湖是大地的眼睛，湖是一種流動(dòng)的深情，湖是生活中沒有被剝奪的奇妙。Ilovelakes.Fortheyaretheeyesofthemotherearth;theyaretheflowingdeeplove;andtheyarethewonderssurvivedinourlife.4.在美國(guó)做生意，尤其是一開始，中方不可避免地會(huì)有些損失。InevitablyChinawillsuffersomelossesandreversalswhendoingbusinessintheU.S.,especiallyintheinitialstage.5.該地區(qū)已經(jīng)沒有什么城鄉(xiāng)差別了。ThereislittledifferencebetweentownandcountryinthisregionTranslationTechniques2.根據(jù)語(yǔ)義增減詞Mygrandparentsbelievedyouwereeitherhonestoryouweren’t.我的祖父母認(rèn)為，你要么誠(chéng)實(shí)，要么不誠(chéng)實(shí)，沒有中間道路可選（不可能介于兩者之間）。ThiswasthegreatestRussianoffensiveofthewar.Stalinwasthrowingin180divisions,asurprisinglylargepartofthemarmored,inPolandandEastPrussiaalone.Therewasnostoppingthem.這是大戰(zhàn)以來俄國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的最大攻勢(shì)。僅在波蘭和東普魯士?jī)傻?，斯大林就投入了一百八十個(gè)師的兵力，其中裝甲部隊(duì)所占比例大得驚人。他們銳不可擋，勢(shì)如破竹。我們認(rèn)為如此嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象將不再發(fā)生我們必須克服悲觀情緒Pessimism外交活動(dòng)Diplomacy瘋狂行為Madness落后面貌backwardness英語(yǔ)中大量使用抽象詞，概括力強(qiáng)、而漢語(yǔ)則比較具體，因此需要將抽象詞具體化。Consumersmaybespendingmoreontaxestopayforgovernmentactionaginstdisease,ignorance,crimeandprejudice.消費(fèi)者們可能會(huì)付更多的稅，以資助政府采取措施防治疾病、鏟除愚昧、制止犯罪和消除偏見。Afterfillingourstomachs,ourclothes,ourgarages,ourteeth,andourminds,wenowmayseektoensurethehealth,safety,andleisuretoenjoymorefullythegoodthingsonthefirstfourlevels.填抱肚子、購(gòu)足衣物、買了汽車、補(bǔ)好牙齒、充實(shí)精神生活以后，我們現(xiàn)在可能又尋求身體健康、人身安全、清閑自在，以便充分地享受前四個(gè)檔次所提供的好的物質(zhì)生活。TranslationTechniques廣大人民群眾ThebroadmassesofthepeopleThemasses/thepeople加強(qiáng)國(guó)防建設(shè)是關(guān)鍵。Itisessentialtostrengthenthebuildingofnationaldefense.Itisessentialtostrengthenthenationaldefense.全體人民對(duì)那些嚴(yán)重的官僚主義和腐敗現(xiàn)象強(qiáng)烈不滿。Thepeopleasawholearestronglydissatisfiedwiththephenomenaofseriousbureaucratismandcorruption中英動(dòng)靜之別及詞類轉(zhuǎn)化WhataretheprospectsfortheChineseeconomy?Few,ifany,economicquestionscanbemoreimportant.Ihavejustattendedthisyear’sChinaDevelopmentForuminBeijing,whichbringswesternbusinessleadersandscholarstogetherwithseniorChinesepolicymakersandacademics,withthisquestionverymuchinmymind.中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)前景如何？當(dāng)前沒有幾個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題（如果有的話）能比這個(gè)問題更重要。我剛在北京參加今年的中國(guó)發(fā)展高層論壇，該論壇匯聚了中國(guó)高層政策制定者、學(xué)術(shù)界人士和西方商界領(lǐng)袖，這一問題始終在我腦海中縈繞。中英動(dòng)靜之別及詞類轉(zhuǎn)化自動(dòng)化要求不斷詳細(xì)了解極其系統(tǒng)的操作。。。英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的思維差異1英語(yǔ)偏愛靜態(tài)詞，主要表現(xiàn)：大量抽象名詞作主語(yǔ)，大量地使用從句和介詞短語(yǔ)；漢語(yǔ)則喜歡大量用動(dòng)詞抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞：Hisimitationofthatsingerisperfect.他對(duì)那位歌唱家模仿地惟妙惟肖。Theapplicationofelectoniccomputersmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)可以大大提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。Automationinvolvesadetailedandcontinuousknowledgeoffunctioningofthemachinesystemm,sothatthebestcorrectiveactionscanbeappliedimmediatelywhentheybecomenecessary.Thesightofthosefieldsofstubbleandturnips,nowhisown,gavehimmanysecretjoys.看著四周的田野里，有的種著蘿卜，有的留著麥稈，如今都成了自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他心里暗暗得意。介詞和從句Thegirlsatupforherfatherallthenight.那個(gè)女孩坐了一整夜，等著她爸爸歸來。Withthesewordstheoldmanstoodupandwentaway.說完這些話，那老人起身就走了。Whohasnotadmiredtheartificesanddelicateapproacheswithwhichwomen"prepared"theirfriendsforbadnews?女人們向朋友講壞消息時(shí)，為了減輕對(duì)方的痛苦，總是慣用花招，措辭得當(dāng)，誰(shuí)不佩服？er或者or結(jié)尾，表示職務(wù)或者身份的名詞有時(shí)可以翻譯成動(dòng)詞。Tomisnotasmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.湯姆不吸煙，可他的父親吸起煙來一支接一支。Hewasagreatloverofliteraturewhenhewasachild.他從小酷愛文學(xué)。Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我們班有些同學(xué)唱歌唱得很好。漢譯英知識(shí)是人類創(chuàng)造的。Humanbeingsarethecreatorsofknowlege.禁止違反游戲規(guī)則。Anyviolationofthegamerulesareprohibited.OECD推出“知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)”的新概念，充分認(rèn)識(shí)到知識(shí)、信息和科技在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起到的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。Theconceptof"KnowledgeBasedEconomy"resultsfromtherecognitionbyOECDoftheleadingroleofknowledge,information,andtechnologeineconomicgrowth.其他的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換Sotakesomeofthatextratimeyoumighthavespentinahealthcluborgymandgiveitovertothearts.因此，不妨從花在健身俱樂部或者體育館的時(shí)間中擠出一些來從事文藝活動(dòng)。Wewerewronglyinformed.我們得到的是錯(cuò)誤消息。Themeetingisagreatsuccess.這次會(huì)議非常成功。Theyshowedtheirdeterminationtoopposethesanction.他們堅(jiān)決反對(duì)這項(xiàng)制裁。Thedevelopedworldwillremainthebreedinggroundofthewealthyindividualsofthefuture,accordingtoresearchpublishedtoday.Unveilingapredictiononthegrowthinthenumberofwealthyindividualsoverthenextdecade,BarclaysWealthandtheEconomistIntelligenceUnitsaidthesignificanceoftheemergingmarketsinBrazil,Russia,IndiaandChina–theso-calledBriceconomiesasasourceoftherichhadbeen“overplayed”.Thereportpredictedthatasthenumberofwealthypeoplegrewacrosstheglobe,thevastmajorityofhighnetworthindividuals,definedasthosewithinvestmentsandsavingsofover$1m,wouldcontinuetocomefromdevelopedmarkets.AllG7nationswillseethenumberofhighnetworthindividualsdoubleoverthenextdecade,accordingtothereport.IntheUK,JapanandGermanythesenumberswillmorethantriple,whileCanadawillenjoyanalmostsix-foldincrease.TheUKandGermanywillcompetetobecomethefirstEuropeanG7countrytoplayhostto1mmillionairehouseholdsoverthenextdecade.Accordingtothereport,Germanywillwintherace,achievingthelandmarkin2016,whiletheUKwillfollowin2017.漢英的分與合一、分譯一般情況：保留句子的結(jié)構(gòu)個(gè)別情況：結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行調(diào)整原因：漢語(yǔ)一般用含有動(dòng)詞的句子表達(dá)完整的意思英語(yǔ)除了有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子外，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、一些由動(dòng)詞派生出來的名詞等均可以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思方法：將原文中某個(gè)與主句關(guān)系不十分緊密的詞或者結(jié)構(gòu)，諸如名詞、副詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、定語(yǔ)從句等提出來先譯或者后譯，譯成一個(gè)分句或者獨(dú)立句子。把某些名詞、形容詞、副詞譯成句子1.Amovieofmyleavingthatfoxholewouldlikeashellleavingarifle.我離開那個(gè)單人掩體速度之快，要是拍成電影，會(huì)像出膛的子彈一樣。2.Asaplacetolive,itleftmuchtobedesired.Asasecrettrainingbaseforarevolutionarynewplane,itwasanexcellentsite,itsremotenesseffectivelymaskingitsactivity.作為居住的地方，那兒還有很多不足之處，作為改裝新型飛機(jī)的秘密訓(xùn)練基地，那兒是非常理想的地方。它地處邊陲，人們不易了解那里的情況3.ChairmanMaomighthavespokenwithunderstandingprideofhispolicyof"self-reliance".毛主席在談到他的“自力更生”政策時(shí)也許感到自豪，這是可以理解的。4.Hehadlongbeenheldincodialcontemptbyhispeers;nowthatcontemptwasnolongercordial.長(zhǎng)期以來，他的同僚們雖然看不起他，卻還是對(duì)他很熱情，可現(xiàn)在，只剩下看不起，熱情沒有了。5.EveryBritishmotoristwilltellyouthatradarisusedmostunfairlybythepolicetocatchdriverswhoareaccidentallygoingalittlefasterthanthespeedlimit.每一個(gè)駕駛汽車的英國(guó)人都會(huì)告訴你，經(jīng)常常用雷達(dá)來抓偶然稍微超速的司機(jī)。這種做法是極不公平的。6.HearrivedinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.他當(dāng)時(shí)到達(dá)華盛頓，就國(guó)際形勢(shì)而言，正是時(shí)候。Howdoyoudeterminetheamountoflifeinsuranceyouwouldneedtomaintainyourfamily'scurrentlifestyleifthebread-winnerdied?那么，要在家庭主力去世后，還要維持現(xiàn)有生活方式，這一筆所需要的人壽保險(xiǎn)該怎么確定？修改"Andweshouldmoderatethesaturatedfat,cholesterol,sugar,saltandalcoholinourdiets,"addedClinton,whohasawell-documentedappetitefornot-very-healthyfood.克林頓接著說：“我們的食品中應(yīng)該有適當(dāng)?shù)娘柡椭尽⒛懝檀?、糖、鹽和酒精?！笨肆诸D的胃口證明，他攝取的飲食并不十分有益于健康。TheNewBreedconstituteamajorityoftheAmericanpeople(approximately52percent).Notsurprisingly,theyounger,bettereducatedandmoreaffluentpartsofthepopulationaredisproportionatelyrepresentedintheNewBreed.新型美國(guó)人占美國(guó)人口的多數(shù)（約為52%），他們代表著人口中較年輕、受教育較多、較富裕的那部分人。這不足為奇，但卻是不成比列的。（二）、將某些短語(yǔ)譯成句子。1.InAugust,1946,onmyfifthtripthroughChina,boundformyMoscowhomebutnotinhaste,sincemyhusbandhaddiedinthewar,IcametoYenan.一九四六年八月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路過中國(guó)；由于我丈夫已在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中犧牲了，所以我不急于回去，于是就來到了延安。2.Thetragicsinkingofthisgreatlinerwillalwaysberememberedforsheentsownonherfirstvoyagewithlossoflife.人們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記這艘大型客輪沉沒時(shí)的悲慘情景，因?yàn)樗堑谝淮纬龊骄统翛]的，而且有很多人喪生。3.Thisisacomplexoperationrequiringconsiderabledivisionoflabour.這是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的活動(dòng)，它需要進(jìn)行周密的勞動(dòng)分工。4.Hehadgreatphysicalstrengthandhadthereputationofneverorderingamantodoanythinghewouldnotdohimself.他身體強(qiáng)壯，自己不愿做的事從不命令手下人去做，以此享有盛譽(yù)。5.Scientistsestimatesthefulleconomic,or"lifecycle"costforatonofsaltat$500,or20timesthe$25purchaseprice.Thatbeginstomaketheswitchtocalciummagnesiumacetate,perhapsthemostpromisingalternative,lookpractical.科學(xué)家們估計(jì)，每噸鹽帶來的全部經(jīng)濟(jì)開支，即“全程”開支，可達(dá)500美元，這是20倍于25美元的購(gòu)買價(jià)。這樣便開始使改用鈣鎂醋酸鹽顯得實(shí)用起來，也許鈣鎂醋酸鹽是最有開發(fā)前途的替代品。Inthiswayanearlier,andperhapsevengreater,cropmightbeobtained.用這種方法，一個(gè)較熟的，也許更多的莊稼可以獲得。改：用這種方法，莊家可以早一點(diǎn)收獲，其收成或許會(huì)更好些。Inthepoorestnationsoftheworld,morethanhalfofthepopulationlivesonfarms.Thiscomparessharplywithlessthan10percentinwesternEuropeandlessthan4percentintheUnitedStates.在世界上最貧窮的國(guó)家，過半人口以農(nóng)業(yè)為生，這與西歐的10%及美國(guó)的4%的農(nóng)業(yè)人口比例形成鮮明的對(duì)比。改：在世界上最貧窮的國(guó)家，農(nóng)業(yè)人口過半，這也西歐和美國(guó)形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。西歐農(nóng)業(yè)人口為10%，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)人口4%Heneedsit（conceit）toencouragehimintryingmomentswhenhe'sbotheredbythedoubtsanduncertaintiesthatarepartofthepracitceofmedicine.當(dāng)他受到行醫(yī)中必定會(huì)遇到的重重疑慮的煎熬時(shí)，他需要自負(fù)來支撐自己度過這些難受的時(shí)間。改：有疑慮和拿不準(zhǔn)是行醫(yī)中不可避免的。當(dāng)醫(yī)生遇到這種棘手的情況時(shí)，他需要用自負(fù)來鼓勵(lì)自己果斷地作出決定。Someparentssimplycannotstandlettingtheirbabycryuntilheorshelearnstofallsleepontheirown,orwhenthebabyawakensinthemiddleofthenight.有些家長(zhǎng)根本無(wú)法忍受嬰兒自己學(xué)會(huì)入睡之前的啼哭，或是半夜里嬰兒醒時(shí)的啼哭。改：嬰兒在學(xué)會(huì)自己入睡前常常在睡前啼哭，嬰兒也常常半夜醒來時(shí)啼哭。對(duì)此，一些家長(zhǎng)簡(jiǎn)直忍受不了。（三）、把某些定語(yǔ)從句譯成分句或者獨(dú)立句子。1.Apartfromhavingtokeeptoagreatmanyrulesandcustoms,manyofwhichseemedtomestupid,wewereneverallowedtobealone.我們除了要遵守大量的規(guī)定和習(xí)慣以外，還不許單獨(dú)一個(gè)人待著。而對(duì)我來說，其中許多規(guī)定和習(xí)慣都似乎是愚蠢可笑的。2.BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingball.大街上陽(yáng)光燦爛。一群穿著假日服裝的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.在這期間，愛因斯坦開始進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)研究。經(jīng)過這項(xiàng)研究，他創(chuàng)立了著名的相對(duì)論。4.Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputerofwhichitformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicompters.現(xiàn)在的集成電路城了計(jì)算機(jī)的組成部分。這使計(jì)算機(jī)的體積大大縮小，從而產(chǎn)生了新一代的袖珍式微型計(jì)算機(jī)。Severalcannalswerebuilttofacilitateworldcommerce,themostimportantbeingtheSuez,whichshortenedtheroutebetweenWesternEuropeandIndiaby4,000miles,andthePanama,whichreducedthedistancebetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscobyalmost8,000miles.譯文1.幾條運(yùn)河的開鑿便利了世界貿(mào)易，其中最重要的是將西歐到印度的航程縮短了4000英里的蘇伊士運(yùn)河，和將紐約到舊金山距離減少了近8000英里的巴拿馬運(yùn)河。譯文2.前者，后者Withtheadvancementoftechnology,smallcomputershavecomeontothemarketwhicharecapableofdoingtheworkwhichusedtobedonebymuchlargerandexpensivecomputers,sonowmostsmallcompaniescanusethem.譯文：隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，能完成工作的小計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)投放市場(chǎng)，而這些工作過去時(shí)由大的多貴得多的計(jì)算機(jī)來完成的。因此，現(xiàn)在很小的公司也能使用計(jì)算機(jī)。Hemaintainedthatitwouldbeamistaketoholdupprogressinthebilateraltalkoveramatterwhichinvolvesothers.譯文：他認(rèn)為，為了討論其他國(guó)家問題而舉行的這次雙邊會(huì)談不能取得進(jìn)展，實(shí)在是錯(cuò)誤的。二、合譯法（一）、詞與詞的合譯英語(yǔ)喜歡并用同義詞來加強(qiáng)含義或語(yǔ)氣1.Heisamanofcultureandlearning.他是一個(gè)有學(xué)問的人。

2.Hisfatherisamanwhoforgivesandforgets.他父親是一位寬宏大量的人。3.You'llsupplyfinancialpower,andwe'llsupplymanpower.Isn'tthatfairandsquare?（二）、句子合譯1.Shewaited,butinvain.她白等了。2.Parentslovetheirchildrenandtheloveisperfect.父母對(duì)子女的愛是無(wú)微不至的。3.AboriginestodayliveindifferentcircumstancethroughoutAustralia,rangingfromsomewholivemuchastheirancestorsdidinthmoreremoteordistantareas,tothosewhohavemergedwiththelifeoflargecitiesandtowns.土著人現(xiàn)在住在澳大利亞不同的環(huán)境中。一些人像他們祖先一樣生活在偏僻郊遠(yuǎn)的地方，一些人已經(jīng)融入了大城鎮(zhèn)的生活。語(yǔ)序調(diào)整1.時(shí)空順序英語(yǔ)由小到大、由遠(yuǎn)及近的順序漢語(yǔ)大致相反若時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)存在英語(yǔ)：方式-地點(diǎn)-時(shí)間-動(dòng)詞漢語(yǔ)：時(shí)間-地點(diǎn)-方式-動(dòng)詞例1：Weatetoourheart’scontentatherhomelastSunday.我們上星期天在她家飽餐一頓。例2：Theydiscussedtheplananimatedlyintheclassroomyesterdayafternoon.他們昨天下午在教室里熱烈討論這一計(jì)劃。在敘述動(dòng)作、事件時(shí)，漢語(yǔ)一般是按照自然時(shí)間順序?qū)⒍叹渑帕谐砷L(zhǎng)句的，英語(yǔ)則比較靈活。例3：Atotherhouses1

thedoorswereslammedinmyface2，cuttingshort3

mypolitelyandhumblycouchedrequestforsomethingtoeat4.我到了另外一些人家門口1，謙恭有禮地討要點(diǎn)兒東西吃4，話還沒說完3，他們就當(dāng)著我的面“砰”一聲把大門關(guān)上了2。2.邏輯順序并列成分英語(yǔ)：輕重、前后、因果或者部分-整體漢語(yǔ)：較大、較極端，給人印象深刻的放在前面elementaryandhighschools中小學(xué)privateandpublic公私衣食住行Food，clothing，shelterandtransportation悲喜交集Havemixedfeelingsofjoyandsorrow新仇舊恨Oldscoresandnewhatred經(jīng)風(fēng)雨，見世面facetheworldandbravethestorm句子中：英語(yǔ)：先主后從，先表態(tài)后敘事，先果后因漢語(yǔ)：自然邏輯發(fā)展順序例4：Tohimthereissomethingdivineinthesympatheticindulgenceshesubstitutesfortheangrydisgustwithwhichoneofhisowncountrywomenresenthissupposedcondition.要是一個(gè)英國(guó)女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么爛醉，她就會(huì)對(duì)他又惱怒，又厭惡，而娜拉對(duì)他卻是又同情又寬容，他在這中間看出了一點(diǎn)神圣的品質(zhì)。例6：Howcanhegetgoodgradeswhenhewon‘tstudy？他不用功的話怎么拿高分呢？例7：Ican'ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten.既然你不想聽，我就不告訴你了。例8：Shepersistedinherworkwhenshemighttakeagoodrest.她本可以好好休息一下，但還是堅(jiān)持工作。3.結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整英語(yǔ)中的同位語(yǔ)、倒裝句、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)等，翻譯時(shí)要根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序進(jìn)行調(diào)整。例9：Formerlyaworkerhimself，hewasnowanengineer.他過去是工人，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)了工程師了。（同位語(yǔ)換序）例10：How

beautifulthehills

lookwiththecloudsbehindthem！襯著后面的云彩，這些山看起來多美啊?。ǖ寡b句換序）例11：Eventhewildanimalsofhishomeland，itseemedtoKunta，hadmoredignitythanthesecreatures.昆塔覺得，就連他家鄉(xiāng)的野獸也比這群人自重。（插入語(yǔ)換序）ItsoundslikeMissionImpossible：SellcoffeetoChina’steadrinkers．Starbuckssolutionistoselecthigh－proonthebusieststreets，wherestoresaresuretoseducethesee－and－be－seenset．AsStarbuckslaunchesanaggressiveexpansioninChina，acoffeefrontiersteepedinnearly5,000yearsoftea．Thegoal：tobuildhiphang－outsthattapintoanewtasteforChina’semergingmiddleclass．StarbucksChinadoesn’tplananyadvertising，promotions，orothermarketingstrategies，asidefromsponsoringanonlinecoffeeclubandtheoccasionaloffice－towercoffeetasting．Instead，thecompanyiscountingonselectingsuchhigh－visibility，high－trafficcafelocationsthattheymarketthemselves．Itsmainadvertisingmediumisthestoreitself．英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法

1.切分法將英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句按意群切分為若干小句再逐句翻譯。Willthedecisiontobombthecountry’soillifeline

persuadetheirleaderstoenditsarmedinfiltrationoftheirneighboringcountries？轟炸該國(guó)石油命脈的主張，會(huì)叫該國(guó)的領(lǐng)袖裹足，不再武裝滲透鄰近各國(guó)嗎？NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.現(xiàn)在美國(guó)有一個(gè)奇怪的既對(duì)立又統(tǒng)一的現(xiàn)象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動(dòng)謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對(duì)能夠親自動(dòng)手取得成功而由衷地感到高興。2.拆譯法將原文中的某一部分（如單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句）提取出來單獨(dú)處理，或者放在譯文句首，或者放在譯文句末。如：Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerial,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbethegreatestuseinthefieldinwhichitistobeapplied.人造材料統(tǒng)稱為合成材料。許多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，這或者是由于天然材料產(chǎn)量不能滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的需要，或者是由于人們通常選擇并強(qiáng)調(diào)了合成材料的一些物理性質(zhì)而造成的。因此，合成材料在其計(jì)劃使用的范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮著最大的作用。Theveryimportantoilindustry，whichhasdonemuchtorejuvenatetheeconomyoftheSouthsincetheendofWorldWarII，madeconsiderableheadwayespeciallyinthefivestatesofArkansas，Louisiana，Mississippi，OklahomaandTexas.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后石油工業(yè)對(duì)振興南部經(jīng)濟(jì)起了很大的作用。這個(gè)十分重要的工業(yè)部門特別是在一下5個(gè)州中取得了很大的進(jìn)展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷馬和得克薩斯。BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingballs.大街上陽(yáng)光燦爛。一群穿著假日服飾的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.插入標(biāo)點(diǎn)法是指插入原文中所沒有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，如破折號(hào)、括號(hào)、冒號(hào)等等。用這種方法來保持原文的連貫性。如：NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.現(xiàn)在美國(guó)有一個(gè)奇怪的既對(duì)立又統(tǒng)一的現(xiàn)象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動(dòng)謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對(duì)能夠親自動(dòng)手取得成功做事而由衷地感到高興。Theeffectsofsmokinghavewidelybeenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdevelopinglungdiseasesincludingcancer，heartdiseaseandstroke.“Interventiontodiscouragesmokingshouldreceivehighpriority，”theresearchersconclude.吸煙的影響與患肺?。òǚ伟⑿呐K病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系。研究人員的結(jié)論是：“勸人戒煙應(yīng)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急?！?.句子重組法也叫綜合法，在準(zhǔn)確地領(lǐng)會(huì)、把握了原文的基礎(chǔ)上，打破原文的結(jié)構(gòu)，靈活自如地表達(dá)出原文的信息、含義。如：Itisacuriousfact,ofwhichIcanthinkofnosatisfactoryexplanation，thatenthusiasmforcountrylifeandloveofnaturalsceneryarestrongestandmostwidelydiffusedpreciselyinthoseEuropeancountrieswhichhavetheworstclimateandwherethesearchforthepicturesqueinvolvesthegreatestdiscomfort.歐洲有些國(guó)家，天氣壞透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如畫的地方。奇怪，他們恰好最喜歡過鄉(xiāng)村生活，也最喜歡欣賞天然風(fēng)景，而且這個(gè)情形也極普遍。這是實(shí)情，我怎么也提不出叫人滿意的解釋來。Thepoorarethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.對(duì)于以往幾代人來說，舊式的體力勞動(dòng)時(shí)一種用以擺脫貧困的手段，而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng)。因此，首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。Theconcertedeffortbypolicymakers.businesses,recreationmanagersandorganizationssuchastheWorldWildlifeFundandConservationInternationaltomakeecotourismamainstreampracticeispromising.Weinthewesternindustrializednationshaveanincredibleopportunityforrestorativeandregenerativechangethroughecotourism.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthattourismwillcontinuetogrow;themostimportantquestionremains.Willitbeecologicallyresponsibleandsustainable?

Theresponsibilityclearlyrestswithourselvestocareforanenvironmentalandculturaldiversitywhichhistoricallywehaveused