跨文化交際(課件)_第1頁
跨文化交際(課件)_第2頁
跨文化交際(課件)_第3頁
跨文化交際(課件)_第4頁
跨文化交際(課件)_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩137頁未讀 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1Cross-culturalcommunication

1Cross-culturalcommunication2CulturalShockorAcculturation5Historicaldevelopment2AspectsofInterculturalcommunication

3Cross-culturalCommunicativecompetence4Basicconcepts1ContentsCases6Cross-culturalcommunication2CulturalShockorAcculturati3BasicconceptsWhatisculture?Whatiscommunication?WhatisCross-culturalcommunication?3BasicconceptsWhatisculture4WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(Griffin,2006:54)4WhatisCommunication?Itcome5交際傳理交通通信傳播溝通交流CommunicationVariousChineseTranslationsofCommunicationCommunication5交際傳理交通通信傳播溝通交流CommunicationVa6TypesofCommunicationhumancommunication(人類交際)animalcommunication(動(dòng)物交際)human-animalcommunication(人類與動(dòng)物的交際)human-machinecommunication(人機(jī)交際)machine-to-machinecommunication(機(jī)器交際)6TypesofCommunicationhumanc7LinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunication7LinearModelofCommunication8InteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel8InteractiveModelofCommunic9ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)Feedback(Griffin,2006:94)9ElementsofcommunicationCont10Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.(Griffin,2006)10Characteristicsofcommunica11WhatisCross-culturalCommunication?

Cross-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Cross-culturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.(SamovarandPorter,2004:47)11WhatisCross-culturalCommu12Cross-culturalCommunication

Vs

InterculturalCommunication

Cross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,communicativestylesetc.(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)InChinese:“跨文化交際學(xué)”或“跨文化交流學(xué)”12Cross-culturalCommunication13HistoricaldevelopmentTheestablishmentoftheForeignServiceInstitute(1940s-50s);ThebodyofworkbyanthropologistEdwardT.Hall(1950s);Thelaunchingofcross-culturalorganizations(1970s-80s);Theincreaseofcross-culturalcourseworkincollegesanduniversities(1970s-80s);Thegrowthofabodyofworkincross-culturalcommunicationtheoryandresearch(1980s-present)(Dijk,1998:145)13HistoricaldevelopmentThees14InterdisciplinaryorientationThesefieldsinclude:anthropologyculturalstudiespsychologycommunication

14Interdisciplinaryorientatio15ClassicalWorksintheFieldIn1940,FranzBoas,Race,LanguageandCulture.In1957,firstly“Crossculturalstudies”byRobertLadoinhisLinguisticAcrossCultures(《跨文化語言學(xué)》).Hediscussedtheculturalcomparisoninthreeaspects:form,meaninganddistribution(顧嘉祖,4).In1959,the

SilentLanguagebyEdwardT.Hallinitiatedthecross-culturalstudies.R.Oliver,1962,CultureandcommunicationA.G.Smith,1966,CultureandcommunicationIn1970s,ICA(InternationalCommunicationAssociation)acceptedCross-culturalCommunicationasabranchdiscipline.asadiscipline)Journals:InternationalandInterculturalJournalofInterculturalRelations.

15ClassicalWorksintheFiel16AMonumentalFigureEdwardTwitchellHall,(1914–2009),Americananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher.Hallintroducedanumberofnewconcepts,includingproxemics,polychronicandmonochronictime,andhighandlowcontextcultures.TheSilentLanguage(1959)TheHiddenDimension(1966)BeyondCulture(1976)16AMonumentalFigureEdwardTw17Proxemics(人際距離學(xué))Itreferstoadescriptionofhowpeoplebehaveandreactindifferenttypesofculturally-definedpersonalspace.Fourcategoriesofdistanceinclude:Friendsandrelativessocialdistancepublicdistance17Proxemics(人際距離學(xué))Itreferst18Timesystems(Hall,1976)MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)

美國人類學(xué)家霍爾(EdwardHall)在(BeyondCulture)一書中首次區(qū)分了兩種不同的時(shí)間觀念,即“單向計(jì)時(shí)制”(monochronictime)和“多向計(jì)時(shí)制”(polychronictime)18Timesystems(Hall,1976)Mon19MonochronicTime(M-Time)

Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.

e.g.American

“單向計(jì)時(shí)制重視日程安排、階段時(shí)間和準(zhǔn)時(shí)”,

認(rèn)為“時(shí)間是線性的、可分割的,就象一條道路或帶子向前伸展到未來,向后延伸到過去”。美國人特別強(qiáng)調(diào)把時(shí)間分割成不同的時(shí)段來安排活動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)守時(shí),嚴(yán)格按照日程一次做一件事情(doonethingatatime)19MonochronicTime(M-Time)20PolychronicTime(P-Time)

P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandsometimesbreakthem(Hall,1976:73).

e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsiancultures20PolychronicTime(P-Time)21AspectsofCross-culturalCommunicationHighandLowContextCulturesVerbandNonVerbalCommunication

21AspectsofCross-culturalCo22HighandLowcontextculturesTheideaofcontextinculturewasanideaputforthbyananthropologistbythenameofEdwardTHall.Hallbrokeupcultureintotwomaingroups:HighandLowcontextcultures.Hereferredtocontextasthestimuli,environmentorambiancesurroundingtheenvironment.22HighandLowcontextculture23High-contextCulture:Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation)(Hall,1959:97).High-Contextculturesassumetheindividualisknowledgeableaboutthesubjectandhastobegivenverylittlebackgroundinformation.High-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.23High-contextCulture:Inhigh24Low-contextCulture:Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.low-contextculturesassumethattheindividualsknowverylittleaboutwhattheyarebeingtold,andthereforemustbegivenalotofbackgroundinformation.Low-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.24Low-contextCulture:Inlow-c25

verbalnon-verballanguageothersbodylanguageothersspeakingwritingsoundspokenlanguagewrittenlanguageinformalformalparalinguisticssignlanguagegesturesflag,codeshumancommunicationDiagramofhumancommunication25verbalnon-verballang26VerbalCommunicationParalanguage(伴隨語言):referstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.26VerbalCommunicationParalang27(1)Pitch

Pitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.27(1)PitchPitchdecides28(2)VolumeControl

TheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.

Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.28(2)VolumeControlThe29(3)Silence

Silencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement--disagreement,thoughtful--ignorance,consideration--inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.29(3)SilenceSilencecan30NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!30NonverbalCommunicationNonve31DefinitionNonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)31DefinitionNonverbalcommunic32Wherearetheyfrom?muumuujeans32Wherearetheyfrom?muumuuje33KimonoSari(Saree)33KimonoSari(Saree)34GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”

fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalappearance.34GeneralAppearanceandDress35BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.35BodyLanguageBodylanguager36GesturesGesturesareanimportantcomponentofnon-verbalcommunication.Itmustbeemphasizedthatgesturesvaryinmeaningfromculturetoculture.Non-verbalCommunication

36GesturesNon-verbalCommunica371.theringgesture:InAmerica,itmeansOK.It’sgreat.InJapanitmeansmoney;InFranceitmeanszeroorworthless;InTunisia突尼斯“I’llkillyou.”37382.thesinglefingerbeckon:InAmericaitsimplymeans:comehere.InYugoslaviaandMalaysiaitisonlyusedforbeckoninganimals.InIndonesiaandAustraliaitisusedforbeckoningprostitutes.38393.Thethumbs-upsign:InBritainitmeansOKandisalsousedasasignforhitch-hiking.InGreeceitisaninsult.InChineseitmeansOKorpraising.3940Cross-culturalCommunicativeCompetenceIntegrationofcommunicativecompetenceandculturalcompetence.40Cross-culturalCommunicative41CommunicativeCompetence

GrammaticalCompetence masteringthelinguisticcodeofalanguage(sentencelevel)

DiscourseCompetence formingameaningfulwholeoutofaseriesofutterances.(inter-sententialrelationships)41CommunicativeCompetenceGra42SociolinguisticCompetence knowledgeofthesocio-culturalrules(appropriatenessofutterances)StrategicCompetence verbalandnonverbalcommunicationstrategiesthatmaybecalledintoactiontocompensateforbreakdownsincommunicationduetoinsufficientcompetence.42SociolinguisticCompetence43CulturalCompetenceAwarenessofone'sownculturalworldview;Attitudetowardsculturaldifferences;Knowledgeofdifferentculturalpracticesandworldviews;cross-culturalskills.

43CulturalCompetenceAwareness44 Ethnocentrism StereotypingPrejudiceDiscrimination Racism LackofKnowledge,Motivation, &SkillObstaclestoCross-culturalCompetenceWithinPeople

44 EthnocentrismObstaclest45

EthnocentrismItisthetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers,orthebeliefthatone’scultureisprimarytoallexplanationsofreality.Ifpeoplebelievethattheirculturalistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.45 EthnocentrismItisthetend46 StereotypingStereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.

Itisfoundinnearlyevery

interculturalsituation.Thereasonforthepervasivenatureofstereotypesisthathumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.46 StereotypingStereotypesare47

Theyarebarrierstointerculturalcommunication.Stereotypesfailtospecifyindividualcharacteristics.Theyassumethatallmembersofagrouphaveexactlythesametraits.

Theyareoversimplified,overgeneralized,and/orexaggerated.Theyarebasedonhalf-truths,distortions,andoftenuntruepremises;butoftentakenas“truth”.47Theyarebarrierstointerc48Inthepast:AmericanstereotypeonJapanese:

FujiMountain,Sakura,GeishaJapanesestereotypeonAmericans:

chewinggum

Atpresent:AmericanstereotypeonJapanese:

Economichole,workaholicJapanesestereotypeonAmericans:

thewhiteforeignersspeakingEnglish48Inthepast:49

PrejudiceItreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”

“Don’tpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydon’thaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”49 PrejudiceItreferstonegat50 DiscriminationItreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.

Racism50 DiscriminationItrefersto51 LackofKnowledge,Motivation&SkillToovercomeallthepreviousobstacles,itrequiresacommitmentbothtolearningaboutotherculturesandtounderstandone’sown.Awillingnesstoexplorevariousculturalexperienceswithoutprejudgmentisnecessary.Anabilitytobehaveappropriatelyandeffectivelywithculturallydifferentotherswithoutinvokingprejudiceandstereotypedassumptions.51 LackofKnowledge,Motivati52FormofAddressGreetingInitiatingConversationandConversationTopicVisitingPartingCulturalshockorAcculturationwheneastmeetswest52FormofAddressCulturalshoc53IndividualisticandCollectivistCulture

IndividualisticCulture

(liberalism):individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.

Collectivistculture(Confucianism):placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Goingone'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.53IndividualisticandCollecti54AcaseinpointAuthorialidentityinacademicwritingIndividualisticVS.CollectivisticVisibleinvisibletheuseofI,Weetc.54Acaseinpoint55IndividualismCollectivismIcultureWEcultureopendiscussionofdisagreementarevaluedformsoftalkopenlyspeakingone’smindappearsdistastefulseekthenoticeofothers;affirmtheiruniquenessopenexpressionrisksfaceguardingprivacy;valuingfreedomtodoandthinkwhatevertheychoosetherighttoprivacyinthesenseoffreedomisnotrecognizedlivelifeguidedonlybyprinciplessuchasequalityandnoninterferenceone’sbusinessisalsothebusinessofthegroup;friendsshouldbeconcernedwitheachother’spersonalmatters55IndividualismCollectivismIc56ChineseEnglishFormalRelationship/SituationNeutralRelationship/SituationCloseRelationship/SituationFormofAddressSurname+TitleTitle+SurnameSurname+TitleTitle+SurnameGivenNameGivenNameGivenName56ChineseEnglishFormalRelatio57FocusTheuseofperson’stitle:InChina:Surname+Title:張局長,李經(jīng)理,嚴(yán)校長…InAmerica:onlyafewoccupationsortitles:Doctor,ProfessorNurse,Judge,Mayor,Theranksinthearmedforce:CaptainUsage:Singly/+surname57FocusTheuseofperson’stit58informalsituationEnglandpeoplecalleachotherbyfirstnameemployersemployeesinlessformalsettingsPeopleusuallyusefirstname,eventheymeetforthefirsttime,regardlessofageandstatusinformalsituationfirstnamesarelesslikelytobeusedinmanyofficesuseofthefirstnameamongcolleaguesiscustomary;usethetitlepluslastnamewouldbetakenasanopendeclarationofdislikesomeone.themostfrequentusedtitlesMr./Mrs./Miss./Ms.generaltermsofaddressSir/Madam/Mack/Buddy/matecollectiveinformaltermsguystermsofendearmenthusband&wife/dear/darling/love58informalsituationEnglandp59NotesonEnglishTitlesIninformalsituations,peopleusuallycalleachotherbytheirfirstnames.Mutualuseoffirstnamesdoesnotineverysituationimplyfriendshipandintimacy.

Useoftitlepluslastnameinaninformalcircumstanceisstillavoided.Itwouldbetakenasbeingtoocold,anopendeclarationofdislike.Childrenoftenaddressschoolmistressessimplyas'Miss'withoutaddingtheirsurnames."Sir"and"Madam"withoutaddingtheirsurnamesareusuallyaddressedbypeoplelikeshop-assistantsorair-hostesses.When"Sir"isusedbeforealifepeerinBritain,itisofcourseatitleoflords.Thewordcanbeusedbeforeaperson'swholenamelike"SirBeatlePaulMcCartney"orjustwiththefirstnamealonelike"SirPaul".InEnglishprofessionaltitles,themostcommonlyusedthreeareDoctor(博士),ProfessorandDoctor(醫(yī)生)thatcangotogetherwithaperson'sname.Othertitlesthatcanbeusedtogetherwithaperson'snameareQueen(QueenMary瑪麗女王),Prince(PrinceCharles),President(PresidentClinton),Senator(SenatorFulbright議員),Judge(JudgeHarley法官),Father(FatherWhite神父),General(GeneralPatten),Colone(ColonelQuail上校)andsoon.59NotesonEnglishTitlesInin60FocusFamily,relativesorcloseneighbors:InChina:二哥,三姐,四嬸,王大伯InAmerica:GivennamesExceptions:Parentsgrandparentsolderrelatives60FocusFamily,relativesorcl61Thepropertopicstostartconversations:InitiatingConversationandConversationTopicHobbiesAlocalornationaleventHolidaysJobsTheweatherFilms/books61Thepropertopicstostartc62SometopicsthatChineseshouldbecarefulaboutdiscussing:AgeMoneyHealth62SometopicsthatChinesesho63Suchquestionsaboutmoneyshouldbeavoided:Howmuchdoyouearn?Howmuchisthedress/mobilephone?Theissuecanonlybeapproachedindirectly:XiaoHe:That’sabeautifulplantstand!Wheredidyoubuyit?Jennifer:AttheplantshoponSimingRoad.XiaoHe:Oh,I’dlovetobuyonemyself.Wasitveryexpensive?Jennifer:Notreally.Infact,Ithoughtitwasquitereasonable.Ipaidfiveyuanforit.63Suchquestionsaboutmoneys64BusinessrelatedVisitingcharacteristicsarrangedinadvancestraighttothepointsociallyrelatedcharacteristicsdependingonindividualpreference,butusuallywithanadvancenotice64BusinessrelatedVisitingchar65GiftsDifferentwaysofreceivinggiftsChineseWesternersTendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.Ifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesyouthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.Itisimpolitetojustsaythankyouandputthegiftawayinacorner.DifferentwaysofsendinggiftsManypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside.Peopleusuallywrapthegiftsanddonottellthereceiverwhatisinside.Expensivegiftsarewelcome.Expensivegiftsarenotappropriate.Fruitisacommononetobringwithwhenvisitingafamily.Giftsorfruitarethoughtofasonlyappropriateofvisitstothepeoplewhoareill.Numbersofgiftssuggestgoodluck.Soonebottleofwineisunusual.Onebottleofwineisquiteenough,twoarealsowelcomebutunusualandnotexpected.65GiftsDifferentwaysofrecei66ShowingHospitalityinDifferentWaysChineseWesternersChineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Westernersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay‘no’,weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores‘no’,weillacceptit.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’ttopress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality66ShowingHospitalityinDiff67MealsToshowhospitality:Thequantityandvarietyofthemealfarmorethancanbeeatenatthetimerelatethemealsizemoreaccuratelytothepeople’sappetiteAtthetableconstantlyputthebestpieceoffoodonthevisitor’splateleavethegueststohelpthemselvesanddonotkeepurgingthemtoeatmore67MealsToshowhospitality:The68Twodifferentresponsestodifferentwaysofhospitality:

AnEnglishguest

:Eachtimeanewdisharrivedhisparentswouldleanoverandloadmyplatewithtastymorsels.AstheyhadtakenallthetroubletocookitIjusthadtopolishitoff.Assoonasmyplatewasemptytheywouldputmoreon.Ofcourse,Ifeltduty-boundtoeatthattoo.

AChineseguest:CanyouimaginehowmanydishesIhad?One–astewwithmeatandvegetables.Themeatwasoverdoneandtoohardtoeat;greenvegetableswerenolongergreen.Theyneverputfoodonyourplatebutjustaskyoutohelpyourself.Ifyou,asaguest,areshyormodest,waitingforthefoodtobeputonyourplate,youwillremainhalf-starved.68Twodifferentresponsestod69Twomajorconcerns:PartingHowlongisitappropriatetostay?Whattosaywhenyoudecidetoleave?69Twomajorconcerns:PartingHo70“Well,it’sbeenlovelytoseeyou,butImustbegoingsoon.Ihopewe’llbeabletogettogetheragainbeforelong…”“Thankyouforalovelyevening.Imustnotholdyouanylonger.”Itiscommonfortheguesttoindulgeinacoupleofminutes’smalltalkwhilepreparingforleaving.Thehostwillseetheguesttothedoorandsaysomethinglike“Thankyouforcoming.”70“Well,it’sbeenlovelytos71ThanksforYourAttention!7172Cross-culturalcommunication

1Cross-culturalcommunication73CulturalShockorAcculturation5Historicaldevelopment2AspectsofInterculturalcommunication

3Cross-culturalCommunicativecompetence4Basicconcepts1ContentsCases6Cross-culturalcommunication2CulturalShockorAcculturati74BasicconceptsWhatisculture?Whatiscommunication?WhatisCross-culturalcommunication?3BasicconceptsWhatisculture75WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(Griffin,2006:54)4WhatisCommunication?Itcome76交際傳理交通通信傳播溝通交流CommunicationVariousChineseTranslationsofCommunicationCommunication5交際傳理交通通信傳播溝通交流CommunicationVa77TypesofCommunicationhumancommunication(人類交際)animalcommunication(動(dòng)物交際)human-animalcommunication(人類與動(dòng)物的交際)human-machinecommunication(人機(jī)交際)machine-to-machinecommunication(機(jī)器交際)6TypesofCommunicationhumanc78LinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunication7LinearModelofCommunication79InteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel8InteractiveModelofCommunic80ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)Feedback(Griffin,2006:94)9ElementsofcommunicationCont81Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.(Griffin,2006)10Characteristicsofcommunica82WhatisCross-culturalCommunication?

Cross-culturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Cross-culturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.(SamovarandPorter,2004:47)11WhatisCross-culturalCommu83Cross-culturalCommunication

Vs

InterculturalCommunication

Cross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,communicativestylesetc.(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)InChinese:“跨文化交際學(xué)”或“跨文化交流學(xué)”12Cross-culturalCommunication84Histori

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論